Critics of Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs) have argued that participatory approachesand trade-offs are key to effective development interventions for rural populations living adjacent to protected areas. Based on an actor-interface framework, this thesis explores among other things, the discontinuities and/or linkages between those formalized narratives surrounding the creation andmanagement of Mount Cameroon National Park (MCNP), and their actual implementation, where there are multiple actors with divergent rationalities and interests. Specifically, this thesis examines the experiences and perceptions of the Park’s rural populations vis-à-vis the participatory-driven socio-economic development of their rurality. Interview results show that while the socio-economic potentials of the Park’s conservation to the rural poor have been touted, the fragmented and ad hoc nature of these benefits seriously undermine their poverty-alleviating capacity for marginalized communities. Furthermore, this thesis shows that while participatory approaches may constitute a major technique for involving rural populations in decision-making processes that affect their lives, the benefits fall largely to influential local elites, and that community participation is sometimes sought only for less important decision-making activities. This thesis concludes that in order for ICDPs to contribute effectively to eliminating poverty traps for marginalized communities, development interventions must not only be the result of rural people’s expressed priorities, but development practitioners must also have the necessary training to understand poverty traps and development problems as nested issues that must be addressed in a comprehensive and holistic manner. The paper also suggests that ICDPs must develop rural people’s capacity in conservation activities such that they can benefit from ecotourism and other conservation-related employment, in meaningful ways.

Despite continued pursuit of development interventions to improve people’s livelihoods and reduce poverty, intended and actual outcomes of developments interventions may differ. Some scholars attribute this variation to flawed conceptualisation of development interventions while others view this divergence as evidence that implementation processes are complex and actual outcomes result from adaptations of the interventions by actors. To move beyond the discursive approaches to analysis of development interventions, this thesis addresses the question how do actors adapt them, why and with what outcomes in the long run? Empirically, it looks at how project officers and farmers adapted the National Dairy Development Project (NDDP), a dairy intervention implemented in Kenya between 1980 and 1995, and its long run outcomes. The intervention promoted zero grazing, intensive management of dairy cattle whose implementation by farmers was expected to increase land productivity as a means to address land scarcity, increase milk production and reduce poverty through generation of incomes from milk sales. The methodology of this thesis links mechanisms, contexts, and outcomes, three elements of realist explanation, to understand adaptations and outcomes of development interventions. Through thematic synthesis of in-depth interviews and analysis of project documents, this thesis explains adaptations and long run outcomes of the NDDP. Findings reveal that developers and farmers adapted several components of the intervention. With close reference to context, incentives and continuity pressures, this thesis utilises intervention effectiveness and matching mechanisms to explain how project officers adapted the NDDP. Further, through fit and resistance mechanisms, this thesis explains how farmers adapted zero grazing in the context of inadequate fodder, labour shortage and lack of resources to invest in dairy. In the long run, findings show that the intervention diminished as evident in coexistence of indigenous and modern dairy technologies and non-implementation of any dairy technologies by farmers. Despite adaptations of zero grazing by project officers and farmers, intensification of dairy cattle management has diminished in the context of resource constraints, neoliberal policies and labour shortage. Consequently, the objective to increase land productivity through intensive dairy cattle management, the rationale for initiation of the intervention, remains unresolved. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2014.

Syfte Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur projektledare självskattar sitt ledarskap och projektmedlemmar upplever motivation i pre-development projekt på Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset och Scania. Metod Studien är kvantitativ och deduktiv. För att undersöka förekomst av transformellt ledarskap hos projektledare och inre motivation hos projektmedlemmar har vi valt att använda två frågeformulär, Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Leader Form respektive Work Preference Inventory. Båda formulären är undersökta av forskare vad gäller validitet och reliabilitet. Resultat Resultatet i vår undersökning visade att projektledare på Karolinska hade en högre förekomst av transformellt ledarskap än de på Scania. I båda organisationerna fanns även transaktionellt ledarskap i ganska stor utsträckning medan förekomsten av passivt undvikande ledarskap var lägre. I analysen av underfaktorerna i MLQ Leader Form (5x-Short) visade våra data för transformellt ledarskap att idealiserade inflytandet och intellektuell stimulans låg högre på Karolinska. För det transaktionella ledarskapet låg villkorad belöning högre på Karolinska medan ledarskap med aktiva undantag var högre på Scania. Vår undersökning visar att projektmedlemmar i båda organisationerna hade en högre förekomst av inre motivation jämfört med yttre motivation. Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad mellan organisationerna vad gäller inre motivation. Vad gäller yttre motivation visade vår undersökning att Scanias projektmedlemmar låg signifikant högre än Karolinskas. Underfaktorerna i WPI analyserades och visade att faktorerna för inre motivation skilde sig väldigt lite mellan organisationerna. Yttre motivationsfaktorn kompensation låg högre på Scania i projekten men generellt var den lika hos projektmedlemmarna i båda organisationerna. Den andra yttre motivationsfaktorn, orientering mot erkännande och andras styrning låg högre på Scania både i projekten och generellt. Forskningsbegränsningar/implikationer En begränsning är att vi undersökt ett urval av projekt i två organisationer. Urvalet är gjort utifrån Scanias definition av pre-development projekt. Praktiska implikationer Tidigare forskning tyder på att transformellt ledarskap och inre motivation är särskilt viktigt i tidig fas av radikala innovationer. Vår undersökning visade att både transformellt ledarskap och inre motivation är vanligare än transaktionellt ledarskap och yttre motivation. Ett nästa steg skulle vara att utöka antal organisationer och projekt samt att koppla ledarskap och motivation till resultat i projekten för att se om det finns någon korrelation. Det skulle visa om ökat transformellt ledarskap och inre motivation kan ha positiv effekt på resultatet i pre-development projekt. Originalitet/värde Vi har inte hittat någon forskning som jämfört två organisationer som bedriver pre-development projekt med avseende på transformellt ledarskap och inre motivation. Sökord: pre-development projekt, transformellt ledarskap, innovativt beteende och inre motivation / Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate how project managers self estimates their leadership and project members perceive motivation in pre-development projects at the Karolinska University Hospital and Scania. Design/methodology/approach This study is quantitative and deductive. To investigate the presence of transformational leadership in project managers and internal motivation in project members we have chosen to use two questionnaires, Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and Work Preference Inventory. Researchers have examined both forms in terms of validity and reliability. Findings The results of our study showed that a project manager at Karolinska had a higher incidence of transformational leadership than at Scania. In both organizations the transactional leadership was also fairly common while the occurrence of passive avoidance leadership was lower. In the analysis of our data the subfactors in the MLQ Leader Form (5x-Short) showed that idealized influence and intellectual stimulation were higher at Karolinska for transformational leadership. For the transactional leadership was contingent reward higher at Karolinska while leadership with active exception was higher at Scania. Our investigation showed that the project members in both organizations had a higher incidence of intrinsic motivation compared to extrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation in project members was significantly higher at Scania than Karolinska but there was no difference regarding intrinsic motivation. When the data from the subfactors in WPI were analysed it showed that the factors of intrinsic motivation differed very little between the organisations. Extrinsic motivation factor compensation was higher at Scania in the projects but in general it was the same for the project members in both organizations. The second external motivation factor, orientation towards recognition and control of others was higher at Scania both in projects and in general. Research limitations/implications In our investigation we examined a selection of projects in two organizations. The selection was done based on Scanias definition of pre-development projects. Practical implications Previous research suggests that transformational leadership and internal motivation is particularly important in the early phase of radical innovation. Our investigation showed that both transformational leadership and internal motivation was more common than transactional leadership and extrinsic motivation at both Karolinska and Scania. A next step would be to expand the number of organizations and projects. It would also be interesting to examine if leadership and/or motivation has any correlation to the result of projects. It would show whether increased transformational leadership and internal motivation could have a positive effect on the results in pre-development projects. Originality/value We have not found any research that compares two organizations engaged in pre-development projects with regard to transformational leadership and intrinsic motivation. Keywords: pre-development project, transformational leadership, innovative behaviour and intrinsic motivation

De senaste åren kan vi se ett ökat intresse för lärande i organisationer och kompetensutveckling. Detta menar många forskare och beslutsfattare är en väsentlig del för produktivitet, konkurrenskraft och innovation. ( Kock, Gill & Ellström, 2008) Innovationer är vanligtvis en frukt av flera olika personers kreativa förmåga, deras samarbete, erfarenheter och kompletterande kunskaper (Leonard & Swap, 1999). 96,3% av företagen i Sverige är småföretag (www.scb.se). Småföretag och entreprenörer ses som särskilt viktiga för sysselsättning och tillväxt i näringslivet. Trots många initiativ, saknas lösningar i samhället som är väl anpassade till deras speciella behov och förutsättningar. (http://www.regeringen.se). Denna examensuppsats är en kvalitativ studie bestående av semistrukturerade intervjuer som syftar till att undersöka ett kompetensutvecklingsprojekt för småföretagare, vilket syftar till att stödja småföretagares utveckling genom att möjliggöra samverkan och kompetensutveckling. Hansson (2005) beskriver kompetensutveckling som ett mål att förse kompetens till företaget. Dalin (1997) och Hansson (2005) beskriver samverkan som en aspekt av kompetens. För att småföretag ska kunna frodas bör de utveckla externa relationer med andra aktörer som har förmågan att stötta företaget i dess företagsutvecklande. Ska småföretagare kunna flytta sina positioner mot ökad framgång och lönsamhet krävs externa resurser. (Street & Ann-Frances, 2007) Under intervjuerna framkommer respondenternas upplevelser av samverkan under projektets gång och upplevelsen av möjlighet till kommande samverkan som delad. Några av respondenterna uttrycker att samverkan har till viss del stärkt de band som redan funnits genom att mötet har gett en större inblick i de andra företagens verksamhet. Enligt hälften av respondenterna upplevs de för företaget specifika kompetensutvecklingsaktiviteterna som företaget varit i behov av som det viktigaste bidraget till verksamheten. / Over the last couple of years an increased interest of learning in organizations and competence development has been noticed. Many researchers and decitionmakers are of the opinion that this is an important part of productivity, competitiveness and innovation. (Kock, Gill & Ellström, 2008) Innovations are usually the fruit of several individuals creative ability, their cooperation, experiences and their additional knowledge (Leonard & Swap, 1999). 96.3% of the companies in Sweden are small business.(www.scb.se) Small business and entrepreneurs are seen as especially importance of employment and the growth of the economy in spite of many initiatives there is a lack of solutions in the society that are well adjusted to the specific needs and prerequisites (http://www.regeringen.se). This essay is a qualitative study consisting of semi structured interviews with the purpose of exanimating a project of competence development with the aim of supporting small business development through enabling interaction and competence development. Hansson (2005) describes competence development as an objective for providing. Dalin (1997) and Hansson (2005) describe interaction as an aspect of competence. On order for small business to be able to thrive external relations with other businesses with the ability to support the company in its development should be developed. In order for small businesses to be more successful and profitable external resources are needed. (Street & Ann-Frances, 2007) During the interviews it was revealed that the respondents experiences of interaction during the course of the project and the experience of the possibilities for future interaction was parted. Some of the respondents expresses that the interaction to some extent has strengthened existing bonds of interaction by enlarged insight in the other companies business. According to half of the respondents the specific activities of competence development witch the respondent was in need of is experienced as the most important contribution to the business.

Since Tajikistan’s independence in 1991 the number of rural girls leaving school after grade 9 has been increasing at an alarming rate. In order to improve rural girls’ secondary school attendance and retention, in 2006 Save the Children, local non-governmental organization (NGO) partners, and the Ministry of Education implemented a two-year UNICEF-funded Girls’ Education Project (GEP). This mixed-method study compares rural girls’ secondary school experiences and opportunities at six schools (three GEP schools and three non-GEP schools) in two districts located in regions with the lowest levels of female secondary school participation nationwide. Two research questions guided this study: 1) What factors serve as obstacles or enablers to girls’ secondary school experiences and opportunities in rural Tajikistan? and 2) How did the GEP attempt to overcome factors limiting rural girls’ secondary school experiences and opportunities and which aspects of the project were perceived to be most effective? The study’s theoretical framework contains concepts from two sets of theories: 1) social reproduction (schooling as a means of maintaining and reproducing the status quo) and 2) empowerment (schooling as a means of changing the status quo). Data collected reveals two groups’ perspectives: 1) adult participants (Ministry of Education officials, NGO staff, school administrators and teachers) and 2) rural female upper secondary school students. A multi-level data analysis process was used to compare findings within and across districts. Factors that serve as either an obstacle or an enabler of girls’ educational experiences and opportunities include those relating to the community/society, family, school, and self. Factors related to community/society include the dominant belief that a girl is “grown-up” by 15 and should no longer go to school which intersects with family poverty to create a major barrier to girls’ non-compulsory secondary schooling. Factors affecting girls’ schooling related to the family were the most significant determinant of a girl’s schooling. Of all the GEP activities, participants consistently considered the girls’ overnight camp to be the “best” activity. Findings show how enabling just a few girls to return to school significantly increases the likelihood of other girls being allowed to attend school in these rural communities.

Thesis (M. Soc. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 183-190).

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 183-190). Also available in print.

TITLE: Project to support reading among children at the beginning of their school attendence AUTHOR: Bc. Jana Rodová DEPARTMENT Department of Czech literature SUPERVISOR: Mgr. Štěpánka Klumparová, Ph.D. ABSTRACT: This dimploma thesis deals with reading development options of children in a kindergarten. The main task is to work out a reading project for the pre-school children an to follow its impact on reading behaviour and relation to books. Thesis comes up with the teoretical way-out to reading and its development. It rates present form of books, pre-school children reading literacy characteristics and summarizes methods for support reading and reading projects among kindergartens in the Czech republic. Qualitative and quantitative research methods are used in the practical part of the thesis. This part contains questionnaire, interviews and the project which was the main part of the practical thesis. The project includes reading lessons, participation in the national reading- support projects and other methods of supporting active reading. The project outcomes are based on a long-term subject observation, summarized and evaluated in a conclusion of the research part. KEYWORDS: Pre-school children - reading development - project - pre-school reading literacy

Casernes, ports, hôpitaux, prisons, ou encore sites ferroviaires font l'objet de nombreux projets de reconversion dans les villes européennes. Une part substantielle du renouvellement urbain s'effectue ainsi sur des ‘terrains de l'État'. Cette thèse contribue à expliquer ces restructurations urbaines qui participent également des recompositions de l'État, dans sa dimension matérielle. Elle interroge les raisons et les modalités de la réorganisation de la présence d'un type d'opérateur national, les entreprises ferroviaires, dans l'espace urbain. L'enquête comparative menée sur deux pays (Italie et France) et quatre villes (Milan, Bolzano, Paris et Nantes) identifie deux principaux facteurs explicatifs. D'une part, les gouvernements urbains mettent en cause les modes d'occupation de l'espace urbain par le réseau ferroviaire depuis les années 1970, dans le contexte de leur intervention croissante dans l'aménagement. D'autre part, des logiques et des compétences immobilières se développent au sein des firmes publiques de flux depuis le début des années 1990, dans le contexte de leur autonomisation comptable et de pressions financières accrues. La réorganisation du pouvoir logistique (la capacité à organiser les flux de choses et de personnes) de ce secteur dans les villes s'explique dès lors par l'ajustement des trois ‘conceptions' dominantes des raisons de la reconversion des sites ferroviaires, à savoir : immobilière, urbanistique et industrielle. Cet ajustement s'opère dans des projets d'aménagement et s'effectue différemment en Italie et en France. En Italie, le cadre institutionnel plus lâche qui entoure la cession du domaine ferroviaire donne lieu à des accords différenciés entre opérateurs et gouvernements urbains selon les villes, contrairement au cas français où processus et résultats sont plus homogènes d'une ville à l'autre. Par rapport aux approches existantes sur les relations entre villes et État, le double déplacement proposé dans cette thèse, vers les opérateurs et vers la dimension matérielle de l'État, éclaire de nouvelles relations entre recompositions de l'État et restructurations urbaines / Barracks, ports, hospitals, prisons, railway sites are earmarked for many redevelopment projects in European cities. A substantial part of urban regeneration therefore occurs on ‘State places'. This research contributes to explain such an urban restructuring process that reshapes the material base of the State. It questions the reasons and the modalities of the reorganisation of a specific sector, railway firms, in urban areas. The comparative enquiry carried out two countries (Italy and France) and four cities (Milan, Bolzano Paris and Nantes) distinguishes two main factors. On the one hand, urban governments question the way the railway network has occupied central and pericentral urban areas since the 1970s, in relation to their increasing strategic power in urban development. On the other hand, real estate logics and skills have expanded within theses publicly owned firms since the beginning of the 1990s, due to their greater accounting autonomy and their need to face a rising financial pressure. Since then, the reorganisation of the logistical power (i.e. the capacity to order the flows of things and people) of this sector in cities is explained by the adjustment of three main ‘conceptions' regarding the motives for the redevelopment of urban railway sites: real estate, urban planning, and industrial. This adjustment is carried out through urban redevelopment projects and follows different paths in Italy and France. In Italy, the loose institutional frame regarding railway land handover generates differentiated agreements between operators and urban governments whereas in France processes and outcomes are more homogeneous from one city to another. The double shift from conventional approaches – toward the operator and the material base of the State – sheds light on new relationships between State and urban restructuring

This Master's Thesis deals with the evaluation of investment into residential redevelopment of a former Libeň's harbour in Prague. The Thesis' aim is to decide whether the planned project creates enough profit and to find what is the maximum price the developer should be willing to pay for the land. The theoretical part focuses on key words definition, specification of investment decisions and describes evaluation methods including the definition of input parameters. The practical part includes strategic analysis evaluating macroeconomic situation of Czech republic, Prague's real estate market and describing the forces, which determine the competitive environment of the project. The investment evaluation is based on the data ascertained in strategic analysis using the methods described in the theoretical part. The risk analysis is finally applied on the evaluation methods' results.