Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Los Angeles, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 359-366).

O papel dos Bancos de Desenvolvimento é amplamente discutido há décadas, cuja presença e atuação possui defensores e críticos. No Brasil, desde sua fundação em 1952, o Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES) está no centro dessas discussões, pois é um dos 4 maiores Bancos de Desenvolvimento do mundo, desempenhando um importante papel na economia brasileira. Esta investigação focou empresas listadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (Bovespa) no período de 2002 a 2014, com ênfase na relação entre restrição financeira e contratação de empréstimos do BNDES. Para tanto, foi utilizado o modelo de Sensibilidade do Investimento ao Fluxo de Caixa por meio de regressão por efeitos fixos, aleatórios e dados agrupados em painel de dados estático desbalanceado. Outro aspecto deste estudo foi verificar as diferenças entre as empresas que contrataram e que não contrataram empréstimos do BNDES em períodos relacionados à crise financeira global de 2008, cuja análise foi desenvolvida pelo teste de Diferença-em-Diferenças. Os resultados evidenciaram que, na amostra geral, houve restrição financeira nos dois grupos de empresas, sendo que a restrição foi maior nas empresas que contrataram empréstimos do BNDES. Nesse grupo, as empresas que contrataram empréstimos diretamente pelo BNDES (forma de apoio Direta ou modalidade Não Automática) tiveram maior restrição financeira. As instituições financeiras que operaram com o BNDES (forma de apoio Indireta ou modalidade Automática) tiveram as menores restrições financeiras. Com respeito à crise financeira, o teste mostrou que o nível de investimento e a restrição financeira do grupo de tratamento tiveram diferenças significativas nos períodos pré-crise e a partir da crise, o que pode indicar uma influência do BNDES na atenuação dos efeitos da crise. O estudo conclui que as empresas que contrataram empréstimos do BNDES possuem maior restrição financeira do que aquelas que não contrataram empréstimo. Além disso, este estudo salienta que na crise financeira de 2008, a presença de recursos financeiros do BNDES nessas empresas contribuiu para diminuir a restrição financeira, enquanto que as empresas que não contrataram empréstimos tiveram maior restrição. Essas constatações confirmam o papel do banco de desenvolvimento atuando em empresas que mostraram maior necessidade de capital, assim como redutor de restrição financeira em momentos de crise. / The role of Development Banks has been widely discussed for decades, whose presence and performance have defenders and critics. Since its founding in 1952, the National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES) has been in the center of these discussions as it is among the 4 largest development banks in the world, playing an important role in the Brazilian economy. This research focused on companies listed on the São Paulo Stock Exchange (Bovespa) from 2002 to 2014, with emphasis on the relationship between financial restraint and BNDES loan contracting. For this, the Cash Flow Sensitivity model was used through regression by means of fixed, random effects and grouped data in an unbalanced static data panel. Another aspect of this study was to verify the differences between the companies that hired and did not borrow from the BNDES in periods related to the 2008 global financial crisis, whose analysis was developed by the Difference-in-Differences test. The results showed that, in the general sample, there was a financial constraint in both groups of companies, and the restriction was greater in the companies that contracted BNDES loans. In this group, companies that borrowed directly from the BNDES (direct support or non-automatic mode) had greater financial constraints. The financial institutions that operated with the BNDES (Indirect support form or Automatic mode) had the lowest financial restrictions. In relation to the financial crisis, the test showed that the level of investment and the financial constraint of the treatment group had significant differences in the pre-crisis and crisis periods, which may indicate an influence of the BNDES in mitigating the effects of the crisis. This study concludes that the companies that contracted BNDES loans have greater financial constraints than those that did not take out a loan. In addition, the study points out that in the financial crisis of 2008, the presence of BNDES financial resources, in these companies, contributed to reduce the financial constraint, while the companies that did not contract loans were more restricted. These findings confirm the role of the development bank working in companies that showed greater need for capital, as well as reducing financial constraint in times of crisis.

The context for this thesis is conflict between indigenous peoples and foreign aid agencies over land `mobilisation' in Melanesia. The thesis considers whether or not the everyday activities of rural women can be shown to constitute and contribute to resistance to `development' bank structural adjustment. The research was conducted in Ambrym, Vanuatu, with the permission of the Vanuatu Cultural Centre. The study uses feminist, decolonising methodology, and qualitative methods including five months of community-based research and interviews conducted in Bislama. The findings highlight how the rural women engage in daily activities that maintain their connections with their land and strengthen communal value systems, thus resisting structural adjustment. Also featured are tensions between the women's desires to hold on to the land and to access perceived benefits from the modern cash economy. The thesis concludes by making a case for the need to incorporate everyday resistance into analyses of conflict situations.

La protection de l'environnement constitue un défi majeur pour la communauté internationale. Dépassant les frontières étatiques, elle renvoie à une vision globale de son encadrement juridique. Dans cette perspective, la problématique environnementale, incontournable dans bien des domaines, ne peut plus être ignorée par l'aide publique au développement qui doit l'intégrer dans toutes ses opérations. Longtemps critiquées pour les politiques qu’elles ont entreprises, les banques multilatérales de développement (BMD) se sont emparées de la question environnementale. Elles contribuent à renouveler les modalités de la protection de l'environnement, intensifiant et diversifiant l'arsenal juridique international en y intégrant des mécanismes innovants tels que l'évaluation environnementale, la conditionnalité environnementale ou bien encore l'accountability. La thèse se concentre sur l’étude de ces mécanismes. À travers l’observation des pratiques de la Banque mondiale et des banques régionales de développement, cette recherche en apprécie l'effectivité et montre l’ambivalence des dispositifs, oscillant entre innovation normative et immaturité de la mise en œuvre. / Protecting the environment is a major challenge for the international community. Beyond the state borders, the topic refers to a global vision of its legal framework. Hence, environmental issues, which cannot be ignored in many areas, can no longer be ignored by official development assistance and must integrate this process into all its operations. Long criticized for the policies they have undertaken, the multilateral development banks (MDBs) have now seized the environmental issue. They contribute to renew the modalities of environmental protection, intensifying and diversifying the international legal arsenal, integrating innovative mechanisms such as environmental assessment, environmental conditionality and accountability. This thesis focuses on the study of these mechanisms. Through observing the practices of the World Bank and regional development banks, this research appreciates the effectiveness of these various mechanisms, and shows the ambivalence of the devices, oscillating between normative innovation and immaturity of the implementation.

Orientador: Shiguenoli Miyamoto / Banca: Reginaldo Carmello Correa de Moraes / Banca: Janina Onuki / O programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais é instituido em parceria com a UNESP/UNICAMP/PUC-SP, em projeto subsidiado pela CAPES, intitulado "Programa San Tiago Dantas" / Resumo: Esta dissertação analisa as linhas de atuação do Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento (BID) no Brasil, desde sua criação, em 1959, até o ano de 2006 (final do primeiro governo Lula), tendo como preocupação central detectar uma possível mudança no modo de atuação do BID a partir de fins da década de 80 e início dos anos 90, período de crise na América Latina. A hipótese da dissertação é que, embora tenha o BID sido influenciado pelo receituário do ¿Consenso de Washington¿ e por idéias mais liberais oriundas dos Estados Unidos durante os 70-80, as raízes do Banco garantiram a ele um papel mais independente do que outras instituições, fazendo com que, no caso do BID, as conhecidas ¿condicionalidades¿ nos empréstimos fossem menos relevantes e contassem com menos exigências. Acreditamos que e exemplo brasileiro é interessante para demonstrar isso, já que as chamadas ¿reformas neoliberais¿ ocorrem mais tardiamente no Brasil do que em outros países da América Latina; o que nos levou a questionar qual fora o real papel de organizações internacionais como o BID no processo de adoção destas reformas. Escolhemos o caso específico do BID por ser, esta instituição, a maior fonte multilateral de crédito brasileira / Abstract: This dissertation examines the lines of action of the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) in Brazil, since its creation in 1959, until the year 2006 (end of the first government Lula), with the main objective of detecting a possible change in the mode of action of the IADB from the end of the decade of 80 and the early 90, a period of crisis in Latin America. The hypothesis of this dissertation is that although the IADB has been influenced by the prescriptions of the "Washington Consensus" and some kind of liberal ideas from the United States during the 70¿s-80¿s, the bank¿s roots assured it more independence than others institutions, so that in the case of the IADB, the well-knowned "conditionalities" in loans were less relevant and contracted with fewer requirements. We believe that the brazilian example is interesting to demonstrate this, because the so-called "neoliberal reforms" occured later in Brazil than in other Latin American countries; what led us to question what was the real role of international organizations such as the IADB in the process of adopting these reforms. We have chosed the specific case of the IADB because this institution is the largest source of multilateral credit of Brazil / Mestre

Orientador: André Martins Biancareli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T14:17:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nyko_Diego_M.pdf: 1612122 bytes, checksum: a8786a026dfa29c912aadb5c0777cc34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Esta dissertação se insere na temática mais ampla do processo recente de integração da América do Sul, caracterizado pelo fenômeno do "regionalismo pós-liberal". O objeto de estudo desse trabalho é a atuação regional do Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES) que, em meados da última década, recebeu do governo brasileiro a missão de contribuir como fonte de financiamento para o processo de integração sul-americana, especialmente de sua dimensão física. Nesse sentido, além de descrever quantitativamente a atuação do Banco na região, duas grandes questões são discutidas. A primeira delas concerne às diferenças entre bancos de desenvolvimento e seus desdobramentos sobre o papel de cada instituição no financiamento da integração sulamericana. Apesar de ser possível para os bancos nacionais de desenvolvimento, na teoria, financiar parte desse processo, é argumentando que os bancos regionais e sub-regionais de desenvolvimento possuem aspectos específicos, tais como o "sentido de pertencimento" e o maior conhecimento das realidades locais, os quais lhes permitem atuar de modo mais adequado no financiamento dos projetos de infra-estrutura para integração. A segunda questão se refere à forma tomada pela atuação regional do BNDES nos últimos anos. Mais próxima de um Eximbank e com algumas características muito particulares, essa recente atuação do Banco na região envolveu, até o momento, somente financiamentos relativos a projetos de infra-estrutura doméstica, sem dar contribuições concretas, em termos de financiamento, para o processo de integração física, incluindo os projetos da Iniciativa para a Integração da Infra-Estrutura Regional Sul-Americana (IIRSA). / Abstract: The main issues discussed by this dissertation are inserted in the broad subject of the recent South-American integration process, which is characterized by the "post-liberal regionalism". The specific study subject of this work is the recent regional actuation of the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES) which, in the middle of the last decade, was given by the Brazilian government the mission of contributing as a financing source for the that integration process, specially for its physical dimension. In that manner, besides describing quantitatively its regional actuation, two other important issues are discussed. The first one concerns the differences among development banks and their consequences over each institution role in the South-American integration financing. Although it is theoretically possible for national development banks to finance part of this process, one argues that regional and sub-regional development banks present specific aspects, such as the "sense of ownership" and a bigger understanding of the local realities, which allow them to act more appropriately in the financing of integration infrastructure projects. The second issue refers to the form assumed by the regional actuation of BNDES in the past few years. It is argued that its actuation is closer to an Eximbank. Until now, BNDES only has financed Brazilian exports to domestic infrastructure projects, not to the physical integration process, including those projects of the Initiative for the Integration of South-American Regional Infrastructure (IIRSA). / Mestrado / Ciências Economicas / Mestre em Ciências Econômicas

O papel dos Bancos de Desenvolvimento é amplamente discutido há décadas, cuja presença e atuação possui defensores e críticos. No Brasil, desde sua fundação em 1952, o Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES) está no centro dessas discussões, pois é um dos 4 maiores Bancos de Desenvolvimento do mundo, desempenhando um importante papel na economia brasileira. Esta investigação focou empresas listadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (Bovespa) no período de 2002 a 2014, com ênfase na relação entre restrição financeira e contratação de empréstimos do BNDES. Para tanto, foi utilizado o modelo de Sensibilidade do Investimento ao Fluxo de Caixa por meio de regressão por efeitos fixos, aleatórios e dados agrupados em painel de dados estático desbalanceado. Outro aspecto deste estudo foi verificar as diferenças entre as empresas que contrataram e que não contrataram empréstimos do BNDES em períodos relacionados à crise financeira global de 2008, cuja análise foi desenvolvida pelo teste de Diferença-em-Diferenças. Os resultados evidenciaram que, na amostra geral, houve restrição financeira nos dois grupos de empresas, sendo que a restrição foi maior nas empresas que contrataram empréstimos do BNDES. Nesse grupo, as empresas que contrataram empréstimos diretamente pelo BNDES (forma de apoio Direta ou modalidade Não Automática) tiveram maior restrição financeira. As instituições financeiras que operaram com o BNDES (forma de apoio Indireta ou modalidade Automática) tiveram as menores restrições financeiras. Com respeito à crise financeira, o teste mostrou que o nível de investimento e a restrição financeira do grupo de tratamento tiveram diferenças significativas nos períodos pré-crise e a partir da crise, o que pode indicar uma influência do BNDES na atenuação dos efeitos da crise. O estudo conclui que as empresas que contrataram empréstimos do BNDES possuem maior restrição financeira do que aquelas que não contrataram empréstimo. Além disso, este estudo salienta que na crise financeira de 2008, a presença de recursos financeiros do BNDES nessas empresas contribuiu para diminuir a restrição financeira, enquanto que as empresas que não contrataram empréstimos tiveram maior restrição. Essas constatações confirmam o papel do banco de desenvolvimento atuando em empresas que mostraram maior necessidade de capital, assim como redutor de restrição financeira em momentos de crise. / The role of Development Banks has been widely discussed for decades, whose presence and performance have defenders and critics. Since its founding in 1952, the National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES) has been in the center of these discussions as it is among the 4 largest development banks in the world, playing an important role in the Brazilian economy. This research focused on companies listed on the São Paulo Stock Exchange (Bovespa) from 2002 to 2014, with emphasis on the relationship between financial restraint and BNDES loan contracting. For this, the Cash Flow Sensitivity model was used through regression by means of fixed, random effects and grouped data in an unbalanced static data panel. Another aspect of this study was to verify the differences between the companies that hired and did not borrow from the BNDES in periods related to the 2008 global financial crisis, whose analysis was developed by the Difference-in-Differences test. The results showed that, in the general sample, there was a financial constraint in both groups of companies, and the restriction was greater in the companies that contracted BNDES loans. In this group, companies that borrowed directly from the BNDES (direct support or non-automatic mode) had greater financial constraints. The financial institutions that operated with the BNDES (Indirect support form or Automatic mode) had the lowest financial restrictions. In relation to the financial crisis, the test showed that the level of investment and the financial constraint of the treatment group had significant differences in the pre-crisis and crisis periods, which may indicate an influence of the BNDES in mitigating the effects of the crisis. This study concludes that the companies that contracted BNDES loans have greater financial constraints than those that did not take out a loan. In addition, the study points out that in the financial crisis of 2008, the presence of BNDES financial resources, in these companies, contributed to reduce the financial constraint, while the companies that did not contract loans were more restricted. These findings confirm the role of the development bank working in companies that showed greater need for capital, as well as reducing financial constraint in times of crisis.

The thesis presents an overview of selected regional development banks in the world. It focuses on the sectoral specifics and searches similarities and differences among selected regional development banks. The first chapter describes selected regional development banks and their organizational structure, functions and activities. The second section compares the sectoral focus of three regional development banks and their selected development projects. The third chapter mentions the cooperation among regional development banks, other international organizations, countries, and other contemporary topics.

Research Thesis being in partial submission for the degree of Master of Management in Finance and Investments at the University of Witwatersrand. / Unlocking the potential for growth at African Development Finance Institutions has become imperative, with the financial crisis of 2007/2009 having generated new discussions on the role of the state in the economy, most especially in the financial sphere (Calice, 2013). This raises new interests among decisionmakers involved in development finance institutions (DFIs), according to the World Bank (2013). It is noteworthy that DFIs played a very important role in avoiding a drastic credit crisis in many developing economics, by intensifying their activities, in terms of deleveraging and increased risk avoidance by private agents (Calice, 2013). The challenge at present, is the manner in which adequate use of DFIs can be guaranteed, to safeguard against the deployment of some costly policy instruments, while ensuring they play a dynamic role in providing access to finance (Gutierrez, Rudolph, Homa and Blanco, 2011). With prevalent market failures in the provision of finance for infrastructure, agriculture, and housing, as well as small and medium enterprise (SME) finance, this is specifically relevant for Africa, and provides a strong rationale for DFIs to play an active developmental role. The study findings will help countries in Africa and finance professionals in investment and development banking, to improve their application of policies and procedures, in order to achieve the mission and vision of the proposed developmental projects. In addition, the research findings will serve as good reference material for scholars studying development finance, while the longterm benefit will result in assisting Investment bankers, DFIs, Donors, and individuals, as well as governmental institutions, to operate optimally in providing services to their customers more effectively. Although much has been done towards improving knowledge about African DFIs, to provide evidence on key areas to target., more research is, however, still needed (Calice, 2013). The aim of this study, therefore, is the analysis and evaluation of the perceived or real problem(s) associated with the effectiveness of development banks for African countries. In other words, to explore a comprehensive assessment of the development effectiveness of African DFIs to measure public policy performance and how it can enhance development financing. Both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection were employed, to critically evaluate the development effectiveness of African Development Financial Institutions. Primary data, collected using online questionnaires, came from selected DFIs in the headquartered, corporate business environment in Johannesburg, South Africa and Lagos, Nigeria. A well-functioning, efficient and effective, international development financing system is essential for: global poverty reduction; improving living standards in developing countries; reducing worldwide inequalities; and for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), with feedback from respondents of this study indicating that much has been done by DFIs in Africa. The findings, indicate potential problem areas, with regards to environmental issues and their handling, as well as there being no proper stakeholders’ needs alignment, which could be due to collaboration issues, and/ or lack of training and experience. / XL2018

Thesis (MDF (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tegniese bystand bly steeds ’n aktuele kwessie in die meeste ontwikkelende lande. Tegniese samewerking is vir baie dekades gebruik as ’n werktuig vir die opbou van toenemende kapasiteit en, van groter belang, as ’n manier om projekte te implementeer. Werkskrag is nodig sodat ontwikkeling kan plaasvind. Dit is ’n uitdaging om te bepaal hoe tegniese bystand voorsien moet word, en of sodanige bystand wél aan die ontvanger se behoeftes voldoen. Sommige is van mening dat Westerse lande geneig was om aan ontwikkelende lande voor te skryf watter soort tegniese bystand hulle sou benodig. Dit het daartoe gelei dat die meeste ontvangers nie verantwoordelikheid vir produksie aanvaar het nie. Navorsing verwys na die behoefte vir tegniese bystand asook die sukses wat tot nou toe behaal is op dié terrein, alhoewel dit gering was. Die meeste ontwikkelende finansiële instansies, insluitende die Wêreldbank, lewer bewys van tegniese bystandsprogramme. Hierdie programme dien as ondersteuning vir instansies in die uitbetaling van verdere fondse vir ontwikkeling. Die verslag dui aan dat, alhoewel tegniese bystand en ontwikkelingsfinansiering wél werk, vooruitgang steeds nodig is. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Technical assistance continues to be a topical issue in most developing countries. For many decades, technical cooperation has been used as a vehicle to build capacity building and, more importantly, as a way to implement projects. Capacity is required for development to take place. The challenge is how the technical assistance is provided, and whether such assistance is what the recipient needs. Western countries have tended to prescribe to the developing countries in terms of the kind of technical assistance they need, which has resulted in many recipients not taking responsibility for the output. The research alludes to the need for technical assistance and the successes that have been achieved until now in the field, even though they have been marginal. Most development finance institutions, including the World Bank, are shown to have technical assistance programmes. Such programmes assist the institutions in disbursing more development funds. The Report indicates that, although technical assistance and development finance do work, improvement is still required.