Land is a natural resource. The way it is used is important for us all. Decisions over its use impact on all aspects of society, locally, regionally, nationally and internationally. Moreover these impacts affect future as well as present generations. Those holding power over land-use decisions, those able to direct and control its use, those able to convert its nature by changing it from one use to another and those who develop or withhold it from development, exert great influence over society. They carry heavy responsibility for shaping places, for influencing economic activity, for the quality of life and for caring for our environment at every scale and across every dimension. In so doing they should exercise a duty of care, consideration and competence to the rest of creation. Addressing one small aspect of this task, for centuries governments have been concerned to balance a variety of interests in land and to ensure that land-use decisions were equitable between these. More particularly, since around the middle of the last century a range of instruments to 'plan' land-use and to direct its development equitably have been devised and implemented. Specifically, in what may have been varying notions of 'the public interest', they have attempted to constrain presumptions of unrestricted land-use conveyed by constitutionally held rights to land ownership, however limited. Embodying liberal-democratic principles, the regulations which emerged provided for certainty in land and related rights to be protected by local plans. On the continent these were often given legal status along with other codified 'rules' but, from roughly the middle of this century, the United Kingdom departed from this model. Architect and Engineer planners were joined by lawyers, economists, geographers, sociologists, demographers and the like in creating a new, distinctive, 'planning' profession. Rather than planning for 'conformance', they now planned for 'performance'. What mattered was not the plan, per se, but development outputs and how they impacted on society. 'Equity' became a matter not for pre-determined certainty, but for the exercise of professional judgement and discretion through the control of development on a case by case basis. Such changes did not seem to occur in the mainland European countries considered here and, with the advent of the European Union, UK land and property development professionals increasingly looked to the continent for ideas and inspiration. Many admired, even longed for, the well ordered, clearly planned, certainty which they thought they saw there. But, how certain was this planning and, if it did exist, to what extent were mainland systems able to deliver 'equity' in their outputs? Testing the hypothesis that Continental planning and development control is influenced more by politics and markets than formal 'rules', this thesis considers the proposition that decisions to permit major private developments in continental countries are neither transparent nor equitable. To do so it reviews the theory of both planning and development processes as the background for a series of 21 case study investigations of mainland application and permit decision practices. These are compared with 11 English cases, obtained from a pilot study used to test and improve the research method and objectives. Summarising each case study to illustrate discussion of the research findings, these are sieved through 4 stages of analysis as in-depth detail is converted to knowledge. With field assumptions being verified by the testimony of expert witnesses, cross case and cross country comparisons are used to validate findings. These are then consolidated to enable further analysis and theorisation to address various of the needs for an improved understanding of mainland practices and other questions raised in the Introduction. The thesis concludes that European Development Control practices are converging, but at the expense of the due process and protections theoretically embodied within regulatory systems. Seized upon by contemporary politicians to further the aims of economic competition, it suggests that these 'rules' are now managed with an inherent disregard for the principles of due process. This obfuscates both practices and intent, overrides concerns for justice, faimess and impartiality at the level of local, historic interests in place, and threatens wider problems for society. Relating these conclusions to the current literature, emergent theory is compared with the research results and several potential areas for further research identified which might help clarify planning philosophy, principles, professionalism and practices for service in the 21" Century.

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Houston is the only major city in North America without zoning. The growth of Houston illustrates a traditional free market philosophy in which land use zoning is seen as a violation to private property and personal liberty. This dissertation explores how the lack of zoning has an impact on land use and urban form in Houston. It is based on a theoretical framework derived from economics and public policy theories for institutional analyses of land development controls. The dissertation uses cluster analysis integrating socioeconomic factors from census data to select three case study neighborhoods, and then applies GIS to analyze their urban form spatial characteristics with spatial data from Houston Planning Department. It also uses qualitative methods such as archives and documentations for the three neighborhoods. The study investigates the change of urban form in three case study neighborhoods over two decades. It also explores how local land use policies made by both the local government and non-governmental sectors shape urban form in Houston. The study results show that despite the city’s lack of zoning, local land use regulatory policies made by the municipality have significant influence on urban development. Additionally, civic and private organizations such as super neighborhoods and homeowner associations fill the gaps left by the lack of land use zoning. These two aspects contribute to land use planning and urban form of the city. Houston presents a contradiction of limited government intervention and public investments and subsidies. Land use controls by private contract and by government legislative intervention are not mutually exclusive or immutable. The study finds that it is difficult to achieve mixed race and income neighborhoods, even without zoning. Equity goals are not met in market approaches. Deed restrictions might be better at facilitating property sales and maintenance than at improving community welfare and governance. From the theoretical perspective, the study argues that a spectrum of market solutions and planning approaches at the ends are more relevant than the bipolarity view. Equity goals are not met in market approaches. For welfare and rights, public planning intervention is necessary. The market might provide physical land use diversity, but it fails to support socioeconomic diversity.

Macro-scale planning and design as a product of modernism have been abandoned to a high degree, as a result of the reactionary post-modern approaches since the 1960&amp / #65533 / s. Intensifying with the rise of neo-liberal approaches in the 1970&amp / #65533 / s, these reactions advocated merely incremental decision-making and design in the making of cities. These developments lived in the western countries showed their reflections in Turkey with the 1980&amp / #65533 / s, resulting in fragmented planning practices. However it is the hypothesis of the study that macro-scale urban design: thus designing the form and the structural elements of the city is the statement of the development policy of the city. Thus structural elements that make up a certain city form is a major area of concern for urban design. Within this frame firstly the debate between the modern and post-modern approaches about the scope of intervening in the development of the city will be evaluated. Then the Turkish planning approach will be analyzed with regard to its success in development control. Basic city forms and their growth characteristics will be examined in the next part. Finally the planning practices of Ankara and the form and the structural elements proposed will be evaluated accordingly.

Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento del Control de Crecimiento y Desarrollo en niños nacidos en un centro de salud de Chiclayo periodo 2020-2022. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, diseño no experimental, descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo, se basó en los criterios de rigor científico: validez, objetividad y los principios éticos. La población estuvo constituida por 311 historias clínicas de niños nacidos en los años 2020, 2021 y 2022 del Centro de Salud José Leonardo Ortiz, siendo la muestra final de 173 historias clínicas y se obtuvo mediante el muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se utilizó como instrumento una ficha de recolección según la Norma Técnica para el Control del Niño, que recogió ciertas características: datos generales sobre el niño, madre y padre; número de controles de crecimiento y desarrollo; condición de crecimiento y estado nutricional; y el diagnóstico del desarrollo Psicomotor. El procesamiento y análisis de la información se realizó en hojas de Excel 2016 y en el programa estadístico SPSS versión 22 a través de frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados: El 58.3% de recién nacidos tuvieron 4 controles, el 37,8% de los niños tienen condición de crecimiento adecuado y el 36,9% obtuvo un desarrollo psicomotor normal. Conclusiones: La mitad de los recién nacidos, menos de la octava parte de los niños menores de 1 año y muy pocos niños de 1 año tienen los controles recomendados según edad, la cifra es preocupante porque puede repercutir en la detección temprana de alteraciones o trastornos tanto en el crecimiento como en el desarrollo. / Objective: Determine the behavior of Growth and Development Control in children born in a health center in Chiclayo period 2020-2022. Method: Quantitative study, non-experimental, descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective design, was based on the rigor criteria scientific: validity, objectivity and ethical principles. The population was made up of 311 medical records of children born in the years 2020, 2021 and 2022 from the José Health Center Leonardo Ortiz, being the final sample of 173 medical records and was obtained through the non-probabilistic convenience sampling. A collection form was used as an instrument according to the Technical Standard for Child Control, which collected certain characteristics: general data about the child, mother and father; number of controls growth and development; growth condition and nutritional status; and the diagnosis of Psychomotor development. The processing and analysis of the information was carried out in Excel 2016 sheets and in the statistical program SPSS version 22 through absolute and relative frequencies. Results: 58.3% of newborns had 4 controls, 37.8% of children had adequate growth conditions and 36.9% obtained normal psychomotor development. Conclusions: Half of newborns, less than an eighth of children under 1 year of age and very few 1-year-old children have the recommended controls according to age, the figure is worrying because it can have an impact on the early detection of alterations or disorders both in growth and development.

System för planering och bebyggelsekontroll måste hantera många utmaningar. Svårigheterna och den påverkan dessa system har på den fysiska miljön gör ämnet ständigt aktuellt att undersöka och försöka utveckla. Examensarbetet gör detta genom att jämföra systemet i Sverige med det i andra länder. Mer specifikt studeras form-based codes som förespråkas av Nyurbanismen i USA och design codes i England. I en svensk kontext kan dessa codes jämföras med detaljplanens planbestämmelser och riktlinjer i kvalitets- och gestaltningsprogram. I och med propositionen ”Politik för gestaltad Livsmiljö” som antogs i maj 2018 uppmuntras kommuner ta fram en arkitekturpolitik på lokal nivå. Dessa dokument utgör också ett intressant verktyg i sammanhanget. Examensarbetets frågeställning lyder därför: Hur kan koncept och verktyg från form-based codes i USA och design codes i England utveckla svenska kommuners arkitekturpolicyer, kvalitetsprogram och detaljplaner? I en mindre utsträckning har förutom systemen i USA och England även Frankrike och det typo-morfologiska förhållningsättet till zonering inkluderats. Examensarbetet startade med en litteraturstudie och åtföljdes av ett antal fallstudier som innefattade innehållsanalyser av arkitekturpolicyer, kvalitetsprogram och detaljplaner. De policyer som valdes ut för analys bedömdes ha mest gemensamt med arbetssätt inom form-based codes och design codes. Dessa var Örebros och Linköpings policyer samt Avesta, Fagerstas och Norbergs gemensamma policy. Från de två förstnämnda kommunerna analyserades även detaljplaner. Utöver detta inkluderades detaljplanerna och kvalitetsprogrammen för Henriksdalshamnen och Kolkajen i Stockholm. Innehållsanalysen av planer och program utgick från ett antal kategorier. Resultatet från fallstudierna jämfördes sedan med litteraturstudien. Parallellt genomfördes även en intervju med en praktiserande planarkitekt som innan intervjun fick läsa en begränsad mängd material om form-based codes. Resultat och analys från jämförelsen och intervjun låg sedan till grund för utformningen av ett antal rekommendationer. Litteraturstudien behandlade användningen av codes genom historien, utvecklingen och definitioner av form-based codes och design codes, samt hur dessa är organiserade. Vidare innefattade litteraturstudien kritik som riktats mot dessa och kopplingen till urbanmorfologi i relation till det franska typo-morfologiska förhållningsättet till zonering. Slutligen behandlades även utformnings och gestaltningsfrågor kopplat till bebyggelsereglering i den svenska planprocessen. Jämförelsen mellan innehållsanalysen av de utvalda fallen och litteraturstudien visade på skillnader och likheter mellan vad som behandlas och hur detta görs inom form-based codes och design codes respektive planer och program i Sverige. Resultatet från analysen av arkitekturpolicyerna visade på likheter med form-based codes och design codes som kunde förstärkas. I detta avseende utmärkte sig framför allt Örebros arkitekturstrategi som i likhet med praktiken inom form-based codes och design codes delade in staden i olika områdestyper. De två kvalitetsprogram som analyserades skiljde sig åt i karaktären vilket kopplades samman med processen för framtagandet av dessa. I jämförelse visade sig programmet för Kolkajen ha mer gemensamt med form-based codes och design codes än det för Henriksdalshamnen. Intervjun belyste perspektiv på innehållet i planer och program, kontexten som planer och program tas fram i och verkar, samt synpunkter på form-based codes.De rekommendationer som togs fram utgjordes av 19 aspekter som på ett övergripande plan kan behandlas för olika områdestyper i en arkitekturpolicy i likhet med Örebros arkitekturstrategi. Därutöver utvecklades en tabell med rekommendationer för vad som kan behandlas i detaljplaner och kvalitetsprogram beroende på planområdets läge i staden. Tanken är att dessa ska ha en direkt anknytning till områdestyperna i policyn då kopplingen mellan områdestyper och regleringar eller riktlinjer är direkt inom form-based codes och design codes. Genom att dessa preciseras i detaljplanerna skulle kopplingen vara mer flexibel än den är inom form-based codes. Detta skulle kunna innebära ett sätt för kommuner att agera proaktivt i stället för reaktivt till enskilda exploateringsförslag. Slutligen visade även litteraturstudien fördelar med att tillämpa enkla, principiella illustrationer vilket kan göras i en större utsträckning i såväl policyer, program och detaljplaner. / Planning and development control systems must deal with many challenges. The difficulties and the impact these systems have on the physical environment make the subject constantly relevant to study and try to develop. The thesis does this by comparing the system in Sweden with that in other countries, more specifically form-based codes advocated by New Urbanism in the US and design codes in England. In a Swedish context, these codes can be compared with the building control regulations in detailed plans and guidelines in quality and design programs. With the adoption of the Government bill "Politik för gestaltad livsmiljö" in May 2018, municipalities are encouraged to develop an architectural policy at the local level. These documents are also an interesting tool in this context. The thesis’ question therefore reads: How can concepts and tools from form-based codes in the US and design codes in England develop Swedish municipalities’ architecture policies, quality programs and detailed plans? To a lesser extent, in addition to the systems in the US and England, France and the typo-morphological approach to zoning have also been included. The degree project started with a literature study and was accompanied by a few case studies that included content analysis of architectural policies, quality programs and detailed plans. The policies selected for analysis were judged to have the most in common with approaches to regulations within form-based codes and design codes. These were Örebro's and Linköping's policies and Avesta, Fagersta and Norberg’s joint policy. Detailed plans were also analysed from the first two municipalities. In addition to this, the detailed plans and quality programs for Henriksdalshamnen and Kolkajen in Stockholm were included. The content analysis of plans and programs was based on a few categories. The results from the case studies were then compared with the literature study. In parallel, an interview was also conducted with a practicing planning architect who before the interview read a limited amount of material about form-based codes. Results and analysis from the comparison and the interview then formed the basis for the formulation of recommendations.The literature study dealt with the use of codes throughout the history, the development and definitions of form-based codes and design codes, as well as how these are organized. Furthermore, the literature study included criticism of these and the connection to urban morphology in relation to the French typo-morphological approach to zoning. Finally, design issues linked to building regulation were also dealt with in the Swedish planning process. The comparison between the content analysis of the selected cases and the literature study showed differences and similarities between what is treated and how this is done within form-based and design codes and plans and programs in Sweden. The results from the analysis of the architecture policies showed similarities with form-based codes and design codes that could be strengthened. In this respect, Örebro’s architectural strategy especially distinguished, which, like the practice in form-based codes and design codes, divided the city into different area types. The two quality programs that were analysed differed in nature, which was linked to the process in which they were designed. In comparison, the program for Kolkajen turned out to have more in common with form-based codes and design codes than the program for Henriksdalshamnen. The interview shed light on perspectives on the content of plans and programs, the context in which plans, and programs are produced and operate as well as views on form-based codes. The recommendations developed consisted of 19 aspects. These can be dealt with at an overall level for different area types in an architecture policy like Örebro’s architecture strategy. In addition, a table was developed with recommendations for what can be dealt with in detailed plans and quality programs depending on the location of the area in the city. The idea is that these should have a direct connection to the area types in the policy like form-based codes and design codes, but a more flexible one as the area type should be more precisely defined in the detail plan. This could offer a way for municipalities to act proactively instead of reactively to individual development proposals. Finally, the literature study also showed the advantages of applying simple, principled illustrations, which can be done to a greater extent in policies, programs, and detailed plans in Sweden.

Theme that I dealt in my dissertation with, concerns of my hometown Otrokovice and also to the region in which the city is located. Describes the development and building of this place,and especially of city districtsBaťov,which took place here in the 20th and 30 the last century. Under the leadership of brothers Tomas and Jan Antonín Bata here arose ideal industrial town, the only of its kind in the country. This is not qustion just about new town plan, but also a new type of labor and social relations. In my work I deal with not only the sociological impact of this process on indigenous peoples but also a new way of educating young people, the concept of discipline and the phenomenon of collective consciousness. I also asked myself about the sustainable development of Down Otrokovice to the environmental and economic, and their possible future. There is also a comparison with the nearby Zlin, where Bata began the process of transforming. Mentioned town is still the center of the region and tradition bearers of this system.

The technological project deals with the processing of materials and documentation for the preparation and realization of the residential building in Brno Lišen.The project includes a technical report which closely provides basic information about the building. These information are complementing and justifying the project documentation of the construction technologies and other related documantation which are focusing on the creation of a control and test plans , support of the implementation of a safety plan on the construction site, proposal of the main building machines and mechanisms, design of the supply processes within the realization phase of the building process. It also contains technical regulations with detailed descriptions of chosen construction processes .