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The forests of Sweden are constantly changing. Map studies indicate that the amount of deciduous trees in Sweden has decreased in recent years in favor of the coniferous trees. The National Forest Inventory has since the early 1920s monitored the Swedish forests and in recent years has made the old data digitally available. In the present project, we have investigated how the numbers of stems in different diameter classes have changed for birch and other deciduous trees. The inventory was conducted in the same manner as in the first forest inventory. Ten meters wide transects, each two kilometers long, were inventoried from west to east in oak woodland south of Linköping. All trees breast-height diameter were measured in the transect and placed in nine diameter classes. The total number of stems per hectare for both birch and other deciduous trees had increased in area. The results of the inventory also show that the proportion of deciduous trees against conifers had increased by about ten percent for all diameter classes. The increased stem number, here documented in a small spatial scale, is in accordance with previous studies in Sweden. However, the other result differs from the hypothesis that deciduous trees should have decreased and pine trees increased. Based on previous studies in Sweden, conifers and especially spruce has increased. The increase of deciduous trees may be due to the investigation area that has historically been characterized by large areas of meadows and pastures. In the study area, there are a small number of landowners with large estates, who have been able to preserve the deciduous forest.

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The aim of the thesis is evaluating of methods used for assessing damages made by the game on a natural wood restoration in a forestry office in Buchlovice. For assessing damages, data of checking and comparing areas, biting areas with the use of fencings, transects and artifically established cultures. Single methods were evaluated separately and the amount of damages, according to the methods and evaluating of plants, were compared next. The data of 7 checking and comparing areas, 10 biting areas, 11 transects and 10 cultures were used for the evaluation. Three most represented plants were evaluated.

The species diversity, aktivity, equitability and human impact were studied using epigeic beetle communities on transect whest field field trip and alfaalfa field. The materiál was collected by pitfall traps during the period Juni-September 20016 in cadastr of the town Písek in the Southern Bohemia. 38 species and 567 individuals were kept together. Activita of beetles differs in studied plots. The highest aktivity was found on fields and the lowest in field trip. Index of human impact was very similar on studied plots wheat 2,5, field trip 12, rape 0). I tis clear that alll studied are strongly impacted by human acticity. The frequency of relic species were (Dragons and Ground beetles) 20% only on all studied plots 80,00%. The adaptible species absent on field cultures and was found on field trip only. 6 species of adaptible (stenotopic) species were found on field trip only, but their aktivity were very low. The equitability of communities in filed plots was very low (2,331 2,474). The highest equitabilty was found on field trip (3,04). The ordination of commuties indicate the close similarity. The species diversaity is very similar in all communities on studied plots. We recommend the change of sowing management and the lower agrotechnic interference in studied locality. We recommend to enhance the plots of biocorridors and biocenters. The stuided field trip plays a role for the increse of the biodiversity of epigeic beetles, which are important for the reduction of pest organisms in agricultural landscape.

System för planering och bebyggelsekontroll måste hantera många utmaningar. Svårigheterna och den påverkan dessa system har på den fysiska miljön gör ämnet ständigt aktuellt att undersöka och försöka utveckla. Examensarbetet gör detta genom att jämföra systemet i Sverige med det i andra länder. Mer specifikt studeras form-based codes som förespråkas av Nyurbanismen i USA och design codes i England. I en svensk kontext kan dessa codes jämföras med detaljplanens planbestämmelser och riktlinjer i kvalitets- och gestaltningsprogram. I och med propositionen ”Politik för gestaltad Livsmiljö” som antogs i maj 2018 uppmuntras kommuner ta fram en arkitekturpolitik på lokal nivå. Dessa dokument utgör också ett intressant verktyg i sammanhanget. Examensarbetets frågeställning lyder därför: Hur kan koncept och verktyg från form-based codes i USA och design codes i England utveckla svenska kommuners arkitekturpolicyer, kvalitetsprogram och detaljplaner? I en mindre utsträckning har förutom systemen i USA och England även Frankrike och det typo-morfologiska förhållningsättet till zonering inkluderats. Examensarbetet startade med en litteraturstudie och åtföljdes av ett antal fallstudier som innefattade innehållsanalyser av arkitekturpolicyer, kvalitetsprogram och detaljplaner. De policyer som valdes ut för analys bedömdes ha mest gemensamt med arbetssätt inom form-based codes och design codes. Dessa var Örebros och Linköpings policyer samt Avesta, Fagerstas och Norbergs gemensamma policy. Från de två förstnämnda kommunerna analyserades även detaljplaner. Utöver detta inkluderades detaljplanerna och kvalitetsprogrammen för Henriksdalshamnen och Kolkajen i Stockholm. Innehållsanalysen av planer och program utgick från ett antal kategorier. Resultatet från fallstudierna jämfördes sedan med litteraturstudien. Parallellt genomfördes även en intervju med en praktiserande planarkitekt som innan intervjun fick läsa en begränsad mängd material om form-based codes. Resultat och analys från jämförelsen och intervjun låg sedan till grund för utformningen av ett antal rekommendationer. Litteraturstudien behandlade användningen av codes genom historien, utvecklingen och definitioner av form-based codes och design codes, samt hur dessa är organiserade. Vidare innefattade litteraturstudien kritik som riktats mot dessa och kopplingen till urbanmorfologi i relation till det franska typo-morfologiska förhållningsättet till zonering. Slutligen behandlades även utformnings och gestaltningsfrågor kopplat till bebyggelsereglering i den svenska planprocessen. Jämförelsen mellan innehållsanalysen av de utvalda fallen och litteraturstudien visade på skillnader och likheter mellan vad som behandlas och hur detta görs inom form-based codes och design codes respektive planer och program i Sverige. Resultatet från analysen av arkitekturpolicyerna visade på likheter med form-based codes och design codes som kunde förstärkas. I detta avseende utmärkte sig framför allt Örebros arkitekturstrategi som i likhet med praktiken inom form-based codes och design codes delade in staden i olika områdestyper. De två kvalitetsprogram som analyserades skiljde sig åt i karaktären vilket kopplades samman med processen för framtagandet av dessa. I jämförelse visade sig programmet för Kolkajen ha mer gemensamt med form-based codes och design codes än det för Henriksdalshamnen. Intervjun belyste perspektiv på innehållet i planer och program, kontexten som planer och program tas fram i och verkar, samt synpunkter på form-based codes.De rekommendationer som togs fram utgjordes av 19 aspekter som på ett övergripande plan kan behandlas för olika områdestyper i en arkitekturpolicy i likhet med Örebros arkitekturstrategi. Därutöver utvecklades en tabell med rekommendationer för vad som kan behandlas i detaljplaner och kvalitetsprogram beroende på planområdets läge i staden. Tanken är att dessa ska ha en direkt anknytning till områdestyperna i policyn då kopplingen mellan områdestyper och regleringar eller riktlinjer är direkt inom form-based codes och design codes. Genom att dessa preciseras i detaljplanerna skulle kopplingen vara mer flexibel än den är inom form-based codes. Detta skulle kunna innebära ett sätt för kommuner att agera proaktivt i stället för reaktivt till enskilda exploateringsförslag. Slutligen visade även litteraturstudien fördelar med att tillämpa enkla, principiella illustrationer vilket kan göras i en större utsträckning i såväl policyer, program och detaljplaner. / Planning and development control systems must deal with many challenges. The difficulties and the impact these systems have on the physical environment make the subject constantly relevant to study and try to develop. The thesis does this by comparing the system in Sweden with that in other countries, more specifically form-based codes advocated by New Urbanism in the US and design codes in England. In a Swedish context, these codes can be compared with the building control regulations in detailed plans and guidelines in quality and design programs. With the adoption of the Government bill "Politik för gestaltad livsmiljö" in May 2018, municipalities are encouraged to develop an architectural policy at the local level. These documents are also an interesting tool in this context. The thesis’ question therefore reads: How can concepts and tools from form-based codes in the US and design codes in England develop Swedish municipalities’ architecture policies, quality programs and detailed plans? To a lesser extent, in addition to the systems in the US and England, France and the typo-morphological approach to zoning have also been included. The degree project started with a literature study and was accompanied by a few case studies that included content analysis of architectural policies, quality programs and detailed plans. The policies selected for analysis were judged to have the most in common with approaches to regulations within form-based codes and design codes. These were Örebro's and Linköping's policies and Avesta, Fagersta and Norberg’s joint policy. Detailed plans were also analysed from the first two municipalities. In addition to this, the detailed plans and quality programs for Henriksdalshamnen and Kolkajen in Stockholm were included. The content analysis of plans and programs was based on a few categories. The results from the case studies were then compared with the literature study. In parallel, an interview was also conducted with a practicing planning architect who before the interview read a limited amount of material about form-based codes. Results and analysis from the comparison and the interview then formed the basis for the formulation of recommendations.The literature study dealt with the use of codes throughout the history, the development and definitions of form-based codes and design codes, as well as how these are organized. Furthermore, the literature study included criticism of these and the connection to urban morphology in relation to the French typo-morphological approach to zoning. Finally, design issues linked to building regulation were also dealt with in the Swedish planning process. The comparison between the content analysis of the selected cases and the literature study showed differences and similarities between what is treated and how this is done within form-based and design codes and plans and programs in Sweden. The results from the analysis of the architecture policies showed similarities with form-based codes and design codes that could be strengthened. In this respect, Örebro’s architectural strategy especially distinguished, which, like the practice in form-based codes and design codes, divided the city into different area types. The two quality programs that were analysed differed in nature, which was linked to the process in which they were designed. In comparison, the program for Kolkajen turned out to have more in common with form-based codes and design codes than the program for Henriksdalshamnen. The interview shed light on perspectives on the content of plans and programs, the context in which plans, and programs are produced and operate as well as views on form-based codes. The recommendations developed consisted of 19 aspects. These can be dealt with at an overall level for different area types in an architecture policy like Örebro’s architecture strategy. In addition, a table was developed with recommendations for what can be dealt with in detailed plans and quality programs depending on the location of the area in the city. The idea is that these should have a direct connection to the area types in the policy like form-based codes and design codes, but a more flexible one as the area type should be more precisely defined in the detail plan. This could offer a way for municipalities to act proactively instead of reactively to individual development proposals. Finally, the literature study also showed the advantages of applying simple, principled illustrations, which can be done to a greater extent in policies, programs, and detailed plans in Sweden.