Chiefs in Malawi have traditionally been part of the government machinery since colonial days and continue to play a crucial role in development administration even more so in decentralized structures. They are able upon to mobilize communities in rural areas to initiate and implement community development projects with minimal supervision. Malawi Social Action Fund 1 (MASAF 1) project management approach, which centered on community ownership of projects and registered enormous successes, is a case in proof of this. However, distribution of power and roles between chiefs and local government authorities in view of decentralization demand more research and policy debate if chiefs are to be effectively utilized and for the decentralization process to work effectively. Whilst the local authorities derive their power from the control of 5% of revenue collected in the districts, which they are allocated, chiefs derive theirs from the legitimacy they have over their subjects for being in constant touch with the community. / Development Studies / M.A. Social Science (Development Studies)

Moral development is a universal phenomenon which is an important ingredient in self-development and the acquisition of values. Adolescents become familiar with values and social norms through education and socialisation within social structures. The South African society evidences pluralistic values and current social, political and economic change that further renders the issue of individual and group values complex and challenging. Adolescents growing up in South Africa face many social problems such as alcohol and drug abuse, sexual problems, HIV/AIDS pandemic, poverty, teenage pregnancy, violence and family disintegration. This study aimed to address the influence of social factors on South African black adolescents’ moral development by a literature study and empirical inquiry using an interpretive approach. To provide a conceptual framework for the empirical inquiry, a literature study investigated theoretical perspectives on moral development and discussed ecological theories with regard to adolescent development with particular reference to Bronfenbrenner’s model. Furthermore, recent trends with regard to moral development of black adolescents within the South African context were addressed. A qualitative research inquiry was used to explore factors influencing the moral development of a small sample of eighteen black adolescents who attend a township school in Tshwane, Gauteng. The sample included an equal number of boys and girls. Maximum variation and purposive sampling strategies were used to select information-rich participants. Data gathering was done by individual semi-structured interviews using a moral dilemma question and focus group interviews. Data was analysed by content analysis and Guba’s model of trustworthiness was used to enhance credibility. Measures to ensure ethical research included consent from the Gauteng Department of Education, the principal and parents. Participation was voluntary and pseudonyms were used to protect the identity of participants. The researcher’s role was described. The key themes were organised around person moral behaviour- shapers, including the sub-themes of personal needs, personal ownership, identity, cognition and the influence of academic achievement; social moral behaviour- shapers, including the role of family, peers, church and social media and community moral behaviour-shapers, including congruent application of values and safety. The study concluded with recommendations to enhance the development of moral behaviour among adolescents. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Socio-Education)

Social sustainability provides a meaningful approach for industry practitioners wishing to establish a platform to engage communities within enterprise development. It can be said that sustainability requires much more than environmental and fiscal achievements and, with an increased awareness of issues such as equity and power sharing, more corporates are incorporating their strategies in line with social responsibility values. This study therefore takes a closer look at how the Table Mountain Aerial Cableway Company, integrates this important concept of social sustainability in its business practices. The tourism industry has in fact grown to such an extent that global economists estimate the progress of international growth at between three and six percent annually. However, this growth can only be measured when businesses take social responsibility factors into consideration. According to the UNWTO (2011, p 1) UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-Moon, opened the Fourth UN Conference on Least Developed Countries stating that the majority of: “…least developed countries (LDCs) are rich in resources. All have young and vibrant populations. These men and women need decent jobs, education, training, so they can make the most of their country’s assets - minerals and other commodities, farmland, rich stores of biodiversity and tourism potential”. This study therefore focuses on current and future issues pertaining to socially sustainable tourism at the Table Mountain Aerial Cableway Company in Cape Town, South Africa. In addition, it presents solutions for reducing the negative impacts of tourism, whilst at the same time embracing the benefits of tourism for the area and its local communities. The outcome of the study found that the Table Mountain Aerial Cableway Company added little value to social responsibility objectives. The company has made a significant effort in marketing their product through the mass media. However, there is an overall corporate responsibility barrier. Much still needs to be done to ensure accountability for social responsibility issues, not just within this particular company, but also throughout the tourism industry. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

A majority of the South African population live in poverty, particularly those in rural areas. During the year 2009, the South African government identified rural development as a key priority area in socio-economic issues and the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform was created to focus specifically on this issue. This was followed by the development of the Comprehensive Rural Development Programme (CRDP). The CRDP is a government policy on rural development. The main focus of the programme is on agrarian transformation and land reform as pillars of rural development, alongside infrastructure provision such as housing, energy, sanitation, schools, clinics, boreholes and water reticulation system in rural areas. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to assess the socio-economic impacts of the Comprehensive Rural Development Programme (CRDP). The study used Muyexe village in Greater Giyani Local Municipality as a case study. The objectives of the study included assessing challenges facing the Muyexe village, such as provision of basic services, job creation, skills development and public amenities. The first phase of the literature review focused on the definitions of rural development, rural development theories, development challenges and approaches on rural development. The second phase of the literature review further explored the developmental challenges for rural areas in South Africa since 1994. For this study, the researcher collected the primary data by making use of face to face interviews, while secondary data was gathered from the compiled frameworks, policies, reports of government departments, books, journals, conference papers, proceedings, presentations and the internet. The findings showed that a lot still needs to be done with regards to the development of infrastructure such as road, transport and adequate access to basic services. It was also found that the unemployment rate in the area is a serious concern. It was raised that most of the jobs that were created were only on a short term basis, with lower wages. While the enterprises and cooperatives established were struggling with vii production and generating income. The recommendations intending to strengthen the implementation of rural development initiatives such as the Comprehensive Rural Development Programme to have a better model of addressing rural development that will yield tangible results of sustainable development were also provided / Geography / M. Sc. (Geography)

Doctorat en environnement, Orientation urbanisme et aménagement du territoire / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

CAPES / Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um estudo técnico social para definir as diretrizes que garantam a sustentabilidade de uma minirrede baseada em sistemas solares fotovoltaicos, localizados nas Zonas Não Interconectadas (ZNI) da Colômbia. A literatura da pesquisa está baseada na importância da energia elétrica e das construções sustentáveis para o homem e nos princípios de energia solar e de minirredes baseadas em sistemas solares fotovoltaicos. Após este levantamento, aplicou-se o método de pesquisa documental para contextualizar o leitor com os aspectos mais importantes sobre a Colômbia e sua realidade hoje. A partir destes aspectos foi possível concentrar a pesquisa em uma região, selecionada a partir de critérios de recurso solar disponível, economia, segurança, saúde e educação. Uma vez escolhida a região, foi feita uma pesquisa de campo em que foram entrevistados os agentes que podem influenciar no funcionamento de uma minirrede. Também foram observados os aspectos técnicos relacionados com as construções e a eficiência energética desta região, constatando que a mesma já contou, em alguma ocasião, com sistemas solares fotovoltaicos, mas estes foram vendidos pela própria comunidade por não encontrarem utilidade nenhuma neles. A partir das respostas encontradas nas entrevistas foi feita uma proposta de gestão da minirrede baseada em sistemas solares fotovoltaicos. Concluiu-se que é primordial que os agentes técnicos e administrativos do sistema como um todo tenham contato contínuo com o usuário para entender as suas necessidades e conseguir satisfazê-las com a instalação da minirrede. Também se observou que é importante criar no usuário um sentido de posse pela minirrede, identificando os benefícios educativos, de saúde e econômicos que esta nova tecnologia traz para ele. Este estudo abre as portas para novas pesquisas de avaliação e descrição das diretrizes propostas. / This research presents the development of a social-technical study to define guidelines to ensure the sustainability of a mini-grid based on solar photovoltaic systems located in Non Interconnected Areas (NIA) of Colombia. The literature of this research is based on the importance of energy and sustainable buildings to people, the principles of solar PV, and mini-grid based on solar photovoltaic systems. After this firt part, was applied the method of documentary research to contextualize the reader with the main relevant aspects of Colombia related to the research. From these aspects, it was possible to focus the research to a region, which was chosen by criterias such as: solar resource, economy, security, health and education. When the area was chosen, it was made a field survey. In this survey the agents that influence the operation of a mini network were interviwed. Also, it was observed the technical aspects of buildings, and the energy efficiency in this region. As a result it was observed that in the past there were PV solar systems, but these were sold by the community because they did not find them useful. From the interview answers, it was made a proposal about the management of the mini-grid based on solar photovoltaic systems. In conclusion, it is essential that the technical and administrative agents that make part of this system have continuous contact with the user to understand their needs and satisfy them with the installation of mini-grid. It is also important to create a sense of belonging from the user to the mini-grid, identifying the benefits, educational, health and economic that this new technology brings to him. This study opens the door to new research about evaluations and descriptions about the proposed guidelines.

Orientadores: Maria Angela Fagnani, Sonia Maria Pessoa Pereira Bergamasco / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T09:55:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soares_MariaDalvaOliveira_D.pdf: 37962678 bytes, checksum: 430b064f7f2890ea7bb4879b6d25733c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: o turismo no espaço rural, especialmente o agroturismo, intensifica-se no período da sociedade denominada pós-moderna. Pois, se durante o período da Revolução Industrial houve certo domínio das cidades sobre as atividades rurais, numa sociedade caracterizada como pós-industrial ou pós-moderna, parece haver uma revalorização do campo em função de seu espaço estar mais próximo da natureza, ou melhor, as transformações que aconteceram no seu território foram menores, pelo menos aparentemente, comparando-se àquelas que ocorreram nos espaços urbanos. As diversas modalidades do Turismo no espaço rural são encontradas pelos agricultores como complementação de renda em função das mudanças que ocorreram neste território. Diante da importância atribuída ao agroturismo, a primeira hipótese elaborada baseou-se em que o agroturismo contribui para aumentar a renda, gerar emprego, criar condições para fixar a população no campo, valorizar sua cultura e desenvolver práticas voltadas à apreciação da paisagem e à preservação ambiental. Desta maneira, o agroturismo aparece como uma alternativa para os agricultores familiares. A partir de observações iniciais, tanto em Cunha, como em Santo Antonio do Pinhal, elaborou-se outra hipótese na qual no espaço rural, se, de um lado o turismo é uma alternativa para os agricultores familiares, por outro lado está deslocando a população do campo por conta da valorização das terras, que essa atividade proporciona. Pela falta de alternativas para permanecer no campo, o agricultor vende sua.propriedade, muda-se para a cidade ou volta como empregado para trabalhar na sua antiga unidade de produção. E quem desenvolve o turismo são os neo-rurais, ex-citadinos que vêm fixando residência no campo. Objetivou-se neste trabalho analisar o desenvolvimento da atividade turística no espaço rural, em alguns municípios do estado de São Paulo, buscando entender de que maneira ele pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento local e qual é o papel das políticas públicas para sua concretização. Foram escolhidos os municípios de Cunha, Santo Antonio do Pinhal e Louveira com base no critério de possuir atividades turísticas no espaço rural e de ter presença significativa de agricultores familiares. Na verdade, a busca neste trabalho pela condição e valorização do turismo no espaço rural enquanto um fator de fixação do homem no campo através do aumento de renda e emprego, não se concretizou, com exceção do que se pôde analisar em Louveira. Ao invés disso, o que se detectou foi o fato de agricultores tradicionais darem lugar a atividades turísticas na forma de pousadas no espaço rural, desenvolvidas por uma população originária de outros centros urbanos que buscam atividades alternativas e o sossego do campo. Trata-se de wna nova categoria denominada de neo-rurais, a exemplo do que vem ocorrendo em países da Europa Ocidental / Abstract: The tourism in rural areas, specially the agro-tourism, intensifies in the society period called postmodem. Because, if during the Industrial Revolution there was kind of a domination from the cities on the rural activities, in a society characterized as postindustrial or postmodem, it seems to have a new appreciation on the countryside in function of its space be near to the nature, or in other way, the transformations that happened in its territory were smaller, at least apparently, comparing to the ones that happened on the urban spaces. The different modalities of the Tourism on the rural space are found by the agricultures as an income complementation in function from the changes that happened on this territory. In front ofthe importance attributed to the agro-tourism, the first hypotheses elaborated was based in that the agro-tourism contributes to improve the income, generates employment, create conditions to fix the rural population, values their culture and develop practices towards to the landscape appreciation and to the environment preservation. In this way, the agro-tourism appears as an altemative to the familiar farming. From this initial observations, as in Cunha, as in Santo Antonio do Pinhal, it was elaborated a hypotheses where the rural space, if, in one hand the tourism is an altemative to the familiar faming, in other hand is dislocating the countryside population because of the land valorization, that this activity provides. For the lack of altematives to stay in the countryside, the agriculturist sells his property, moves to the city or goes back working as an employee in his fotmer production unity. And who develops the tourism are the neo-rural, former city dwellers that come fixing residence in the countryside. It was aimed in the research analyzing the development from the touristy activities on the rural areas, in some cities from São Paulo State, seeking to understand in which way it can contribute to the local development and what is the role from the public policies the accomplishment. It was chosen the cities of Cunha, Santo Antonio do Pinhal and Louveira based on the criteria of possessing touristy activities in the rural space and the significant presence from the familiar farming. Actually, this research seek the tourism conditions and value on the rural space as a factor of man fixation on the countryside through the income and employment increasement, it didn't accomplish, with the exception on what was analyzed in Louveira. Instead of this, what was detected was the fact to the traditional framings giving space to the touristy activities in the way of small hostels on the rural space, developed by a population originated from other urban centers that searched for altematives activities and the peace from the countryside. It treats from a new category denominated by neo-rural, as example from what has happening on the Occidental Europe countries / Doutorado / Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sandra C Kleinschmitt.pdf: 1716732 bytes, checksum: e8f8b01c3b62129ddcc186836f7688b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The central objective of this research was to analyze the spatial distribution of homicides in the state of Paraná, over the years 2001 and 2005 and the relationship between this phenomenon and socioeconomic, demographic and urban infrastructure variables as well. The method of Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) was used to measure the degree of spatial autocorrelation among the studied variables, based on the characteristics of the 399 municipalities in the State of Paraná, presently. Initially, the ESDA was used to check the existence of spatial autocorrelation among the state municipalities considering the homicide rates. The results demonstrated the existence of spatial autocorrelation of homicide rates in the municipalities of Paraná State. When considering the mapping of clusters, there was the indicative of four clusters of High High type- (HH) and four large clusters of low-low type (LL). The highest homicide rates were found in clusters of municipalities located in the Metropolitan Mesoregion of Curitiba, in the North Central Mesoregion, West Mesoregion, and in a number of municipalities from Center South, Center West, West and Southwest Mesoregions. The clusters of type LL were in the Northwest and in the Central North Mesoregion, and Pioneiro North and Southwest Mesoregion. The common manifestations of variables in the four clusters of HH type were: the high average of residents per home (ARH), the high number of head of family without income, low number of kindergartens, low number of cultural facilities, low number of people over 60 years and the low incidence of infant mortality. The other tested variables autocorrelated in the cities with the rates of murder, but according to their particular regions. The exception was the variables: water supply and sewerage, per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and head of family over 15 years literate, not significant, at a 5% significance. / O objetivo central desta pesquisa é analisar a distribuição espacial dos homicídios no Estado do Paraná, entre os anos 2001 e 2005, e a relação entre este fenômeno e as variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e de infraestrutura urbana. O método de Análise Exploratória de Dados Espaciais (AEDE) foi utilizado para medir o grau de autocorrelação espacial entre as variáveis estudadas, a partir das características dos 399 municípios existentes no Estado do Paraná, na atualidade. Num primeiro momento utilizou-se a AEDE para verificar a presença de autocorrelação espacial entre os municípios do Estado, considerando as taxas de homicídio. Os resultados demonstraram a existência da autocorrelação espacial das taxas de homicídio entre os municípios paranaenses. Ao considerar os mapas de clusters, verificou-se a presença de quatro grandes clusters do tipo Alto-Alto (AA) e quatro grandes clusters do tipo Baixo-Baixo (BB). As maiores taxas de homicídio foram encontradas nos clusters constituídos por municípios situados na Mesorregião Metropolitana de Curitiba, na Mesorregião Norte Central, na Mesorregião Oeste e num conjunto de municípios das Mesorregiões Centro-Sul, Centro-Ocidental, Oeste e Sudoeste. Os clusters do tipo BB constituíram-se nas Mesorregiões Noroeste e Norte Central, na Mesorregião Norte Pioneiro e na Mesorregião Sudoeste. As manifestações comuns das variáveis nos quatro clusters do tipo AA, foram: a alta média de moradores por domicílio (MMD), a alta presença de chefes de família sem renda, a baixa presença de creches, a baixa presença de equipamentos culturais, a baixa presença de população com mais de 60 anos e a baixa incidência de mortalidade infantil. As outras variáveis testadas se autocorrelacionaram nos municípios com as taxas de homicídio, mas de acordo com suas particularidades regionais.

This thesis examines the implementation, enforcement and evolution of IP laws and regulations in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The period of interest includes the last decade of the twentieth century and the first decade of the twenty first century, with emphasis on the role played by Free Trade Agreements struck between Jordan and the United States, the European Union, and Jordan’s accession to the World Trade Organization. This thesis also examines the enforcement of the current set of IP laws in Jordan, and looks at their social and economic compatibility with the Jordanian societal norms and economic realities. This thesis argues that Jordanian IP laws lack a meaningful social and economic texture, and have failed to be evenly enforced in Jordan, essentially because they do not fit the Jordanian culture and are not compatible with Jordan’s economic stage of development. Additionally, the thesis argues that IP laws have had insignificant economic impact on the Jordanian economy as the majority of technologies used in Jordan, and the majority of foreign direct investments attracted to Jordan, are not IP related. Finally, the thesis argues that the current Jordanian enforcement model, which is built on coercion by donor countries, is serving the interests of foreign companies to the exclusion of the local citizens, and will not, in the long run, produce an enforcement model based on self-regulation by Jordanians, themselves. The laws, therefore, are unable to produce tangible results for the Jordanian people, or help meet their economic interests. The last part of the thesis deals with recommendations and suggestions aimed at creating an integrated approach to the adoption of IP policies.

This research study evaluated and assessed the extent to which strategic management processes integrated economic, environmental and social sustainability elements in the fiveyear strategy (2012) of Elundini Local Municipality (ELM). The study focused on three areas of strategic management, that is, environmental analysis, strategic direction and strategy formulation. The study also looked at possible reasons for sustainability integration in ELM strategy or lack thereof and also recommended possible solutions. The literature reviewed revealed that there was adequate basis for municipalities to integrate sustainable development in their strategies even though sustainability was noted as an evolving, complex and changing phenomenon. Local Agenda 21 principles, national legislative & policy framework, regulations and other relevant guidelines were found to be adequate for municipalities to develop credible sustainability strategies. The objectives of the study were achieved by data collected through the review of existing literature; the review of ELM Five Year Strategy (2012-2017); and SIAT-based questionnaires that were filled in by ELM employees. The results of the study showed that economic and social sustainability activities were identified most in the ELM strategy compared to environmental sustainability. The study then mainly recommended the review of the current strategy in order to improve all areas of strategy formulation; introduction of Economic, Social and Environmental sustainability – Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (ESEs-SWOT) for internal analysis as an improvement of SWOT analysis; introduction of Sustainability Integration and Strategic Management Framework (SISMF) as an improvement to existing framework.