As VLSI technology scales to 65nm and below, traditional communication between design and manufacturing becomes more and more inadequate. Gone are the days when designers simply pass the design GDSII file to the foundry and expect very good man¬ufacturing and parametric yield. This is largely due to the enormous challenges in the manufacturing stage as the feature size continues to shrink. Thus, the idea of DFM (Design for Manufacturing) is getting very popular. Even though there is no universally accepted definition of DFM, in my opinion, one of the major parts of DFM is to bring manufacturing information into the design stage in a way that is understood by designers. Consequently, designers can act on the information to improve both manufacturing and parametric yield. In this dissertation, I will present several attempts to reduce the gap between design and manufacturing communities: Alt-PSM aware standard cell designs, printability improve¬ment for detailed routing and the ASIC design flow with litho aware static timing analysis. Experiment results show that we can greatly improve the manufacturability of the designs and we can reduce design pessimism significantly for easier design closure.

As VLSI technology scales to 65nm and below, traditional communication between design and manufacturing becomes more and more inadequate. Gone are the days when designers simply pass the design GDSII file to the foundry and expect very good man¬ufacturing and parametric yield. This is largely due to the enormous challenges in the manufacturing stage as the feature size continues to shrink. Thus, the idea of DFM (Design for Manufacturing) is getting very popular. Even though there is no universally accepted definition of DFM, in my opinion, one of the major parts of DFM is to bring manufacturing information into the design stage in a way that is understood by designers. Consequently, designers can act on the information to improve both manufacturing and parametric yield. In this dissertation, I will present several attempts to reduce the gap between design and manufacturing communities: Alt-PSM aware standard cell designs, printability improve¬ment for detailed routing and the ASIC design flow with litho aware static timing analysis. Experiment results show that we can greatly improve the manufacturability of the designs and we can reduce design pessimism significantly for easier design closure.

Šis ištirtas DFM metodas padeda atkreipti projektuotojų dėmesį į tas presuojamojo liejimo formavimo ypatybes, kurios yra linkusios didinti gaminio apdirbimo sąnaudas. Tyrime naudojame „šešių laipsnių koduojančia sistema“ tam, kad nustatyti galutines preliminarias ruošinio apdirbimo sąnaudas. Čia pabrėžiamos tos ypatybes, kurios žymiai didina kainą, kad projektuotojai galėtų sumažinti gaminamos detalės sudėtingumą. Naudojant pristatytą metodologiją, projektuotojai gali įvykdyti ruošinių apdirbimo sąnaudų įvertinimą ankstyvojoje konstravimo stadijoje. Tai gali būti įvikdyta pasitelkiant jų apytiksle vieta ir orientacija. Išsamūs matmenys nėra būtini. Metodologija parodo tai, ką detalių charakteristikos įtakoja kainai, kad pagerintų perkonstruotą detalę. / The master’s thesis present the rewiew of design manufacture method. Mechanical part design plays an important role whether company will succeed in market or will fail. From my point of view there are three main measures of the DFM (Design For Manufacture) process: cost, quality and time, which are pivotal in design process. Regardless of the product being designed – whether it is an entire system or some small subpart of a larger product - the customer and management always want it cheaper, better and faster. In this project has described a systematic approach for calling designers attention to those features of injection molding that tend to increase the tooling cost to manufacture parts – and for estimating the relative costs of tooling. The system employs a six – digit coding system for determining total relative tooling cost, which groups parts according to their similarity in tool construction difficulty. The system highlight those features that significantly increase cost so that designers can minimize difficult – to – produce features.

No description available.

Master of Science / Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology / Sanjeev K. Narayanan / The use of antimicrobials in animal feed has come under increasing scrutiny from the public and regulatory agencies. Direct-fed microbials (DFM) are considered valuable alternatives to antimicrobials in food animal nutrition. DFM are products containing live (viable microorganisms). Studies in Europe have reported antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in organisms used in DFM. This is of serious concern because of the potential for transferring resistance to pathogenic bacteria in the gut. The aim of the present study is to characterize phenotypic and genotypic AMR profiles for 20 different antimicrobials in bacterial strains isolated from 10 commercially available DFM used in. Two antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods, disc diffusion and broth micro-dilution based assay were performed. Enterococcus faecium isolates showed resistance towards metronidazole (n=9/9) with a MIC of > 32 µg/mL, erythromycin (n=5/9) with a MIC of ≥ 8 µg/mL, ciprofloxacin (n=2/9) with a MIC ≥ 4 μg/mL, ceftriaxone (n=6/9) with a MIC ≥ 0.25 μg/mL, rifampin (n=8/9) with a MIC of > 4 µg/mL, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (n=4/9) with a MIC ≥ 1 μg/mL and clindamycin (n=5/9) with a MIC of > 0.5 µg/mL. A Propionibacterium freudenreichii isolate showed resistance towards kanamycin with a MIC of > 64 µg/mL. The same strain also had a MIC of 16 µg/mL for levofloxacin. Two Lactobacillus acidophilus were resistant to vancomycin (n=2/6) with a MIC ≥ 32 μg/mL. All the Lactobacillus species including L. acidophilus (n=6), L. casei (n=4) and L. plantarum (n=2) were resistant to metronidazole, MIC > 32 µg/mL. Two strains of Bacillus subtilis showed resistance to clindamycin, with an MIC of 4 µg/mL and erythromycin with an MIC of > 8 µg/mL, and one strain had no zone of inhibition for metronidazole (MIC > 32 µg/mL). Microarray analysis revealed resistance genes in E. faecium strains of 3 different DFM, including aminoglycoside resistance genes, ant(4’)-Ia, erythromycin resistance genes, ere(A2) and ermB, tetracycline resistance genes, tet39, tet31, tetK and tetC, and beta-lactam resistance gene, pbp5. Conjugation with filter mating showed erythromycin resistance gene transfer, msrC gene, from donor strains to a recipient strain (E. faecium 45-24). These studies show that AMR is prevalent among bacterial strains used as DFM in the cattle industry in the U.S., justifying further characterization, detection and observation of transferable antibiotic resistance between the same genus.

As technology continues to scale down, semiconductor manufacturing with 193nm lithography is greatly challenging because the required half pitch size is beyond the resolution limit. In order to bridge the gap between design requirements and manufacturing limitations, various resolution enhancement techniques have been proposed to avoid potentially problematic patterns and to improve product yield. In addition, co-optimization between design performance and manufacturability can further provide flexible and significant yield improvement, and it has become necessary for advanced technology nodes. This dissertation presents the methodologies to consider the lithography impact in different design stages to improve layout manufacturability. Double Patterning Lithography (DPL) has been a promising solution for sub-22nm node volume production. Among DPL techniques, self-aligned double patterning (SADP) provides good overlay controllability when two masks are not aligned perfectly. However, SADP process places several limitations on design flexibility and still exists many challenges in physical design stages. Starting from the early design stage, we analyze the standard cell designs and construct a set of SADP-aware cell placement candidates, and show that placement legalization based on this SADP awareness information can effectively resolve DPL conflicts. In the detailed routing stage, we propose a new routing cost formulation based on SADP-compliant routing guidelines, and achieve routing and layout decomposition simultaneously. In the case that limited routing perturbation is allowed, we propose a post-routing flow based on lithography simulation and lithography-aware design rules. Both routing methods, one in detailed routing stage and one in post routing stage, reduce DPL conflicts/violations significantly with negligible wire length impact. In the layout decomposition stage, layout modification is restricted and thus the manufacturability is even harder to guaranteed. By taking the advantage of complementary lithography, we present a new layout decomposition approach with e-beam cutting, which optimizes SADP overlay error and e-beam lithography throughput simultaneously. After the mask layout is defined, optical proximity correction (OPC) is one of the resolution enhancement techniques that is commonly required to compensate the image distortion from the lithography process. We propose an inverse lithography technique to solve the OPC problem considering design target and process window co-optimization. Our mask optimization is pixel based and thus can enable better contour fidelity. In the final physical verification stage, a complex and time-consuming lithography simulation needs to be performed to identify faulty patterns. We provide a classification method based on support vector machine and principle component analysis that detects lithographic hotspots efficiently and accurately. / text

No description available.

Direct-fed microbials (DFM) are a method to increase bird performance and health when antibiotics are removed or limited in the diet. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of a single strain Bacillus subtilis DFM on pullet performance, layer performance, and egg quality when fed from day of hatch until 70 weeks of age. In total, 576 Hy-Line W-36 laying hen pullets were randomly divided between two treatments (Control and DFM) on day of hatch across 12 cages for each of the treatments and maintained on those respective treatments for 70-weeks. The DFM was added at a target dose of 300,000 cfu/kg of feed. At the end of the 17-week pullet phase, DFM fed pullets resulted in reduced feed intake, improved FCRm with both similar body weights (P = 0.98) and body composition (P > 0.05) to the control fed pullets. At 17 weeks, 72 birds were randomly selected from each treatment and moved to 12 laying hen cages. At the end of the 52-week laying hen phase, DFM-fed hens had significantly higher hen-day egg production (P = 0.02), but decreased egg weights. No differences were reported in egg mass or feed intake, but FCR was significantly improved (P = 0.02) on a per dozen eggs basis, and improved (P = 0.06) on a g/g basis by 7.1 points with DFM-fed hens having an FCR of 2.016 and control fed hens having and FCR of 2.087. Supplementation of diets with DFM resulted in a trend in egg specific gravity, but no differences were reported in shell breaking strength or shell weight. Overall, supplementation of the DFM lowered feed intake and improved FCR without affecting body composition in the pullet phase, and increased production and improved FCR during the egg laying phase. / Master of Science / Due to the decreased use of antibiotics across the poultry industry, producers and allied companies are developing new methods to increase bird health and performance when antibiotics are removed from or limited in the diet. One such method is through the use of "good" bacteria or technically called Direct-Fed Microbials (DFM). Direct-fed microbials are defined as live microorganisms that when fed, confer a health benefit to the host. The goals of this thesis were to determine the effects of a Bacillus subtilis based DFM on pullet performance, laying hen performance, and egg quality when fed from day of hatch until 70 weeks of age. In the pullet phase, DFM-fed pullets had reduced feed intake and improved feed conversion ratio (the ratio of feed intake to body weight gain), with no differences in body weights or body composition at the end of the 17-week growth period. In the laying phase, DFM fed hens had significantly improved egg production, but lighter eggs compared to the control fed hens. Addition of the DFM significantly improved feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs by 5.3 points and reduced feed conversion ratio on a g/g basis by 7.1 points in the 52-week laying phase. Small improvements were noted in specific gravity, but no differences were reported in shell weight or shell breaking strength. When fed from day of hatch until 70 weeks of age, the Bacillus subtilis DFM allowed the pullets to reduce their feed intake, but maintain body development for egg production resulting in an improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the growth phase before egg production and once hens initiated egg production resulted in smaller eggs, but increased egg production and FCR in laying hens with minimal differences in egg quality. Therefore, the DFM may be able to be used in place of growth promoting antibiotics to help support efficient protein production.

As semiconductor technology advances into the nano-scale era and more functional blocks are added into systems on chip (SoC), the interface between circuit design and manufacturing is becoming blurred. An increasing number of features, traditionally ignored by designers are influencing both circuit performance and yield. As a result, design tools need to incorporate new factors. One important source of circuit performance degradation comes from deterministic within-die variation from lithography imperfections and Cu interconnect chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). To determine how these within-die variations impact circuit performance, a new analysis tool is required. Thus a methodology has been proposed to involve layout-dependent within-die variations in static timing analysis. The methodology combines a set of scripts and commercial tools to analyze a full chip. The tool has been applied to analyze delay of ISCAS85 benchmark circuits in the presence of imperfect lithography and CMP variation. Also, this thesis presents a methodology to generate test sets to diagnose the sources of within-die variation. Specifically, a delay fault diagnosis algorithm is developed to link failing signatures to physical mechanisms and to distinguish among different sources of within-die variation. The algorithm relies on layout-dependent timing analysis, path enumeration, test pattern generation, and correlation of pass/fail signatures to diagnose lithography-caused delay faults. The effectiveness in diagnosis is evaluated for ISCAS85 benchmark circuits.

This thesis analyzes and argues how implementing lean principles and tools affect an organization’s architectural innovation. Introducing new product architectures and modifying existing architectures is often difficult for companies. Architectural innovation requires extensive company resources for experimentations and new learning.    Applying lean principles and tools in an  innovative organization often make difficulties since innovation focus on active exploration for new solutions within a constantly changing environment (high risks). Whereas, lean focus on eliminating all kind of waste in the system (low risks). Little is known about how lean principles and tools might affect architectural innovation in organizations. Therefore, this research explores the relationship between lean and architectural innovation in manufacturing industries. The data sample use for this study is Swedish manufacturing companies in seventeen different industry types.  The types of industries consist on system level product type such as electrical or/and mechanical integrated products.  Results suggest that in lean principles and tools, standardization, value stream and human resource management (HRM) have significantly positive effect on organization’s architectural innovation capability. Whereas, lean design for manufacturability (DFM) has no significant effect on an organization’s architectural innovation capability. This study’s findings suggest companies that have not implemented lean thinking and practices yet can adopt lean concepts not only for efficiently utilizing the resources but for improving the architectural innovation also.  Furthermore, lean companies should increase their focus on customer involvement in product development as well as in cross-functional training of employees and on job training programs to improve the architectural innovation. Findings suggest that those companies that have strategic focus on architectural innovation can adopt lean concepts and procedures from manufacturing and production departments in order to dramatically increase the architectural innovation.