Os Diagnósticos de Enfermagem (DE) tem sido utilizado mundialmente como base para as intervenções de enfermagem. Para dar conta de sua adaptação às diversas realidades, estudos de validação são realizados e, dentre os métodos utilizados para tal, está o de Validação de Conteúdo Diagnóstico. Na área Nefrológica e, em especial, para os sujeitos que realizam hemodiálise, os diagnósticos são uma importante ferramenta para que se possa identificar as necessidades individuais e planejar o cuidado. O presente constitui-se de um estudo descritivo e transversal, em uma perspectiva quantitativa, com o objetivo de validar as Características Definidoras do DE Proteção Ineficaz em pacientes em tratamento hemodialítico, por enfermeiros peritos dos Centros de Diálise do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, cadastrados na Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia. Os dados foram coletados no período de outubro de 2006 a janeiro de 2007. A população constituiu-se de 139 enfermeiros e, da amostra, fizeram parte 63 enfermeiros, de 31 centros de diálise. Para a delimitação da amostra, foi utilizado o método de seleção de peritos, adaptado de Fehring (1987), congregado a amostragem não probabilística proposital. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de um instrumento, no qual constavam dados do participante, além de uma escala Likert para que se atribuísse valor de 1 a 5 (de menos para mais característico) a cada característica definidora. Às 18 características definidoras do DE Proteção Ineficaz foi acrescentada, como sugestão da pesquisadora, a característica Desnutrição, devido à sua importância na doença renal crônica. Como resultados, foram obtidos 5 Indicadores Principais Provisórios, com média ponderada ≥0,80, quais sejam: Deficiência na Imunidade, Alteração Neurossensorial, Dispnéia, Prurido e Desnutrição. Os Indicadores Secundários Provisórios foram: prejuízo na cicatrização, fraqueza, alteração na coagulação, resposta mal-adaptada ao estresse, fadiga, anorexia, insônia, desorientação, calafrios, tosse, perspiração, agitação e imobilidade. A característica úlceras de pressão foi excluída por obter escore ≤0,50. Concluiu-se que as características apontadas como Indicadores Principais são relacionados com a doença renal crônica e podem conduzir ao DE Proteção Ineficaz nos sujeitos que realizam hemodiálise, servindo de base para as intervenções de enfermagem. / The nursing diagnosis (ND) have been used worldwide as basis for nursing interventions. In order to suit them to more than one reality, validation studies are done and among several ones used for such purposes there’s the one called Diagnostic Content Validation. In the nephrologic area and in special for those patients who go through hemodialysis, the diagnosis are an important tool so that the individual needs can be identified as well as the care planning. The present study is made of a descriptive and transversal way, in a quantitative perspective with the goal of validating the defining characteristics of the nursing ineffective protection diagnosis in patients under hemodialytic treatment. The study was made by master nurses of the Rio Grande do Sul Dialysis Centers who are also registered in the Brazilian Nephrology Society. The data was searched from October/2006 up to January/2007. There are 139 nurses in this study and on the sampling, there were 63 nurses from 31 Dialysis centers. For the sample delimitation, the experts selection method was used, adapted from Fehring (1987), along with the intentional non-probabilistic sampling one. The data search happened through an instrument in which there were the participant’s data. Besides that, there was a Likert scale so that values from 1 to 5 (from least to most characteristic) could be given to each one of the defining characteristics. As a suggestion from the searcher, one characteristic was added to the 18 defining ones of the ineffective protection nursing diagnosis. It’s the malnutrition due to its importance in the chronic kidney disease. 5 temporary main indexes were obtained as results with an average of ≥ 0,80. The results are: Immunity Deficient, Neurossensory Alteration, Dyspnea, Itching and Malnutrition. The temporary secondary indexes were: impaired healing, weakness, altered clotting, maladaptive stress response, fatigue, anorexia, insomnia, disorientation, chilling, cough, perspiring, restlessness and immobility. The ulcer pressure characteristic was excluded for obtaining score ≤0,50. It was concluded that the characteristics listed as main indexes are related to the chronic kidney disease and can lead to the ineffective protection nursing diagnosis in those patients who go through hemodialysis serving as basis for nursing interventions.

Luk, Pik Shan Yvonne. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-146). / Abstracts in English and Chinese ; some text in appendix also in Chinese. / Abstract (English version) --- p.ii-iii / Abstract (Chinese version) --- p.iv / Acknowledgement --- p.v / List of Table --- p.vi / Appendices --- p.vii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1-5 / Chapter 2 --- Literature Review / Introduction --- p.6-7 / Psychological Distress --- p.7-13 / Health-related Quality of Life --- p.13-25 / Marital Relationship --- p.26-31 / Summary --- p.31-34 / Chapter 3 --- Aims & Methodology / Aims & Objectives --- p.35-37 / Operational Definition --- p.37-38 / Research Design --- p.38-39 / Setting & Sample --- p.39-40 / Instrument / Psychological Distress --- p.41-43 / Health-related Quality of Life --- p.43.44 / Marital Relationship --- p.44-46 / Demographic Data --- p.47 / Data Collection Procedure --- p.4748 / Ethical Consideration --- p.48-50 / Data Analysis --- p.50-51 / Pilot Study --- p.51-52 / Chapter 4 --- Findings / Introduction --- p.53-54 / Sociodemographic Characteristics --- p.54-56 / Psychological Distress --- p.57-58 / Health-related Quality of Life --- p.59-61 / Marital Relationship --- p.62-65 / Normality of the Outcome Variables --- p.65-66 / Relationships between the Study Outcomes and Sociodemographic Data --- p.66-68 / "Relationships between Anxiety, Depression, Health-Related Quality of Life and Marital Relationship" --- p.68-76 / Summary --- p.16-78 / Chapter 5 --- Discussion / Introduction --- p.79 / Socio-demographic and Clinical Characteristics of CAPD patients --- p.79-84 / Psychological Distress of CAPD Patients --- p.84-85 / Components of Psychological Distress: Anxiety --- p.85-86 / Components of Psychological Distress: Depression --- p.86-88 / Gender differences of the Levels of Anxiety and Depression among CAPD Patients --- p.88-89 / Cultural Difference of Anxiety and Depression among CAPD Patients --- p.89-90 / Health-related Quality of Life among CAPD Patients / Health-related Quality of Life of CAPD Patients Affected by Renal Symptoms --- p.90-91 / Health-related Quality of Life of CAPD Patients Affected by the effects of Kidney Disease --- p.91-93 / Health-related Quality of Life of CAPD Patients Affected by the burden of / Having Kidney Disease --- p.93-94 / Health-related Quality of Life of CAPD Patients Affected by the General Physical Health --- p.94-96 / Health-related Quality of Life of CAPD Patients Affected by the General Mental Health --- p.96-97 / Gender differences of the Levels of Health-related Quality of Life among CAPD Patients --- p.97-98 / Cultural Difference of Health-related Quality of Life among CAPD Patients --- p.98-99 / Sexual Issues and Marital Relationship of CAPD Patients / Sexual Issues of CA PD Patients --- p.100-102 / CAPD Patients' Perception of the Marital Relationship --- p.102-104 / Gender Differences in Perception of the Marital Relationship among CAPD Patients --- p.104 / Cultural Difference in Perception of the Marital Relationship among CAPD Patients --- p.105-106 / "Relationships between Participants' Characteristics and Psychological Distress," / HRQoL and Marital Relationship / "Relationships of Income with Anxiety, Depression and General Mental Health" --- p.107-108 / Relationship between Duration of Receiving Dialysis and Health-related Quality of Life --- p.108-109 / Relationship between Occupational Status and General Mental Health --- p.199.110 / "Relationships among Anxiety, Depression, HRQoL and Marital Relationship" / The Relationship between Anxiety and Depression --- p.110-111 / "The Relationship between Anxiety, Depression and HRQoL" --- p.112 / "The Relationship between Anxiety, Depression and Marital Relationship" --- p.112-113 / The Relationships among Domains of Health-related Quality of Life --- p.113-114 / The Relationship between Health-related Quality of Life and Marital Relationship --- p.114-115 / Predictors of Health-related Quality of Life among CAPD Patients / Anxiety and Depression as Predictors of Health-related Quality of Life --- p.116-118 / Marital Relationship as Predictors of Health-related Quality of Life --- p.118-119 / Summary --- p.119-121 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion / Limitations / Validity of Participants' Responses --- p.122-123 / Generalization of the Study's Findings --- p.123-124 / Psychometric Property of the Chinese Version of KDQOL-36 --- p.124-125 / The Sexual Items ofKDQOL-SF --- p.125 / Appropriateness of Using HADS and Multiple Correlations --- p.126 / Implications of the Study Findings / Implications for nursing knowledge --- p.126-128 / Implications on the Nursing Practice --- p.128-130 / Recommendations for Further Research --- p.130-132 / Conclusion --- p.132-133 / Chapter 7 --- Reference --- p.134-146 / Chapter 8 --- Appendix --- p.147-179

A sobrecarga hídrica (SH) é um achado comum em pacientes em diálise peritoneal (DP) e a inadequação do estado nutricional aumenta a morbimortalidade nesta população. A bioimpedância elétrica é um método rápido e não-invasivo para estimar os compartimentos corporais, incluindo a distribuição dos fluídos corporais nos espaços intra e extracelulares. O principal objetivo foi avaliar se a SH interfere em estado nutricional, composição corporal, gasto energético de repouso e um biomarcador de risco cardiovascular, em pacientes com Doença Renal Crônica tratados por DP. Caracterizou-se como um estudo observacional transversal, realizado no Hospital das Clínicas da FMRP-USP. Foram avaliados dados de composição corporal e estado hídrico por Bioimpedância Elétrica de Frequência Simples (BIA) e Bioimpedância Elétrica Multifrequência de Espectroscopia (BIS), a concentração sérica do peptídeo natriurético atrial (Nt pro - BNP) como biomarcador de risco cardiovascular, dados antropométricos, de consumo alimentar, gasto energético de repouso (GER), exames bioquímicos e dados clínicos de rotina dos pacientes. Trinta pacientes foram incluídos e classificados em normohidratados (NH) ou hiperhidratados (HH), pelo valor de sobrecarga hídrica de 1,1 L. Para análise estatística, o nível de significância foi pré-fixado em ?= 0,05. Os pacientes HH, em comparação aos NH, apresentaram além de maior sobrecarga hídrica (3,54 L ± 1,7 X 0,14 ± 0,6), maiores valores em água corporal total (ACT - 34,98 L ± 4,74 X 30,43 L ± 5,45), água extracelular (AEC - 17,91 L ± 2,87 X 13,84 L ± 2,30) e menores valores de ângulo de fase (4,02° ± 0,81 X 5,51° ± 0,77) na avalição por BIS; o Nt Pró - BNP mostrou-se maior nos HH (7686 pg/ml ± 8872 X 1334 pg/ml ± 1034). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos para dados antropométricos, nos demais exames bioquímicos, em aferições da força de preensão palmar, nas pontuações do MIS (Malnutrition Inflammation Score), nos dados de ingestão alimentar, e nem no GER. O grupo com sobrecarga hídrica mostrou, de fato, uma maior concentração de água em compartimento extracelular, possivelmente gerando aumento em Nt pro - BNP e menor ângulo de fase. Quando avaliado o grupo como um todo, os métodos (BIA e BIS) mediram os resultados igualmente somente no que se refere à resistência (p = 0,71). Sendo a ACT, água intracelular (AIC), AEC, massa livre de gordura (MLG), massa celular corporal (MCC) e ângulo de fase maiores na medições da BIA e somente massa gorda maior nas medições da BIS; correlações mostraram que os dados de massa livre de gordura e massa celular corporal foram os que mais se distanciaram, com coeficientes mais fracos, enquanto que as demais variáveis apresentaram forte correlação. Para o diagnóstico nutricional em vigência de sobrecarga líquida, deve-se considerar um conjunto de variáveis interpretadas de maneira complementar, possibilitando um diagnóstico nutricional mais detalhado. O uso rotineiro da BIS pode ajudar a refinar a avaliação do estado de hidratação e composição corporal destes pacientes em DP. / The fluid overload (FO) is a common finding in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) and the inadequacy of the nutritional status increases the morbidity and mortality in this population. The bioelectrical impedance is a quick and non-invasive method to estimate body compartments, including the distribution of body fluids in intra- and extracellular spaces. The main objective was to assess whether the FO affects body cell mass, nutritional status, resting energy expenditure and a biomarker of cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic kidney disease treated by PD. It is characterized as a cross-sectional observational study conducted at the Hospital of FMRP-USP. We evaluated data of body composition and water status by Simple Frequency Electric Bioimpedance (BIA) and Electric Multifrequency Spectroscopy Bioimpedance (BIS), the serum concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide (NT pro - BNP) as a biomarker of cardiovascular risk, anthropometric data, food intake, resting energy expenditure (REE), biochemical and clinical data from routine patient. Thirty patients were included and classified into normal hydration (NH) or hyper hydrated (HH) by fluid overload value of 1.1 L. For statistical analysis, the level of significance was pre-set at ? = 0.05. HH patients, compared to NH, presented in addition to increased fluid overload (3.54 L ± 1.7 X 0.14 ± 0.6), higher values in total body water (TBW - 34.98 L ± 4.74 ± 5.45 x 30.43 L), extracellular water (ECW - L 17.91 ± 2.87 X 13.84 ± 2.30 L) and smaller phase angle values (± 4.02 ° 0.81 X 5.51 ± 0.77 °) in a BIS appraisal; the Nt Pro - BNP was higher in HH (7686 pg / ml ± 8872 X 1334 pg / ml ± 1034). There was no significant difference between groups for anthropometric data, in other biochemical tests on measurements of grip strength, in scores of MIS (Malnutrition Inflammation Score), the food intake data, and not the REE. The group with fluid overload shows, in fact, a higher concentration of water in the extracellular compartment, possibly generating an increase in NT pro - BNP and lower phase angle. When evaluated the group as a whole, the methods (BIA and BIS) measure only the results also as regards the resistance (p = 0.71). And TBW, intracellular water, ECW, fat-free mass, body cell mass and larger phase angle measurements in the BIA and only greater fat mass in measurements of BIS; correlations show that free mass data of fat and body cell mass are the ones who are more distanced, with weaker coefficients, while the other variables are strongly correlated. For the nutritional diagnosis of fluid overload force, should be considered a set of variables interpreted in a complementary manner, enabling a more detailed nutritional diagnosis. The routine use of BIS can help refine the assessment of hydration status and body composition of these patients on PD.

Orientador: Pasqual Barretti / Resumo: Peritonite por bacilos Gram-negativos não fermentadores (BGNNF) é complicação importante da diálise peritoneal (DP), com curso clínico grave e elevada taxa de falência do método. Fatores associados à virulência, resistência antimicrobiana, formação de biofilme, entre outros, têm sido relatados, mas o limitado conjunto de evidências não permite concluir sobre os fatores responsáveis pelo pior curso clínico dessas infecções. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência das características microbiológicas, das condições clínicas do paciente e do tratamento na evolução de peritonites por BGNNF, ocorridas num único centro, em período de 18 anos. A sensibilidade in vitro aos antimicrobianos, produção de biofilme, além da análise do perfil clonal das bactérias pela técnica de eletroforese em gel de campo pulsado foram realizadas em todos os isolados bacterianos. Foram pesquisados genotipicamente, em isolados de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a presença de marcadores de virulência (alginato, exoenzima S, fosfolipases C, exotoxina A, protesase alcalina, elastase e ramnolipídeos). Associações entre as características microbiológicas do paciente e tratamento com a taxa de resolução da peritonite foram estudadas. A espécie mais frequente foi Pseudomonas aeruginosa (45,59%), seguida por isolados do complexo Acinetobacter baumannii (17,65%). O estudo dos fatores de virulência da Pseudomonas aeruginosa revelou a presença de fatores de virulência em 100% dos casos, exceto exoenzima S (58,33%)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Peritonitis due to non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) is a serious complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD), with a severe clinical course and high technique failure rate. Factors as bacterial virulence, antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation, among others, have been reported, but the limited amount of evidence does not allow to conclude on the factors responsible for the worst clinical course of these infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the microbiological characteristics, patients conditions, and treatment on evolution of peritonitis episodes at a single center in an 18 - year period. In vitro susceptibility, biofilm production, and clonal profile analysis of bacteria by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were performed in all isolates. The presence of virulence markers (alginate, exoenzyme S, phospholipases C, exotoxin A, alkaline protease, elastase, and ramnolipids) was genotyped in bacterial isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. From the data referring to the patient and causal agent, associations between the microbiological, patient characteristics, and treatment on the resolution rate of peritonitis were analyzed. The most frequent species was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (45.59%), followed by Acinetobacter baumannii complex (17.65%). The study of the virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa revealed the presence of virulence factors in 100% of the cases, except for exonzyme S (58.33%) and hemolytic phospholipase C ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Albumin provides the vital scaffolding for growth and tissue repair and supports oncotic blood pressure and hemodynamics. In hemodialysis patients, albumin aids with fluid removal by drawing excess fluid from edematous tissues back into the blood where it can then be removed by a dialyzer. The hyperglycemia seen in dialysis patients with Type II diabetes progressively damages kidney glomeruli, which permits albumin seepage into the urine, thus lowering serum albumin. The conceptual framework underpinning this research is the van't Hoff theory of osmotic pressure. Under this framework, the solute-solvent relationship largely contributes to the osmotic movement of fluid. The purpose of this study was to determine if albumin levels differed in Hispanics on dialysis with and without diabetes and if potential differences existed over time. Differences in diabetes incidence in Hispanics suggest albumin levels may be dissimilar. Albumin physiology is abundant in the literature; how and to what magnitude albumin levels are affected in patients with diabetes is unclear. This quantitative, retrospective cohort study employed ANOVA, Repeated Measures t tests, Spearman Correlation, and regression analysis to evaluate potential associations between the research variables. Data were extracted from CMS-2728 forms to amass the final cohort (N = 827). Differences in albumin levels at the first 2 intervals were observed (Baseline 1.29 -± 0.49 mg/dL, F = 2.28, p < .032; 3 months 0.47 -±0.41 mg/dL, F = 1.62, p < .004). Covariables (hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, and infections) were controlled for but showed inconclusive results. Lower serum albumin in Hispanic dialysis patients with diabetes provides the impetus for developing ethnic-specific albumin therapies, thus promoting positive social change.

Dialys är en medicinteknisk teknik som används för att rena blod vid nedsatt njurfunktion. Dialysvätska är en viktig komponent i utrustningen. Syftet med examensarbetet var att utvärdera förbättrade rutiner för kvalitetskontroll av vattnet som används för tillredning av dialysvätskan. Ett program för övervakning av desinfektionseffekt i vattenrenare för dialys har utvecklats i Microsoft Visual Studio, med Windows Forms som plattform och kod skriven i C#. Mjukvaran övervakar konduktivitet, dagar sedan desinfektion, desinfektionseffekt (A₀), aktivitet hos loggningsprogram samt kontrollprogram. Larm skickas via mail vid dåliga värden eller fel, samt visas lokalt på dator i form av en textruta. Ett ytterligare program skapades för att kontrollera att huvudprogrammet är igång, och en varning skickas när aktivitet uteblir under en viss längd. Utöver övervakning skapades även en grafisk del som tillåter visning av loggade data samt beräknade A₀-värden över tid. Analys utförs kring möjligheter att bibehålla mikrobiologisk trend med stabilt låg bakterienivå i vattnet vid minskad desinfektionsfrekvens från tre till två gånger i veckan. Provtagningar tyder på att marginal till gränsvärde inte hotas, men mer data behövs för at bekräfta resultatet. Analys utförs även kring möjligheten att använda beräkning av A₀-värden för att verifiera desinfektionseffekt tidigare än resultat från mikrobiologisk provtagning, vilket resultat från den studie som utförts tyder på är möjligt, med vissa undantag där det inte finns data att förhålla sig till. Vid användning av mjukvaran rekommenderas fortsatta mikrobiologiska provtagningar. / Dialysis is a health technology used for cleaning blood in people with kidney failure. Dialysis fluid is an important component used in the dialysis process. The aim of the project is to evaluate improved quality control routines for the water used in preparation of the dialysis fluid. A program for monitoring disinfection effect in water purification systems for dialysis has been developed in Microsoft Visual Studio, using Windows Forms as platform and the code was written in C#. The software monitors conductivity, days since last disinfection, effect of disinfection (A₀), activity of logging software as well as control software. Warnings are sent by mail for bad results or errors, and a message is shown as a textbox locally on the computer running the software. An additional program was made for monitoring the main programs activity, and a warning is sent after seeing no activity within a time period. Other than monitoring, the software also has a graphical view allowing the user to view logged data and calculated A₀-values over time. An analysis is made regarding the possibility to maintain microbiological trend of low amounts of bacteria in water after reducing the disinfection frequency from three to two times a week. Test results indicate that the margin to the maximum allowed value remains on safe levels, but more data is required to confirm the results. A further analysis is made regarding the possibility to use calculations of A₀-values to verify the disinfection effect earlier than results from microbiological testing. Results from studies indicate that this is possible, but with some exceptions in cases where not enough data is available to draw conclusions. When using the software, continued microbiological testing is recommended.

<p>Psykisk ohälsa ökar i samhället, 20 % av Sveriges befolkning riskerar att någon gång i livet drabbas av depression. 600 personer varje år drabbas av kronisk njursvikt vilket innebär att dialysbehandling kan bli aktuellt. Att leva med en livslång sjukdom, som det innebär när man behandlas med dialys, och samtidigt drabbas av psykisk ohälsa innebär ett stort lidande för den enskilda individen. Genom att sjuksköterskan bemöter patienterna med empati och medmänsklighet så skapar denne goda förutsättningar för att relationen ska präglas av tillit och ärlighet. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa hur sjuksköterskan kan identifiera och förebygga depression hos människor som behandlas med dialys. Resultatet visar att depression är vanligt förekommande bland dialyspatienter. Depression hos dessa människor kan leda till sömnproblem, nutritionsproblem, känsla av förlust och social isolering. Identifiering av depression kan ske genom användning av bedömningsformulär, detta kan även användas som en åtgärd för att förebygga depression. Mer kvalitativ forskning inom ämnet hade varit ett bra sätt för att öka förståelsen för denna patientgrupps situation. Genom att öka kunskapen ökar också förståelsen för depression och vad det innebär att leva med en livslång sjukdom och denna komplexa situation.</p> / <p>Mental illness is increasing in society, 20% of Sweden's population is at risk to suffer some from depression at some point in their lives. 600 people each year suffer from chronic kidney failure, which can lead to the need for dialysis treatment. To live with a lifelong disease and suffer from mental illness at the same time exposes the individual for a great suffering. By responding to the patients with empathy and compassion the nurse creates good conditions for the relationship, to be able to be characterized by trust and honesty. The purpose of this literature study was to elucidate how the nurse can identify and prevent depression for people treated with dialysis. The results show that depression is common among dialysis patients. For these people, depression can lead to sleeping problems, nutritional problems, feelings of loss, and social isolation. Identification of depression can be done through the use of evaluation forms; this can also be used as a measure to prevent depression. More qualitative research on the subject would be a good method to increase the understanding of the situation these patients are in. Raising awareness also increases the understanding of depression and what it means to live with a lifelong disease, and the complex situation it means.</p>

The use of advanced medical technology at home has increased in most industrialized countries. The overall aim of this thesis was to develop knowledge of self-care and transition and issues that influence daily life and health among persons using advanced medical technology at home. Three qualitative studies were performed to describe the structure of self-care (I) and elucidate meanings of health-illness transition experiences among persons using long-term oxygen, or a ventila-tor, or performing blood or peritoneal dialysis (II), and to gain a deeper understanding of the meaning of living with an adult family member in this context (III). Ten interviews with adult patients (I-II) and ten with adult next of kin (III) in this context were performed and analysed with descriptive phenome-nological (I), phenomenological hermeneutical (II) and hermeneutical (III) methods. A quantitative, descriptive, comparative, cross-sectional design was used to describe and find factors that influence self-care agency and perceived health in a larger group of persons (180 patients) using the enumerated types of advanced medical technology at home (IV). In the results, (I) self-care among persons using long-term oxygen, a ventilator, or equipment for blood or peritoneal dialysis at home was described at a generic level, independent of the specific type of technology used. The general description of self-care in this context involved prerequisites for, activities for and consequences of self-care; (II) the health-illness transition among adult persons in this context was interpreted as contentment at being part of the active and conscious process towards transcending into a new state of living, in which the individual and the technology were in tune. The successful and healthy transition experience was characterized by human growth and becoming; (III) living with a family member who is using advanced medical technology at home was interpreted as meaning rhythmical patterns of being closely connected to but also separated from him or her, and of sorrow versus reconciliation. Dependence on others was reflected in a need for support from the healthcare professionals and significant others; (IV) health-related and technology-related variables in daily life were rated as satisfactory to quite a high extent, but participants using long-term oxygen perceived their health as significantly lower compared to the other technology groups. Further, a significant difference in sense of coherence was found between users of long-term oxygen and peri-toneal dialysis. Factors that contributed to self-care agency and sense of coherence were found. In conclusion, self-care in a high-tech home context means more than simply mastering the technology. With the goal of maintaining an active, social life, the health-illness transition involves a learning process of accepting and integrating the technology into daily life. With knowledge and support, patients and next of kin are able to assume substantial responsibility for self-care/dependent-care. Daily life seems to be manageable for patients using this kind of technology at home.

Bakgrund: Behov av dialysbehandling är en omvälvande förändring av patientens livsvärld. Behandlingen är livsuppehållande fram till dess att eventuell möjlighet till njurtransplantation ges. Trötthet samt viktuppgång mellan dialysbehandlingarna, orsakad av minskad filtration i njurarna har i tidigare studier framställts som försämrad livskvalitet vid dialysberoende. Hur beroendet av behandling påverkar det dagliga livet är dock personligt och varierande. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur patienter upplevde att vara beroende av dialysbehandling. Metod: Intervjuer gjordes med nio informanter som lever med behov av dialysbehandling.  Intervjumaterialet analyserades därefter med kvalitativ innehållsanalys, enligt Graneheim och Lundman. Resultat: Trots undervisning före dialysstart om vad beroendet kan komma att innebära, beskrevs beskedet som chockartat när de förstod att dialysberoendet var livslångt. Tidsåtgången för behandling minskade möjligheterna att arbeta. Dialysberoendet påverkade relationen till närstående. Betydelsen av delaktighet i behandlingsbeslut, planering och genomförande beskrevs som en känsla av självständighet och ökad egenkontroll. Möjlighet till njurtransplantation sågs som ett hopp. Slutsats: De hälsovinster som de dialysberoende patienterna beskrev genom möjlighet till delaktighet och självständighet, ansågs medverka till ökad livskvalitet – i väntan på hoppet om njurtransplantation.

Psykisk ohälsa ökar i samhället, 20 % av Sveriges befolkning riskerar att någon gång i livet drabbas av depression. 600 personer varje år drabbas av kronisk njursvikt vilket innebär att dialysbehandling kan bli aktuellt. Att leva med en livslång sjukdom, som det innebär när man behandlas med dialys, och samtidigt drabbas av psykisk ohälsa innebär ett stort lidande för den enskilda individen. Genom att sjuksköterskan bemöter patienterna med empati och medmänsklighet så skapar denne goda förutsättningar för att relationen ska präglas av tillit och ärlighet. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa hur sjuksköterskan kan identifiera och förebygga depression hos människor som behandlas med dialys. Resultatet visar att depression är vanligt förekommande bland dialyspatienter. Depression hos dessa människor kan leda till sömnproblem, nutritionsproblem, känsla av förlust och social isolering. Identifiering av depression kan ske genom användning av bedömningsformulär, detta kan även användas som en åtgärd för att förebygga depression. Mer kvalitativ forskning inom ämnet hade varit ett bra sätt för att öka förståelsen för denna patientgrupps situation. Genom att öka kunskapen ökar också förståelsen för depression och vad det innebär att leva med en livslång sjukdom och denna komplexa situation. / Mental illness is increasing in society, 20% of Sweden's population is at risk to suffer some from depression at some point in their lives. 600 people each year suffer from chronic kidney failure, which can lead to the need for dialysis treatment. To live with a lifelong disease and suffer from mental illness at the same time exposes the individual for a great suffering. By responding to the patients with empathy and compassion the nurse creates good conditions for the relationship, to be able to be characterized by trust and honesty. The purpose of this literature study was to elucidate how the nurse can identify and prevent depression for people treated with dialysis. The results show that depression is common among dialysis patients. For these people, depression can lead to sleeping problems, nutritional problems, feelings of loss, and social isolation. Identification of depression can be done through the use of evaluation forms; this can also be used as a measure to prevent depression. More qualitative research on the subject would be a good method to increase the understanding of the situation these patients are in. Raising awareness also increases the understanding of depression and what it means to live with a lifelong disease, and the complex situation it means.