As didascálias, também conhecidas como rubricas ou indicações cênicas, ocuparam quase sempre um lugar marginal nos manuscritos e nas edições impressas de peças teatrais, figurando frequentemente como notas no canto da página ou abaixo das falas, que por sua vez recebiam todo o destaque. Entretanto, as didascálias constituem um elemento essencial na construção do sentido da peça, independentemente do fato de determinada montagem ter seguido integralmente as rubricas originais do autor ou ter criado outras para substituí-las. Esta dissertação se debruça sobre a instauração de paixões através das gradações tensivas observadas a partir das didascálias e de seus possíveis desdobramentos, na peça canadense The December Man (LHomme de Décembre), de Colleen Murphy. Para tanto, analisamos o discurso teatral segundo a semiótica greimasiana, a partir dos três níveis de abstração, a fim de estabelecermos a construção do sentido na peça. Como nosso objetivo inicial era investigar uma possível coerência entre o texto ficcional (falas) e o natural (rubricas), fizemos também um levantamento de algumas acepções e práticas atinentes às indicações cênicas, ficando claro que são majoritariamente entendidas como termo acessório ao texto e não como elementos intrínsecos. Outro de nossos objetivos era fornecer aos encenadores subsídios capazes de motivar as ações das personagens sobre o palco. Assim, procuramos determinar e analisar a paixão que prevalece na peça, a fim de demonstrar como as relações eram revestidas afetivamente e encontrar uma paixão que fosse forte o suficiente para agir como motor do trágico. Constatamos que a revolta foi o sentimento que impulsionou e motivou todas as ações das personagens. Após observarmos as relações afetivas, isolamos as didascálias para estabelecermos uma possível constituição tensiva destas últimas (Claude Zilberberg, 2006 e 2007). O elo que conferiu consistência e coerência a todas as análises e observações anteriores, que estavam um tanto desconexas, foi o fazer missivo. Desse modo, pudemos compreender melhor o papel das rubricas na construção dos efeitos de sentido em The December Man. Assim, verificamos que não só há coerência entre o texto falado e as indicações cênicas, mas também que um não se dissocia do outro. As didascálias reforçam e modulam o discurso de forma tensiva, demarcando e reiterando as tensões das falas através das imagens construídas a partir da iluminação, do cenário e da indumentária. Constituem uma figurativização, carregam valores culturais e, com isso, contribuem para o efeito de carga axiológica, valorativa e afetiva das cenas. / Didascalie or Didascaliae, also known as stage directions or notes, have almost always occupied a marginal place in the manuscripts and printed editions of plays, often appearing as notes on the corner of the page or below the lines, which receive all the attention. However, didascalie constitute an essential element in the construction of the meaning of a play, regardless of whether a particular play entirely follows the authors directions or creates others to replace them. This dissertation focuses on the establishment of passions and tensive grading observed in didascalie, as well as on their possible outcomes in the Canadian play The December Man (L\'Homme de Décembre), written by Colleen Murphy. For this purpose, we have analyzed the theatrical discourse according to the French semiotics framework, based on the three levels of abstraction (fundamental, narrative and discursive), in order to establish the mechanisms of meaning construction in the play. As our initial goal was to investigate the connection between the fictional text (lines) and the natural one (didascalie), we also surveyed some concepts and practices related to stage directions, which are mostly understood as supplementary material rather than as intrinsic to the fictional text. Another goal of ours was to provide subsidies to directors and actors to motivate the latters actions on stage. Thus, we sought to determine and analyze the plays prevailing passion, in order to show how relationships were emotionally coated and how a passion could act as the motor of the tragic actions. We found that defiance was the feeling that motivated the characters actions. After that, we isolated the didascalie to examine their tensive characteristics (Claude Zilberberg, 2006 and 2007). The missive doing (faire missif) proved to be the organizing principle that gave consistency and coherence to the partial analyses. Thus, we can better understand the role of stage directions in the mechanisms of meaning construction in The December Man: not only do we find that there is coherence between the spoken text and stage directions, but also that they are interwoven. The didascalie enhance and modulate discourse in a tensive way, showing and reiterating the tensions of both the verbal text and action, through the images constructed from the lighting, scenery and costumes. They constitute a figurativization strategy and, thus, convey cultural values and thereby contribute to the effect of the axiological and emotional constructions of the scenes on the plays audience.

As didascálias, também conhecidas como rubricas ou indicações cênicas, ocuparam quase sempre um lugar marginal nos manuscritos e nas edições impressas de peças teatrais, figurando frequentemente como notas no canto da página ou abaixo das falas, que por sua vez recebiam todo o destaque. Entretanto, as didascálias constituem um elemento essencial na construção do sentido da peça, independentemente do fato de determinada montagem ter seguido integralmente as rubricas originais do autor ou ter criado outras para substituí-las. Esta dissertação se debruça sobre a instauração de paixões através das gradações tensivas observadas a partir das didascálias e de seus possíveis desdobramentos, na peça canadense The December Man (LHomme de Décembre), de Colleen Murphy. Para tanto, analisamos o discurso teatral segundo a semiótica greimasiana, a partir dos três níveis de abstração, a fim de estabelecermos a construção do sentido na peça. Como nosso objetivo inicial era investigar uma possível coerência entre o texto ficcional (falas) e o natural (rubricas), fizemos também um levantamento de algumas acepções e práticas atinentes às indicações cênicas, ficando claro que são majoritariamente entendidas como termo acessório ao texto e não como elementos intrínsecos. Outro de nossos objetivos era fornecer aos encenadores subsídios capazes de motivar as ações das personagens sobre o palco. Assim, procuramos determinar e analisar a paixão que prevalece na peça, a fim de demonstrar como as relações eram revestidas afetivamente e encontrar uma paixão que fosse forte o suficiente para agir como motor do trágico. Constatamos que a revolta foi o sentimento que impulsionou e motivou todas as ações das personagens. Após observarmos as relações afetivas, isolamos as didascálias para estabelecermos uma possível constituição tensiva destas últimas (Claude Zilberberg, 2006 e 2007). O elo que conferiu consistência e coerência a todas as análises e observações anteriores, que estavam um tanto desconexas, foi o fazer missivo. Desse modo, pudemos compreender melhor o papel das rubricas na construção dos efeitos de sentido em The December Man. Assim, verificamos que não só há coerência entre o texto falado e as indicações cênicas, mas também que um não se dissocia do outro. As didascálias reforçam e modulam o discurso de forma tensiva, demarcando e reiterando as tensões das falas através das imagens construídas a partir da iluminação, do cenário e da indumentária. Constituem uma figurativização, carregam valores culturais e, com isso, contribuem para o efeito de carga axiológica, valorativa e afetiva das cenas. / Didascalie or Didascaliae, also known as stage directions or notes, have almost always occupied a marginal place in the manuscripts and printed editions of plays, often appearing as notes on the corner of the page or below the lines, which receive all the attention. However, didascalie constitute an essential element in the construction of the meaning of a play, regardless of whether a particular play entirely follows the authors directions or creates others to replace them. This dissertation focuses on the establishment of passions and tensive grading observed in didascalie, as well as on their possible outcomes in the Canadian play The December Man (L\'Homme de Décembre), written by Colleen Murphy. For this purpose, we have analyzed the theatrical discourse according to the French semiotics framework, based on the three levels of abstraction (fundamental, narrative and discursive), in order to establish the mechanisms of meaning construction in the play. As our initial goal was to investigate the connection between the fictional text (lines) and the natural one (didascalie), we also surveyed some concepts and practices related to stage directions, which are mostly understood as supplementary material rather than as intrinsic to the fictional text. Another goal of ours was to provide subsidies to directors and actors to motivate the latters actions on stage. Thus, we sought to determine and analyze the plays prevailing passion, in order to show how relationships were emotionally coated and how a passion could act as the motor of the tragic actions. We found that defiance was the feeling that motivated the characters actions. After that, we isolated the didascalie to examine their tensive characteristics (Claude Zilberberg, 2006 and 2007). The missive doing (faire missif) proved to be the organizing principle that gave consistency and coherence to the partial analyses. Thus, we can better understand the role of stage directions in the mechanisms of meaning construction in The December Man: not only do we find that there is coherence between the spoken text and stage directions, but also that they are interwoven. The didascalie enhance and modulate discourse in a tensive way, showing and reiterating the tensions of both the verbal text and action, through the images constructed from the lighting, scenery and costumes. They constitute a figurativization strategy and, thus, convey cultural values and thereby contribute to the effect of the axiological and emotional constructions of the scenes on the plays audience.

Parce qu’elle se donne comme un discours ancillaire chargé d’actualiser le dialogue et de construire la représentation, parce qu’elle semble empiéter sur le terrain réservé du metteur en scène mais ne peut égaler la magie du spectacle, parce qu’elle n’est ni vraiment littéraire ni réellement scénique, la didascalie est longtemps restée le parent pauvre des études théâtrales. Depuis quelques années, elle fait l’objet d’un engouement relatif. D’une part, des études linguistiques décrivent le fonctionnement standard du discours didascalique en synchronie.D’autre part, des études critiques éclairent les poétiques didascaliques d’auteurs en s’intéressant particulièrement aux infractions par rapport à une pure fonctionnalité supposée.Dans cette thèse, nous cherchons à dépasser cette approche clivée en fournissant une poétique générale de la didascalie et, afin de lui donner sens, poids et nuance, nous l’ancrons résolument dans l’histoire en nous fondant sur le théâtre du XXe siècle, de Villiers à Koltès, soit un XXe siècle élargi, solidement ancré dans le XIXe et les yeux déjà tournés vers le XXIe. C’est le moment où la didascalie se redéfinit du fait de l’avènement et de la prise de pouvoir du metteur en scène, le moment où elle sort spectaculairement de son ornière sans pour autant pouvoir ou vouloir se débarrasser totalement d’un fond utilitaire. Elle apparaît alors sans conteste comme une parole boitant "un pied dans le devoir, un pied dans le désir", une parole icarienne tendue entre des catégories théoriquement exclusives. Dans une première partie, nous posons le format du discours didascalique, son territoire,son fonctionnement énonciatif (c’est-à-dire la place exacte qu’il occupe dans la communication dramatique) et ses caractéristiques graphiques (ponctuation, typographie, mise en page). Dans une seconde partie, c’est la fabrique même de l’écriture didascalique qui est étudiée, c’est-à-dire sa tension constitutive entre le pacte qui la régit (clarté, économie) et sa fondamentale aspiration à devenir (devenir-spectacle, devenir-poème, devenir-roman…). / Because they seemingly have to make the dialog work as well as to construct theperformance, because they seem to encroach upon the director’s grounds and yet cannot level with the magic of the actual staging, because they are not a real piece of literature nor do they belong to the show, the stage directions have long been overlooked by theater studies. In the past few years, a mild interest has arisen. On the one hand, linguists describe in a synchronic fashion the generic features of this particular type of discourse. On the other hand, critics wish to seize the specificity of each author’s stage directions, with an emphasis on the breaches of their theoretical functional purity.In this thesis, we intend to go beyond this fragmented approach by offering an overall poetics of stage directions and, in order for it to carry meaning, weight and nuance, we choose to base it on history and, specifically, on XXth century theater, from Villiers to Koltès, an enlarged century, deeply rooted in the XIXth and already glancing at the XXIst. It is then that stage directions redefine themselves as a result of the advent of the director and his coming to power ;it is then that they spectacularly travel out of joint but appear, nonetheless, incapable or unwilling to get rid altogether of their fundamental usefulness. Unequivocally, they prove to be a form of speech limping “one foot in duty, on foot in desire”, an icarian discourse reconciling what is theoretically opposed.This study starts with the format of the stage directions, their territory, their enunciation (i.e. the exact role they play in the dramatic communication), their graphic characteristics (punctuation, typography, lay-out). Then, we investigate the very fabric of stage directions writing, the perpetual tension between the pact that rules them (clarity, economy) and a fundamental drive to become something else (to become stage, to become poem, to become novel…).

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Les communautés chrétiennes du paléo-christianisme ont été confrontées à la vie peccamineuse de leurs membres après le baptême, tout particulièrement face aux trois péchés que sont l’idolâtrie, le meurtre et l’adultère et qui constituaient déjà dans la bible l’antithèse absolue de la Torah. Si des auteurs anciens des IIème et IIIème siècles s’intéressent à cette question c’est pour y apporter une réponse, notamment par la mise en place d’une seconde pénitence, post-baptismale. Un groupe chrétien des environs de Rome en pose le principe avec Hermas avant qu’il ne soit développé par Tertullien dans sa communauté de Carthage. Pour sa part, une communauté syrienne qui nous a donné la Didascalie l’organise autour de la personne de l’évêque. Nos auteurs mettent en place des frontières destinées à protéger les membres de leurs communautés contre un retour tant au paganisme qu’au judaïsme. / The early Christian communities faced their members peccaminous lives after their baptism, especially with three sins : idolatry, murder and adultery. In the Bible, these sins already constitued the Torah antithesis. If ancient authors from the II and the III centuries were interested in this matter, it was to be able to give an answer while introducing a second penance post-baptismal. In the area around Roma, a group of christians established this new principle with Hermas before it started to be developped by Tertullien in Carthage. For its part, the Syrian community who gave us the Didascalia organised it around the personn of the bishop. Our authors started to place the boundaries to be destined to protect their community members to retourn to paganism and judaism.