by Hung Chi-Wai, Pang Kin-Wah. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-52). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.vi / Chapter CHAPTER I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER II --- METHODOLOGY --- p.4 / Chapter CHAPTER III --- TARGET USERS --- p.6 / Chapter CHAPTER IV --- OBJECTIVES --- p.7 / Aim at Fitness --- p.7 / Build a Healthy Base --- p.7 / Plan a Diet Sensibly --- p.8 / Chapter CHAPTER V --- HEALTHY WEIGHT & OVERWEIGHT --- p.10 / Chapter CHAPTER VI --- BODY MASS INDEX --- p.12 / General Guideline of BMI --- p.13 / BMI is a Diagnostic Tool --- p.14 / BMI Measures Body Fat --- p.14 / Chapter CHAPTER VII --- DAILY CALORIE REQUIREMENT --- p.16 / Basal Metabolic Rate --- p.17 / Activity Level --- p.17 / Losing Weight and Increasing Weight --- p.18 / Limitation of Basal Metabolic Rate Calculation --- p.18 / Chapter CHAPTER VIII --- PHYSICALLY ACTIVE --- p.20 / Physical Activity and Nutrition --- p.22 / Chapter CHAPTER IX --- FOOD PYRAMID --- p.23 / Grains --- p.25 / Fruits and Vegetables --- p.25 / Know More About Fat --- p.25 / Chapter CHAPTER X --- CORRECTING OR AVOIDING BAD EATING HABITS --- p.28 / Skip Breakfast --- p.28 / Eat Too Fast --- p.29 / Eat Too Much Fast Food --- p.29 / Have Unhealthy Snacks and Drinks --- p.29 / Chapter CHAPTER XI --- DESCRIPTION OF PERSONAL HEALTH PLANNING MODEL --- p.30 / Personal Health Planning Model flow --- p.32 / Data Input --- p.33 / Database --- p.34 / Calculation --- p.34 / Optimization --- p.35 / Constraints --- p.35 / Report --- p.35 / Chapter CHAPTER XII --- LIMITATIONS OF OUR MODEL --- p.35 / Chapter CHAPTER XIII --- CONCLUSION --- p.35 / APPENDIX 1 --- p.35 / APPENDIX II --- p.35 / APPENDIX III --- p.35 / APPENDIX IV --- p.35 / APPENDIX V --- p.35 / REFERENCES --- p.35

Thesis (M.Sc. (Chemical Pathology)) --University of Limpopo, 2013 / Objectives: The present study investigated how the serum lipids responded to a high-fat meal in black South African subjects with different APOE genotypes, a population that until recently was reported to be consuming a traditional diet of low fat and high carbohydrates. Methods: Sixty students (males and females) of the University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus were successfully genotyped using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and grouped into four APOE genotype groups; ε2, ε2/ε4, ε3 and ε4. Only thirty-three subjects volunteered to participate in the oral fat-tolerance test (OFTT), but two were excluded for having abnormal total cholesterol (6.05 mmol/l) and LDL cholesterol (3.12 mmol/l) so only 31 subjects were left. The numbers per group were ε2=5, ε2/ε4=8, ε3=9 and ε4=9. After an overnight fast blood was drawn for measurements of baseline serum parameters. Subjects were administered a high fat meal 30 minutes after the baseline blood sample was drawn. Blood was drawn at intervals of 20, 40, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 minutes for measurements of postprandial serum parameter levels. Serum parameters measured were triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose and insulin. Results Mean levels of serum lipids at baseline in mmol/l were as follows; group 1[TG=0.69(0.55-0.81), TCHOL=3.10±0.29, HDL-C=1.12±0.32, LDLC= 1.67±0.28]; group 2 [TG=0.61(0.53-1.00), TCHOL=2.98±0.53, HDLC= 1.20±0.37, LDL-C=1.43±0.37]; group 3 [TG=0.67(0.28-0.86), TCHOL=2.96±0.54, HDL-C=1.22±0.30, LDL-C=1.46±0.47]; group 4 [TG=0.76(0.51-1.16), TCHOL=3.27±0.51, HDL-C=1.12±0.17, LDLC= 1.79±0.47]. There was no significant difference in the mean levels of baseline triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol between the APOE groups hence no significant difference in the response to a fatty meal. Conclusions There was no significant change in serum lipid concentrations after a fatty meal in individuals with different APOE genotypes in a population that consume a traditional diet of low fat and high carbohydrates. Due to the small sample size, the results should be interpreted with caution. A larger study is recommended to ascertain the role of APOE genotypes on serum lipid response to a fatty meal in Black South African population.

Prior work by our research group showed that the total Western diet (TWD), a rodent diet which models the typical American diet, promoted the development of colon tumors when fed to mice. Other researchers previously showed that vancomycin, an antibiotic that changes the gut microbiome composition, causes differential changes in the severity of colon inflammation and CRC. Our goal was to determine the combined effects of feeding the TWD and vancomycin treatment on colitis and CRC, and if these factors interact. We hypothesized that vancomycin treatment would mitigate colitis and CRC in mice fed the TWD. To this end, mice were fed either a healthy diet or the TWD. Mice were also given either vancomycin in their drinking water, or plain water. Colon inflammation and tumor development was induced in mice by treating them with a gut irritant and a chemical carcinogen. Contrary to our hypothesis, mice fed the TWD and treated with vancomycin experienced more severe intestinal inflammation and had greater tumor burden compared to mice fed a standard diet. Furthermore, vancomycin treatment decreased the number of bacteria l species present in the fecal microbiome and altered the relative abundance of the taxa that were present. Rather than the diet consumed, vancomycin was the driving force in determining the bacterial community composition. Overall, these results suggest that vancomycin-induced changes to the gut microbiome may be associated with increased development of colon tumors, particularly in the context of a Western dietary pattern.

Introduction: About 80% of those affected by osteoporosis are postmenopausal women. Therefore, identifying beneficial or harmful dietary factors for postmenopausal osteoporosis may have a significant public health impact. Objectives: The overall objective of this thesis was to examine the relations between various dietary factors and bone health in postmenopausal women aged ≥ 45 years using different analytical approaches. Methods: First, the associations between fruit and vegetables (F&V) intake and indicators of bone health were assessed using a systematic review approach. Electronic databases were searched and peer-reviewed observational and interventional studies published in English with F&V intake as a main dietary exposure were included. Data selection, extraction and evaluation of risk of bias were performed independently by two reviewers. Second, the associations between an overall diet quality index (HEI-2005) and its components with bone turnover markers (BTMs) were examined. Third, the relationships between alpha-tocopherol intake, serum alpha- and gamma-tocopherol, two concentration biomarkers of vitamin E intake, and their ratio and BTMs were assessed. For the second and third studies, cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002 were used. Weighted multiple regression models with adjustments for relevant confounders were used to examine the relationship between exposures and serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), a biomarker of bone formation, and urinary N-Telopeptides/Creatinine (uNTx/Cr), a biomarker of bone resorption. Results: There was significant between-study heterogeneity in design, definition and amount of F&V intake, outcomes, analyses and reporting of results in the eight included studies. Overall, cross-sectional and case-control analyses reported protective associations between F&V intake and bone health, whereas interventional and prospective cohort analyses did not. There were no associations between total HEI-2005 scores and BTMs. However, the Milk Group component of HEI-2005 had a significant inverse relationship with uNTx/Cr. Higher serum gamma-tocopherol and lower ratio of serum alpha- to gamma-tocopherol were associated with higher BAP concentrations but had no associations with NTx/Cr concentrations. Conclusions: The results confirm the existing knowledge that a diet with adequate intake of dairy may reduce bone loss. Further research is needed to examine the potential anabolic effects of gamma-tocopherol on bone in postmenopausal women.

Introduction: About 80% of those affected by osteoporosis are postmenopausal women. Therefore, identifying beneficial or harmful dietary factors for postmenopausal osteoporosis may have a significant public health impact. Objectives: The overall objective of this thesis was to examine the relations between various dietary factors and bone health in postmenopausal women aged ≥ 45 years using different analytical approaches. Methods: First, the associations between fruit and vegetables (F&V) intake and indicators of bone health were assessed using a systematic review approach. Electronic databases were searched and peer-reviewed observational and interventional studies published in English with F&V intake as a main dietary exposure were included. Data selection, extraction and evaluation of risk of bias were performed independently by two reviewers. Second, the associations between an overall diet quality index (HEI-2005) and its components with bone turnover markers (BTMs) were examined. Third, the relationships between alpha-tocopherol intake, serum alpha- and gamma-tocopherol, two concentration biomarkers of vitamin E intake, and their ratio and BTMs were assessed. For the second and third studies, cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002 were used. Weighted multiple regression models with adjustments for relevant confounders were used to examine the relationship between exposures and serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), a biomarker of bone formation, and urinary N-Telopeptides/Creatinine (uNTx/Cr), a biomarker of bone resorption. Results: There was significant between-study heterogeneity in design, definition and amount of F&V intake, outcomes, analyses and reporting of results in the eight included studies. Overall, cross-sectional and case-control analyses reported protective associations between F&V intake and bone health, whereas interventional and prospective cohort analyses did not. There were no associations between total HEI-2005 scores and BTMs. However, the Milk Group component of HEI-2005 had a significant inverse relationship with uNTx/Cr. Higher serum gamma-tocopherol and lower ratio of serum alpha- to gamma-tocopherol were associated with higher BAP concentrations but had no associations with NTx/Cr concentrations. Conclusions: The results confirm the existing knowledge that a diet with adequate intake of dairy may reduce bone loss. Further research is needed to examine the potential anabolic effects of gamma-tocopherol on bone in postmenopausal women.

Thesis PlanA (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-89). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-89). Also available on the Internet.

The impact of supplying a mixed culture of lactate producing bacteria on in-vitro rumen fermentation of forage- (Experiment 1) and concentrate- (Experiment 2) based diets in the presence and absence of monensin was explored. In experiment 1, interactions between DFM and MON were absent (P>0.10) for gas production and fermentative end products. Gas production and fermentative end products were unaffected by DFM alone (P>0.10). Monensin decreased (P<0.001) CH4 and NH3 production, rate and total gas production, as well as total VFA concentration and molar proportions of acetate and butyrate. However, MON increased (P<0.001) proportions of propionate, valerate, isobutyrate and isovalerate. Independently, DFM and MON increased (P<0.001) end point pH. In experiment 2, DFM x MON interactions or tendencies (P=0.07, P<0.01, P<0.01) were present, DFM effects were abated by MON, for rate, total gas production and total VFA concentrations. Acetate:propionate ratio was decreased (P<0.01) with MON and was unaffected by DFM. Ammonia-N concentration was increased (P<0.01) by DFM and unaffected (P=0.75) by MON. Both DFM and MON treatment increased (P<0.01) ruminal pH levels. These studies suggest the effects of DFM and MON of in-vitro fermentation are dependent on the substrate being fermented and the observed interactions provide means for further research.

The purpose of this study was to assess the diet and nutrient intake of college students, between the ages of 18 and 25, in Japan and the United States through a 24-item nutrition information questionnaire and 3-day food records.Unlike the Japanese students, American college students met the suggested intake for carbohydrate and protein. Mean intake of dietary cholesterol and percentage of total calories from fat was much higher in Japanese females and both groups of males. Most of the Japanese students met the suggested/ recommended intake for sodium and iron, while only the American males met the recommended intake for iron. Recommended intake for calcium was met by majority of American males. This study showed differences and similarities in dietary intake of macro and selected nutrients exist between genders of two cultures. Thus, nutrition intervention may be needed to improve eating habits and nutrition related diseases in college students. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences