La production croissante de déchets alimentaires dans le monde et des nouvelles réglementations internationales exigent le développement de nouveaux procédés pour le traitement de ce type de déchets. Parmi toutes les possibilités existantes, les procédés anaérobies représentent une approche durable qui permet le traitement et la valorisation de ces déchets. Ce doctorat vise à comprendre les processus biochimiques régissant la digestion anaérobie des déchets alimentaires, en fournissant des éléments pour le développement de procédés applicables à l'échelle industrielle.Dans un premier temps, un screening a été effectué pour élucider les paramètres principaux affectant la digestion anaérobie des déchets alimentaires, en évaluant différentes charges de substrat, teneurs en matière sèche, proportions de co-digestion et des inocula microbiens de différentes origines. Après avoir conclu l'importance cruciale de l'inoculum utilisé et de la charge du substrat, différentes stratégies de stabilisation des procédés de méthanisation ont été testées à l'aide de réacteurs discontinus consécutifs. Ce travail a permis de confirmer l'effet positif de la supplémentation des oligoéléments et à identifier le principal verrou: l'accumulation d'acide propionique. Dans le but de trouver une solution, deux expériences ont été axées sur l'évaluation de la capacité des matériaux conducteurs à base de carbone à résoudre ce problème. Le dosage de ces matériaux favorisait la cinétique de la digestion, améliorant significativement les productions volumétriques du méthane.Cette thèse fournit des connaissances nouvelles, à la fois sur les principaux mécanismes régissant la digestion anaérobie des déchets alimentaires et sur les implications qu'elles présentent pour la valorisation de ces déchets. En outre, des solutions possibles pour lever les verrous opérationnels ont été développés, permettant de fournir des recommandations pour l’implantation d’un procédé de digestion à l’échelle industrielle. / The increasing production of food waste worldwide and new international regulations call for the development of novel processes for the treatment of this waste. Among all the existing possibilities, anaerobic processes represent a sustainable-modern approach that allows waste treatment and valorization. This PhD thesis aims at understanding the biochemical processes governing anaerobic digestion of food waste, eventually providing a stable process applicable at industrial scale.As a first step, a screening was performed to elucidate the main parameter affecting anaerobic digestion of food waste, evaluating different substrate loads, solid contents, co-digestion proportions and microbial inocula from different origins. After concluding the critical importance of the inoculum used and the substrate load, different strategies for process stabilization for methane production were tested using consecutive batch reactors. This served for confirming the positive effect of supplementation of trace elements and to identify the main issue that was found: accumulation of propionic acid. Aiming at finding a solution, the final experiments were focused on assessing the capability of carbon-based conductive materials to solve this problem. The dosing of these materials favored the digestion kinetics, improving greatly the methane volumetric productivities.This thesis provides novel insights, both on the main mechanisms governing food waste anaerobic digestion and on the implications that they present for the valorization of this waste. In addition, potential solutions for the complications found are given, aiding to the development of a feasible industrial digestion process.

abstract: Long term high fat diets (HFD) are correlated with the development of diabetes and kidney disease. However, the impact of short term high fat intake on the etiology of kidney disease has not been well-studied. Therefore, this study examined the impact of a six week HFD (60% fat) on kidney structure and function in young male Sprague-Dawley rats. Previous studies have shown that these animals develop indices of diabetes compared to rats fed a standard rodent chow (5% fat) for six weeks. The hypothesis of this study is that six weeks of HFD will lead to early stages of kidney disease as evidenced by morphological and functional changes in the kidney. Alterations in morphology were determined by measuring structural changes in the kidneys (changes in mass, fatty acid infiltration, and structural damage). Alterations in kidney function were measured by analyzing urinary biomarkers of oxidative RNA/DNA damage, renal tissue lipid peroxidation, urinary markers of impaired kidney function (urinary protein, creatinine, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)), markers of inflammation (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL-6)), as well as cystatin C, a plasma biomarker of kidney function. The results of these studies determined that short term HFD intake is not sufficient to induce early stage kidney disease. Beyond increases in renal mass, there were no significant differences between the markers of renal structure and function in the HFD and standard rodent chow-fed rats. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2015

abstract: ABSTRACT Objective: This research examined the effectiveness of a weight loss diet incorporating high protein pasta and breakfast cereal products as compared to a weight loss diet using conventional versions of gluten-free pasta and breakfast cereal. Design: In a 6-week parallel-arm food trial (representing the first phase of a 12-week cross-over trial), 26 overweight and obese (Mean BMI 43.1 ± 12.4 kg/m²) participants, free of related comorbidities, were randomly assigned to the Zone diet (~29% energy intake from protein) or a control diet (~9% energy from protein). Participants were included in the trial if they satisfied the criteria for elevated risk for metabolic syndrome (top half of the TG/HDL ratios of all who were tested). Participants were instructed to eat prepared meals (total of 7 cereal packets and 14 pasta meals weekly) that included patented food technologies for the Zone diet and commercially available gluten-free rice pasta and a conventional name brand boxed cereal for the control diet. Body composition was measured with a bioelectrical impedance scale at weeks 1, and 6. Food records and diet adherence were recorded daily by the participants. Results: Both the Zone and control diets resulted in significant weight loss (-2.9 ± 3.1 kg vs. -2.7 ± 2.6 kg respectively) over time (p = 0.03) but not between groups (p = 0.96). Although not statistically significant, the Zone diet appears to have influenced more weight loss at trial weeks 3, 4, and 5 (p = 0.46) than the control diet. The change in FFM was significant (p = 0.02) between the Zone and control groups (1.4 ± 3.6 kg vs. -0.6 ± 1.5 kg respectively) at week-6. Study adherence did not differ significantly between diet groups (p = 0.53). Conclusions: Energy-restricted diets are effective for short-term weight loss and high protein intake appears to promote protein sparing and preservation of FFM during weight loss. The macronutrient profile of the diet does not appear to influence calorie intake, but it does appear to influence the quality of weight loss. Other measures of body composition and overall health outcomes should be examined by future studies to appropriately identify the potential health effects between these diet types. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2015

abstract: Multiple health-related benefits have been associated with adherence to plant-based diets, including vegan, vegetarian, and pescatarian dietary patterns. Despite a consistent body of evidence on the importance of healthy diets, Americans continue to find difficulty in establishing and adhering to dietary goals that could elicit long-term health benefits. Recent research suggests an important role for goal-setting strategies in health behavior change attempts, with some success shown in dietary behavior change, specifically. The current study thus aimed to explore whether having multiple goals alongside one primary goal of following a vegetarian, vegan, or pescatarian diet would increase the achievability of that goal. Participants of this study were broken into two groups: currently following a plant-based diet (ADHERE) and striving to follow a plant-based diet (STRIVE). Researchers hypothesized that the number of health and/or diet related alternative goals set by participants would differ between the two groups, that the ADHERE group would report that their alternative goals were more helpful and less interfering in achieving their dietary goal than the STRIVE group, and that a higher rank of importance of the dietary goal would predict being in the ADHERE group. Results showed that the number of health and/or diet related alternative goals did not differ between groups. The ADHERE group and STRIVE group did not have significantly different helpfulness and interference reports. Although, in an exploratory analysis, it was shown that those participants who reported at least 2 health/diet related alternative goals found those goals to be significantly more helpful than those who reported 0 or 1 health/diet goal. Results showed that rank of dietary goal did not predict group assignment. Overall, the results from this study showed that the type of alternative goal was very important when pursuit of multiple goals was in effect. Type of alternative goal seemed to be a higher predictor of the perceived helpfulness of the alternative goals than previous achievement of goals. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2018

Syfte Syftet med studien är att undersöka kvalitén och trovärdigheten i de insamlade artiklarna som har hämtats med Google - som beskriver snabba viktminskningsmetoder samt dito dieter för kampsportare. Metod Metoden utgick från fem sökfraser som är relaterade till viktminskning för kampsportare inför tävling. Dessa fem fraser användes i Googles sökmotor och för varje fras valdes de fem första sökresultaten. Sökresultaten analyserades sedan med innehållsanalyskriterier som analyserar trovärdighet, noggrannhet, rimlighet och stöd. En mer detaljerad beskrivning finns nedan i text. Resultat Resultaten från studien visade att artiklarna som analyserades i denna studie med innehållsanalyskriterier inte når upp till den önskvärda trovärdigheten och att enbart 12 % av artiklarna baserades på fakta. Resultaten visade även att 35 % av artikelförfattarna titulerade sig som expert och att 41 % av artiklarna återfanns på en websida med en ansvarig utgivare. Dessutom visade studien att artiklarna har låg noggrannhet, ingen artikel är förhandsgranskad och bara 6 % utav författarna använder sig av en vetenskaplig struktur i sina artiklar. Även motsägelser fanns i artiklarna. Studien visade även att websidorna hade en låg rimlighet då 53% av artiklarna och websidorna var tydligt partiska för att marknadsföra sina egna produkter och utbildningar. Studien visade avslutningsvis att websidorna som tillhör artiklarna hade 76 % stöd. Slutsatser Kampsportare bör ha i åtanke att information om snabb viktminskning som träffas med Googles sökmotor sällan är baserad på vare sig vetenskap eller fakta, utan oftast är egna åsikter som saknar referenser. Ingen av studiens artiklar var förhandsgranskade och bara ett fåtal av artiklarna var författade av skribenter som titulerade sig som experter, vilket innebär att noggrannheten och trovärdigheten är låg enligt studiens kriterier. Dessutom försöker många författare sälja antingen sina produkter eller utbildningar via sina artiklar, men detta är inte standardindikator som gör att kvaliteten bli låg. / Purpose The purpose of the study is to investigate the quality and credibility of the articles collected from Google - describing fast weight loss methods as well as diets for martial arts. Method The method started with five search phrases related to weight loss pre-competition at martial arts. The five phrases where applied to the Google search engine and for each phrase the first five search results were selected. Search results were analysed with content analysis criteria analysing Credibility, Accuracy, Reasonability and Support. Detailed descriptions of how these quality parameters were assessed can be found below in text Result The results from the study showed that the articles analysed in this study with content analysis criteria do not have the desired credibility because only 12 % of the articles are based on facts. The results also showed that 35 % of the authors claimed to be experts and 41 % of the websites associated with the articles have a responsible publisher. Furthermore the study showed that the articles have low accuracy because no article is peer reviewed and only 6 % of the authors use scientific structure in their articles. Some of the articles even included contradictions. The study showed that the web pages have a low reasonableness because 53 % of the articles and web pages have a partial message to promote their products and education. The study shows that web sites associated with the articles has more than 76 % support. Conclusion Martial art athletes should understand that not all of the rapid weight loss information that appears in Google search results is based on science or facts, most of the information is no more than opinions that lack reference. None of the articles in the study were previewed by peers and few articles were written by experts. This means that accuracy and credibility are low according to the study's criteria. In addition, many authors try to sell either their products or training through their articles, but this is not a standard indicator that makes the quality low.

In my Master thesis I summarize up-to-date information on anorexia nervosa. In the theoratical part I introduce casuistics of young females suffering from anorexia nervosa. In the practical part I present the evaluation of research data dealing with particular risk factors that may lead to the development of anorexia nervosa in students of lower stage of grammar school.

abstract: An understanding of diet habits is crucial in implementing proper management strategies for wildlife. Diet analysis, however, remains a challenge for ruminant species. Microhistological analysis, the method most often employed in herbivore diet studies, is tedious and time consuming. In addition, it requires considerable training and an extensive reference plant collection. The development of DNA barcoding (species identification using a standardized DNA sequence) and the availability of recent DNA sequencing techniques offer new possibilities in diet analysis for ungulates. Using fecal material collected from controlled feeding trials on pygmy goats, (Capra hicus), novel DNA barcoding technology using the P6-loop of the chloroplast trnL (UAA) intron was compared with the traditional microhistological technique. At its current stage of technological development, this study demonstrated that DNA barcoding did not enhance the ability to detect plant species in herbivore diets. A higher mean species composition was reported with microhistological analysis (79%) as compared to DNA barcoding (50%). Microhistological analysis consistently reported a higher species presence by forage class. For affect positive species identification, microhistology estimated an average of 89% correct detection in control diets, while DNA barcoding estimated 50% correct detection of species. It was hypothesized that a number of factors, including variation in chloroplast content in feed species and the effect of rumen bacteria on degradation of DNA, influenced the ability to detect plant species in herbivore diets and concluded that while DNA barcoding opens up new possibilities in the study of plant-herbivore interactions, further studies are needed to standardize techniques and for DNA bar-coding in this context. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Applied Biological Sciences 2012

Os sulfitos, representados pelo SO2, fazem parte de um importante grupo de aditivos utilizados, há séculos, como conservantes em frutas secas, sucos de frutas, vinhos. No Brasil não existem dados sobre sua utilização pelas indústrias de alimentos e pesquisas sobre o seu consumo pela população. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi estimar a ingestão de sulfitos em dois grupos de alunos do ensino médio, respectivamente de escola particular e pública. Os dados foram coletados por meio de R24, que permitiu relacionar as fontes de sulfitos presentes na dieta. Para o cálculo do consumo deste aditivo foi utilizado o MPL, definido pela legislação brasileira para cada uma das fontes. Nenhum dos escolares ultrapassou a IDA de 0,70 mg SO2/kg pc/dia, com média de consumo de 0,07 mg SO2/kg pc/dia (p<0,001), sem diferença estatisticamente significante (p = 0,643) entre as escolas particular e pública. Os grandes consumidores (consumo de mais de 50% da IDA, ou seja, 0,35 mg SO2/kg pc/dia, até o limite 0,52 mg SO2/kg pc/dia) representaram 4,5% da amostra pesquisada e alcançaram estes níveis de ingestão devido ao consumo acima de 500 mL/dia de sucos industrializados e similares, e, na escola particular, por associar ao seu consumo bebidas alcoólicas, como cerveja e vinho. / The sulphites, represented for the SO2, are part of an important group of additives, have used for centuries as preservatives in dry fruits, fruit juices, wines. In Brazil there are no data on use of sulphites by the food industry and research on their consumption by population. Thus, the objective of this research was to estimate the ingestion of sulphites in two groups of high school students, one of privative school and another of public school. The data were collected through 24-hour dietary recall, that allowed to relate the sources of sulphites in the diet. For calculation of the consumption of this additive the MPL, stabilished by the Brazilian legislation was used for each sources. None of students exceeded the ADI of 0.70 mg SO2/kg bw/day, with average of consumption of 0.07 mg SO2/kg bw/day (p < 0.001), without statistical difference (p = 0.643) between privative and public school. Heavy consumers (consumption of more than 50% of the ADI, or either, 0.35 mg SO2/kg bw/day, until 0.52 mg SO2/kg bw/dia) represented 4.5% of the searched sample and reached these levels of ingestion due to the consumption above 500 mL/day of fruit industrialized juices, and, in privative school, for associating with its consumption alcoholic beverages, as beer and wine.

Adjust and apply the Revised Children s Diet Quality Index (RC-DQI) to evaluate the quality of pre-school student s diet in Aracaju /SE. Cross-sectional ) study with 910 pre-school students of both genders with age between 2 years and 6 years and 11 months, registered in municipal schools of Aracaju/SE. The charactheristics of the population were obtained through questionaries and food consumption was determined by 24 hours recording method. The diet quality was evaluated by an adjusted RC-DQI. The statistical test of Kolmogorov-Smirnov verified the normal distribution of variables, and the Pearson correlation checked the relation between the components of RC-DQI and the nutrient ingestion and the Kruskal Wallis verified the difference between the quartile. The statistical significance stabilished was of p <0,05. The RC-DQI average was of 58,95 points. The quartiles with best diet quality presented the higher ingestion of nutrients. A minimal score was found for fruits (61,2%), vegetables (75,1%) and children that were older and had more individuals per family presented the lowest diet quality. Families with higher incomes presented higher diet quality. The index showed that the diet quality needs enhancements (total score 58,95) and also showed a correlation between family income, structure, children s age and number of individuals in the same family. / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo adaptar e aplicar o Revised Children's Diet Quality Index (RC-DQI) para avaliar a qualidade da dieta de pré-escolares do município de Aracaju/SE. Estudo transversal de uma amostra de 910 pré-escolares, de ambos os gêneros com idade de dois a seis anos e onze meses, matriculados nas escolas da rede municipal de Aracaju-SE. As informações sobre as características da população de pré-escolares foram obtidas através de questionário e o consumo alimentar pelo método recordatório de 24h. A qualidade da dieta foi avaliada através RC-DQI adaptado. Foi utilizado o teste estatístico de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para verificar o grau de aderência da distribuição das variáveis à distribuição normal. Apenas a variável do RC-DQI apresentou distribuição normal. Para verificar correlação entre os componentes do RC-DQI e ingestão de alguns nutrientes foi utilizado correlação de Pearson e teste Kruskal Wallis para verificar a diferença entre os quartis. A significância estatística foi estabelecida em p < 0,05. Encontrou-se consumo inadequado (zero porções) de frutas em 35,6% da população, de legumes e verduras em 45,7% e consumo insuficiente (zero porções) de leite e derivados e alimentos fontes de ferro em 15,7% e 5,49% respectivamente. Além disso, observou-se também que as crianças apresentaram consumo excessivo de açúcar e suco, principalmente artificial e que as mesmas eram sedentárias. Foi verificado que as crianças com maior idade, inseridas em família de menor renda e com maior número de pessoas, apresentaram pior qualidade da dieta. O índice dietético identificou que a qualidade da dieta dos pré-escolares necessita de melhoras e as crianças que apresentaram dietas de melhor qualidade foram aquelas cujas famílias possuíam maior renda, menor número de pessoas e as crianças mais jovens.

O impacto do diabetes mellitus como sério problema de saúde pública está no fato de que a maioria das complicações crônicas inerentes a doença é incapacitante para a realização das atividades diárias e produtivas, compromete a qualidade de vida e é onerosa para o sistema de saúde. A terapia nutricional é parte fundamental do cuidado do diabetes e tem como principal alvo manter a glicemia mais próxima possível do valor normal, balanceando dieta, medicamentos e exercício físico. É comum o uso de adoçantes dietéticos em substituição ao açúcar por pessoas com diabetes, pois possuem alto poder adoçante conferindo ao alimento pouca ou nenhuma caloria. O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar o uso de adoçantes e alimentos dietéticos por pessoas diabéticas cadastradas em um Serviço de Medicina Preventiva ? SEMPRE do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Para tanto, os dados foram obtidos por meio de um questionário composto de variáveis sócio-demográficas, variáveis relacionadas à doença e referentes ao consumo de adoçantes e alimentos dietéticos. Os dados foram registrados em planilhas construídas no MS Excel e a análise estatística foi realizada através do programa SPSS. A coleta de dados ocorreu nos meses de novembro e dezembro de 2005. Participaram do estudo 65 pessoas diabéticas, sendo 57 (87,7%) do tipo 2 e 5 (7,7%) do tipo 1. Respondem aos objetivos específicos deste estudo os seguintes resultados: houve predomínio de usuários do sexo feminino, idosos, casados, com ensino superior completo e renda familiar elevada. O tempo de diagnóstico médio foi de 13,9 anos. Quanto ao conhecimento acerca da doença, as respostas mais freqüentes foram: diabetes como excesso de açúcar no sangue e defeito do pâncreas para produzir quantidade adequada de insulina. Constatou-se consumo maior de aspartame em relação a outros edulcorantes. O fator que mais influenciou os usuários na escolha do adoçante foi o sabor. Verificou-se que os diabéticos deste estudo controlam a quantidade de seu adoçante no momento do uso. O refrigerante dietético é o produto dietético mais consumido pelos entrevistados, seguido pela gelatina. Alguns fatores que interferem no uso de adoçantes e alimentos dietéticos para esta população são: informações incorretas a respeito de tais produtos, preferência pelo sabor doce e a desconfiança e custo elevado dos alimentos dietéticos industrializados. Conclui-se que são necessários maiores esclarecimentos às pessoas diabéticas quanto ao uso de adoçantes e alimentos dietéticos, através de informações nutricionais mais completas nos rótulos destes produtos e por intermédio da orientação por parte dos profissionais de saúde que acompanham essas pessoas. / The diabetic mellitus impact as a serious problem to the public health is in fact that the disease major chronic complication is the incapability to realize daily and productive activity, compromise the life quality and is costly to the health-system. The nutritional therapy is a fundamental part of diabetic care and has as a main target to keep the glicemia closer as possible to the normal value, balancing diet, medicine and physical activity. It is common use diet sweeteners as a replacement for sugar by diabetic persons, since they have a high sweetening level giving the food little or no calorie. The present study has a aim to check the use of diet sweeteners and diet foods by diabetics registered in the Serviço de Medicina Preventiva (Preventative Medicine Service) ? SEMPRE, in the countryside of São Paulo State. In order to achieve this, data were obtained by means of a questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic variables, variables related to the disorder and referring to the consumption of diet sweeteners and food. The data was registered in MS Excel worksheets and the statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software. The gathering of said data took place between November and December of the year of 2005. Sixty five diabetic patients took part in the study, 57 (87,7%) being of type 2 and 5 (7,7%) being of type 1. The following results respond to the specific goals of this study: there was a predominance of female users, elderly, married, with completed college education courses and high familiar income. The average time of diagnosis was 13,9 years. As far as knowledge about the disorder was concerned, the most frequent answers were diabetes as an excess of sugar in the blood; and the pancreas failing to produce the adequate amount of insulin. A higher consumption of aspartame was found, compared to other sweeteners. Users were most influenced by taste when choosing a sweetener. It was verified that the diabetics participating in this study control the amount of sweetener consumption when using it. The diet soft drink is the most consumed diet product, followed by jelly. Some factors that interfere with the use of sweeteners in this population are: incorrect information about such products, a preference to sweet tastes and the distrust and expensive cost of manufactured diet products. It is concluded that better clarification is necessary to diabetics when it comes to the use of diet sweeteners and food, by means of more throughout nutritional information on the labels of such products and through health professionals caring for these people.