This paper examines the short-term effect on team performance after dismissing the head coach mid-season in the two highest football leagues in Sweden. The effect was assessed using a difference-in-differences estimation in which a treatment group is compared to a control group before and after the initiation of the treatment. On average the teams changing their coach improved their performance under the new coach, though compared to the control group no significant difference was found. However, some significant (10%- level) differences were found when separating the teams depending on which league they belong to, with a small positive effect for teams in Allsvenskan and a small negative effect for the teams in Superettan. Nonetheless, the overall conclusion from this analysis is that dismissing the coach mid-season does not have any substantial impact on team performance in the short-term. / I denna rapport utreds den kortsiktiga effekten på ett fotbollslags prestation efter att de bytt tränare mitt under säsongen i de två högsta divisionerna inom svensk fotboll. Effekten undersöktes med hjälp av en difference-in-differences estimering som är en metod där en behandlingsgrupp, i detta fall lag som byter tränare, jämförs med en kontrollgrupp före och efter behandlingen. I genomsnitt förbättrade lagen som bytte tränare sin prestation under den nya tränaren men jämfört med kontrollgruppen kunde ingen skillnad ses. Dock syntes en viss signifikant (10\%-nivån) skillnad när lagen separerades beroende på vilken liga de tillhör, med en liten positiv effekt för lag i Allsvenskan och en liten negativ effekt för lag i Superettan. Trots denna lilla skillnad är slutsatsen av denna analys att ett tränarbyte mitt under säsongen inte har någon större kortsiktig effekt på lagets prestation.

Background: Overweight and obesity is a significant public health problem in the United States. Young adulthood is a particularly vulnerable period for excess weight gain and development of overweight/obesity. Although standard behavioral weight control programs can produce clinically significant weight losses, they routinely struggle to recruit young adults, particularly young men and African-Americans. This limits our understanding of the efficacy of these programs for these individuals. Weight misperception has been proposed as a potential barrier to attempting weight loss. Evidence also suggests education level, income status, family medical history, occupational demands, and depressive symptoms are individually associated with attempting weight loss. Against this backdrop, it is important to examine the relative influence of weight misperceptions and other contextual factors to better understand why young adults, particularly men and African-Americans, do not attempt weight loss. Objective: To determine if observed differences in weight control by race and sex are due to differences in weight status perception accuracy among black and white young adults with overweight/obesity. The associations between contextual factors and weight loss attempts are also explored. Methods: Data from 2756 young adults (20-39 years old) who participated in the 2007-2014 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed. Logistic regression models examined the effect of weight status perception accuracy and contextual factors on weight loss attempts among young adults and men specifically. Moderation by sex was assessed in the sample as a whole and moderation by race in analyses limited to young adult men. Sensitivity analyses using a higher BMI threshold (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2) were conducted to ensure that participants with a minimal weight misperception did not unduly influence findings. Results: Overall, 31% of young adults had an inaccurate weight status perception, with a significantly higher number of men, particularly black men, reporting an inaccurate perception of their weight. Young adults, and men specifically, were significantly more likely to report a weight loss attempt if they accurately perceived their weight (OR=3.66, 95% CI 2.80-4.77, p<0.01; OR=3.73; 95% CI 2.76-5.03; p<0.01, respectively). However, there was no moderation by sex or race. Higher education level and income status were associated with weight loss attempts among young adults in models that included both sexes and in those that were limited to men. Although not significant in the larger model, greater self-reported depressive symptoms were associated with weight loss attempts in analyses limited to young adult men. Sensitivity analyses were largely consistent with these findings. Conclusion: Most young adults with overweight/obesity accurately perceive their weight status. Weight status perception accuracy and certain contextual factors are important predictors of weight loss attempts among black and white young adults. Neither sex nor race moderated the association between weight status perception accuracy and weight loss attempts. These findings have implications for future research to better understand weight status perception and improve enrollment of young adults in weight control programs. / Public Health

No description available.

This qualitative study investigated the experiences of eight non-Muslim Caucasian Licensed Marriage and Family Therapists working with South Asian and Middle Eastern Muslim clients. Semi-structured interviews were used to examine the challenges and strengths that resulted from ethnic/racial and religious differences with clients of this population, and how the challenges and strengths were managed in therapy. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis and the themes that emerged were organized based on the areas of inquiry, which included: challenges that come from ethnic/racial and religious differences, strategies and recommendations to address ethnic/racial and religious differences and the challenges created by them, strengths that come from ethnic/racial and religious differences, and what therapists needed. Limitations, clinical implications, and directions for future research are discussed. / Master of Science

The over-all purpose of this study is to determine the ways in which children differ from one another as related to the instructional program in the school, to point out ways of taking care of individual differences in the learning situations in the classroom, and to apply these principles to the teaching and learning of arithmetic in the higher grades at the elementary level.

The purpose of this study is to make an analysis of the practices and procedures for meeting individual differences by a group of secondary schools to determine the extent to which they meet accepted criteria in this field.

It is the purpose of this study to determine if there is any significant difference in teacher ratings of boys and girls of equal achievement. If such differences are found to exist, an attempt will be made to explain the causes for such differences.

Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation is aimed at describing gender difference in publication productivity among South African academic authors, and to develop an understanding of possible reasons for these differences. It is argued that the lack of empirical knowledge of publication productivity of academics in South Africa needs to be addressed, as scientific communication through publication is one of the most central social processes in science. Moreover, one form of scientific publication, the peer-reviewed article, has become the single most important aspect according to which academics in South Africa and abroad are rewarded. The focus on gender differences is motivated by the fact that women have been strengthening their representation in South African HEIs, but not their proportional contribution to our country’s output of accredited research articles. A review of the past four decades of empirical and theoretical work on the gender gap in publication productivity leads the author to identify three sets of factors that may account for its existence: gender-socialised differences between women and men, women’s greater family responsibilities, and gender-related deficits in the academic workplace. However, none of these sets of variables by themselves satisfactorily account for gender differences in publication productivity, and they should not be considered independent from each other. The literature review is followed by a review of methodological considerations that need to be taken into account when studying gender differences in publication productivity. Against this background, the advantages and limitations associated with the first empirical project of the dissertation - a secondary analysis of SA Knowledgebase, an existing bibliometric database - are identified. This analysis is aimed at quantifying gender differences in the publication productivity of South African academic authors; at controlling for relevant variables (race, age, highest qualification, rank, institutional affiliation and scientific domain); and at investigating gender differences in the tendency towards joint authorship. The results show that South African male authors publish almost twice as many articles in accredited journals than women authors do, but that the latter’s contribution to the total scientific publication output of South Africa has increased from 16 percent in 1990 to 24 percent in 2001. Part of the gender gap in publication productivity can be explained by women’s younger age, lower qualification level and lower rank as a gender group, but not by any tendency among women to co-author less than men do. This project was complemented by the analysis of primary data collected from the CVs of and qualitative interviews with sixteen highly productive South African academics. This second project contributes to the development of a more in-depth understanding of the way in which men and women’s publication productivity is differentially affected, in a predominantly male milieu and across the span of their careers, by their family responsibilities, non-research academic roles, and gender-socialisation. The dissertation concludes with an integration of the literature review with the main findings of the two projects, on the basis of which recommendations are made for future research, and proposals are made towards rendering the measurement of publication productivity more sensitive to the gender differences highlighted by the dissertation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif het ten doel om genderverskille in publikasieproduktiwiteit van Suid-Afrikaanse akademiese outeurs te beskryf, en om ʼn begrip te ontwikkel van moontlike redes vir dié verskille. Daar word aangevoer dat ʼn gebrek aan empiriese kennis oor die publikasieproduktiwiteit van akademici in Suid-Afrika aangespreek behoort te word, aangesien wetenskaplike kommunikasie deur middel van publikasie een van die mees sentrale proses in die wetenskap is. Daarbenewens het een vorm van wetenskaplike publikasie, die eweknie-beoordeelde artikel, die enkele belangrikste aspek geword waarvolgens akademici in Suid-Afrika en oorsee beloon word. Die fokus op genderverskille word gemotiveer deur die feit dat vroue hul verteenwoordiging in Suid-Afrikaanse hoër-onderwysinstellings versterk het, maar nie hul proporsionele bydrae tot ons land se uitset van geakkrediteerde navorsings-artikels nie. ʼn Oorsig van die afgelope vier dekades se empiriese en teoretiese werk oor die gender-gaping in publikasieproduktiwiteit lei tot die identifisering van drie stelle faktore wat die bestaan daarvan sou kon verklaar: gender-gesosialiseerde verskille tussen vroue en mans, vroue se swaarder gesinsverantwoordelikheidslas, en gender-verbandhoudende tekortkominge in die akademiese werkplek. Opsigself verklaar geen enkele van hierdie stelle veranderlikes egter gender-verskille in publikasieproduktiwiteit op ʼn bevredigende wyse nie, en hulle behoort nie onafhanklik van mekaar beskou te word nie. Die literatuur-oorsig word gevolg deur ’n oorsig van metodologiese oorwegings wat in ag geneem behoort te word ter bestudering van gender-verskille in publikasieproduktiwiteit. Teen hierdie agtergrond word die voordele en beperkinge verbonde aan die eerste empiriese projek van die proefskrif – ʼn sekondêre ontleding van SA Knowledgebase, ’n bestaande bibliometriese databasis - geïdentifiseer. Hierdie ontleding van is daarop gemik om gender-verskille in die publikasieproduktiwiteit van Suid-Afrikaanse akademiese outeurs te kwantifiseer; om vir relevante veranderlikes te kontroleer (ras, ouderdom, hoogste kwalifikasie, rang, institusionele affiliasie en wetenskaplike domein); en om gender-verskille in mede-outeurskap te ondersoek. Die resultate toon dat Suid-Afrikaanse man-outeurs bykans twee maal soveel artikels in geakkrediteerde vaktydskrifte as vroue-outeurs publiseer, maar dat laasgenoemde se bydrae tot die totale wetenskaplike publikasie-uitset van Suid-Afrika vanaf 16 persent in 1990 tot 24 persent in 2001 toegeneem het. Deel van die gender-gaping in publikasieproduktiwiteit kan verklaar word aan die hand van vroue se jonger ouderdom, laer kwalifikasievlak, en laer rang as ʼn gender-groep, maar nie aan die hand van enige neiging by vroue om minder as mans met andere te publiseer nie. Hierdie projek is aangevul deur die ontleding van primêre data wat ingesamel is vanuit die CV’s van, en kwalitatiewe onderhoude met sestien hoogs-produktiewe Suid-Afrikaanse akademici. Hierdie tweede projek dra by tot die ontwikkeling van ’n meer in-diepte begrip van die wyse waarop mans en vroue se gesinsverantwoordelikhede, hul nie-navorsingsverbandhoudende akademiese rolle, en hul gendersosialisering in ’n oorwegend manlike milieu en oor die bestek van hul loopbane heen differensieel op hul publikasieproduktiwiteit inwerk. Die proefskrif sluit af met ’n integrasie van die literatuur-oorsig met die hoofbevindinge van die twee projekte, op grond waarvan aanbevelings vir toekomstige navorsing gemaak word, en voorstelle aan die hand gedoen word vir die meting van publikasieproduktiwiteit wat sensitief sou wees vir die genderverskille wat in hierdie proefskrif uitgelig is.

This study compares American and Turkish male and female university students in terms of moral orientation (justice and care) and Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning to examine the influence of culture and gender on moral development. A total of 324 undergraduate students between the ages of 18 and 46 are administered the Defining Issues Test (DIT) and the Measure of Moral Orientation (MMO). Statistical analyses indicate Turkish participants reflect more postconventional reasoning, while American participants reflect more conventional reasoning, particularly Stage 4 reasoning. Analyses also reveal Turkish participants reflect significantly more care orientation and more justice orientation compared to American participants. These findings are discussed in terms of cultural and gender influences in moral decision-making.

by Patricia Leahy. / Running title: Elite athletes anxiety experiences. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-161 (2nd gp.)). / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.ii / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.x / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- GENDER ON THE SPORTS AGENDA? --- p.1 / Gender Inequity in Sport --- p.1 / Female Participation in the Olympic Games --- p.2 / Gender Inequity in the Administration of the Olympic / Movement --- p.10 / Sport and the Construction of Gender --- p.14 / Conclusion --- p.17 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- TOWARDS A FEMINIST ANALYSIS OF GENDER AND SPORT BEHAVIOUR --- p.20 / Feminism and Sport --- p.20 / Feminist Analysis of Sport as Cultural Criticism --- p.20 / Feminist Critiques of Sport Psychology --- p.22 / Individual Differences: The biological imperative - Sex Differences --- p.22 / Individual Differences: Gender Role Orientation --- p.26 / Individual Differences ´Ø Role Conflict --- p.30 / Conclusion --- p.32 / Relational Research: Gender in Context --- p.33 / Conclusion --- p.34 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- ANXIETY IN THE CONTEXT OF SPORT --- p.36 / Introduction --- p.36 / Concepts and Theories about Anxiety and Competitive Sports - Historical Development --- p.36 / Cognitively Based Interpretations of Anxiety --- p.39 / Competitive Sport Anxiety- A New Model Emerges --- p.42 / Research in Competitive Sports-Related Anxiety --- p.43 / Research on Gender and Competitive Sport Anxiety --- p.47 / Conclusion --- p.48 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY AND GENDER-RELATED SPORT BEHAVIOUR --- p.50 / Self-Efficacy --- p.51 / Perceived Competence --- p.52 / Achievement Goal Perspectives --- p.53 / Expectancy-Value Model --- p.55 / An Interactional Model of Female Sport Experience --- p.59 / Overall Model --- p.60 / Individual Components of the Model --- p.61 / Gender and Anxiety Experiences in Competitive Sport: Hong Kong Elite Athletes --- p.64 / Individual Components of the Model --- p.67 / Overall Model --- p.68 / Implications --- p.68 / Hypotheses --- p.70 / Minor Hypotheses --- p.70 / Model Level Hypotheses --- p.70 / CHAPTER 5 METHOD --- p.71 / Introduction --- p.71 / Methodology --- p.72 / Pilot Study --- p.72 / Main Study --- p.75 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- RESULTS(i). VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF INSTRUMENTS --- p.78 / Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale --- p.78 / Task and Ego Orientation Questionnaire --- p.78 / Anxiety Experiences in Training and Competition Questionnaire --- p.80 / Training and Competition AR Scales --- p.80 / Training and Competition BR Scales --- p.93 / Training and Competition BRE Scales --- p.106 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- RESULTS (ii). HYPOTHESIS TESTING --- p.107 / Descriptives --- p.107 / Intensity of Anxiety Response --- p.107 / Scale Means and Standard Deviations --- p.108 / Minor hypotheses --- p.111 / Main Effect --- p.111 / Interaction Effect --- p.114 / Model Testing --- p.119 / Multiple Regression Analyses --- p.119 / Path Analyses --- p.134 / Chapter CHAPTER 8 --- DISCUSSIO --- p.142 / Minor Hypotheses --- p.144 / Path Analyses --- p.147 / Conclusion --- p.151 / REFERENCES --- p.154 / APPENDIX A Anxiety Rating Forms - Pilot Study --- p.162 / APPENDIX B Interview Format - Pilot Study --- p.164 / APPENDIX C Glossary of Terms --- p.165 / APPENDIX D Main Study Questionnaires --- p.166