This study aimed to investigate gender-based evaluation differences in situations that occasionally can be perceptualized as sexual harassing situations. Hypothesis stated that when women are presented as victims in an eventual sexual harassing situation, participants would rate the event as more serious in comparisons when the victims are men. The study used survey-based between-group experimental design with story-based gender manipulation of the victim’s character in fictitious stories that may or may not be attributed with low-, moderate- or high grade of seriousness into a ratio scale (0-10). Four groups (N = 120) were included and separated depending on the victims as well as the participants gender. The assumption homogeneity of variance for one-way analysis of variance was violated when Levene's test was performed. Non-parametric equivalent Kruskal Wallis-test indicated a significant difference between the groups. Further findings were presented from multiple Mann Whitney U-tests for six possible comparisons (α = .008). Five significant differences between the groups were found confirming the first hypothesis despite the strict alpha level. Concluding the results as a potential confirmation of the prototype theory.

Although Lyme disease is the most frequently reported vector-borne illness in the United States, recent evidence from the CDC suggests that Lyme disease incidence in the United States may be much higher than reported. Lyme disease symptoms can be mistaken for a wide variety of diseases, which can complicate the diagnosis. To date, no diagnostic criteria analysis has been conducted examining the association between sociodemographic variables (sex and age) and seasonality of infection with the severity and symptomology found in Lyme disease cases. Using the CDC's outbreak investigation model, a primary case/control study was conducted using the ROSS Scale to collect data. Comparisons were made between a Lyme disease-diagnosed group (n = 203) and a convenience sample of non-Lyme disease patients (n = 388). Novel symptom patterns were found to significantly predict a diagnosis of Lyme disease. Odds ratio results revealed a positive association between musculoskeletal (OR = 11; 95% CI), neurological (OR = 12; 95% CI), cognitive (OR = 10; 95% CI), and cutaneous (OR = 144; 95% CI) symptoms frequency and severity and the diagnosis of Lyme disease. In addition, overall symptom frequency and severity scores displayed significant differences between cases and controls, between males and females, and among certain age groups. No correlation was found between symptom frequency and severity with the seasonality of infection. Current diagnostic tools search for antibodies to the Borrelia bacteria, but antibody production takes a few weeks. The results of this study help identify at-risk patients based on the presentation and severity of Lyme disease symptoms when antibodies are not present in measureable quantities in the blood stream, allowing for earlier diagnosis.

Nurse shortages and nurse turnover are major issues in the health care industry. As 4 generations of nurses are working side by side for the first time in history in the health care industry, nurse leaders need to understand the generational differences in order to bridge the gap on retaining the nurses in the workforce. The primary focus of this applied dissertation study was to explore and obtain the lived experiences of leading the nursing intergenerational cohorts, as well as the strategies that nurse leaders or nurse managers can utilize to meritoriously attract, retain, and motivate the generational nursing workforce. The Leadership Questionnaire, designed in 2008 by Dr. Nelson, was utilized to interview 5 nurse administrators of the phenomenon to comprehend how the health care nurse administrators can utilize productive techniques of leading the nursing generational cohorts. The target population was members of a professional long-term care association. Once the nurse administrators agreed to participate on the study and signed the consent form, the researcher scheduled an initial 45-minute interview of three 15- to 30-minute interviews over a 3-month period. The data collected as a result of this study revealed findings: (a) the intergenerational educational gap in the nursing workforce, (b) the needs of the intergenerational nurses, (c) the critical aspect of continuing of professional education training development for the nurses, and (d) the critical leadership values on leading the intergenerational nursing cohorts. This applied research study dissertation intended to assist nurse leaders to reframe perceptions regarding the nurses’ intergenerational group (e.g., Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y) differences and to view these differences in attitudes and behaviors as potential strengths.

This thesis focuses on messages concerning gender that are communicated within contemporary U.S. society. Research consisted of twelve ethnographic interviews with students between the ages of nineteen and twenty-seven from the University of the Pacific in Stockton, California. Society is ever changing and individuals learn rules and either comply, resist or try to change traditional gender behaviors. The social contexts in which an interaction takes places are where many messages concerning gender behavior are communicated. The five areas that this study researched include: work, education, romantic relationships, friendships, and exercise/sports. Work and education are contexts in which progress has occurred; women have the freedom to apply to jobs and schools of their choice. However, some jobs and majors are still male-dominated (i.e. math, science, and engineering majors). There was the most compliance with traditional gender behaviors in romantic relationships, friendships, and in exercise/sports.

This paper studies how the school closures in Kenya as a result of the corona pandemic have affected students in Kenya depending on different socio-economic classes. In addition, the study examines how access to the internet, the gender of the student, access to education during the school closures and location of residence affected the return to school after the school closures in Kenya. In order to obtain results, the work is based on data from Covid-19 Rapid Response Phone survey made by The World Bank in collaboration with the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics and the University of California. Furthermore, have pooled cross section regressions and cross section regressions been used. In addition, fixed effects for households have been included to measure how the children are affected differently excluding the social circumstances. The results that this paper presents are that factors influencing the returning rate in Kenya during the school closure were internet access, gender, availability of distance learning and place of residence. Surprisingly, girls were more likely to return to school, contrary to gender norms. Initially, access to education and the internet correlated positively with not returning to school, but later it had a negative impact, which may indicate that students with access to this delayed their return. In conclusion, socio-economic factors and access to the internet and distance learning played a significant role in influencing dropout rates in Kenya.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In an exploratory study of graduate students moving expectations, a self-administered survey was utilized to examine the compromises and sacrifices they expect themselves or their potential partners to be making in moving decisions, as well as their willingness to sacrifice or ask their partner to sacrifice in a move. This study focuses on this work-life decision due to its being understudied in previous literature; it aims to start to establish migration decisions as an important work-family balance topic as well as explore what role gender plays in expectations and willingness to move, especially regarding who sacrifices in a moving decision. The study focused on the potential impact of gender on migration orientations, comparing men’s and women’s attitudes. It also looked at the influence of gender ideology, program’s gender composition, perceived transportability, salary, partner’s relative salary and Money as Power attitudes as well as some demographic data. Previous literature has suggested that women are more likely to be willing to sacrifice in a moving decision while men are more willing to ask their partners to do so. Findings from this study generally confirm this. Some individual factors related to being willing to ask the partner to sacrifice more were: holding a traditional gender ideology, being in a male-dominated program, having a higher expected salary, belief in money as power, and belief in moving as important to a career. Results also suggest that this is a fruitful area for further study.

An experimental research study using a mixed-method analysis to was conducted to examine educational video game effects on mathematics achievement and motivation between sexes. This study examined sex difference in a 7th grade mathematics (Mathematics 2/Mathematics 2 Advanced) classroom (n=60) learning algebra. Attributes and barriers relating to educational video game play, preference, and setting characteristics were explored. To examine achievement and motivation outcomes, a repeated-measure (SPSS v14) test was used. The analysis included ethnographic results from both student and teacher interview and observation sessions for data triangulation. Results revealed a statistically significant academic mathematics achievement score increase (F =21.8, df =1, 54, < .05). Although, mathematics class motivation scores did not present significance (F =.79, df =1, 47, p > .05), both sexes posted similar data outcomes with regard to mathematics class motivation after using an educational video game as treatment during an eighteen-week term in conjunction with receiving in-class instruction. Additionally, there was an increase in male variability in standard deviation score (SDmotivationpre=8.76, SDmotivation post=11.70) for mathematics class motivation. Lastly, self-reported differences between the sexes for this limited sample, with regard to game design likes and dislikes and observed female game play tendencies, were also investigated. The data presented customization as a unified, but most requested, game design need between the sexes. Between sex differences were found only to be superficial other than a female delay in game acceptance with regard to time and game play comfort.

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