Masters of Arts / District Six was a community that was forcibly removed from the centre of Cape Town after its demarcation as a white group area in 1966. In 1989, the District Six Museum Foundation was established in order to form a project that worked with the memory of District Six. Out of these origins, the District Six Museum emerged and was officially opened in 1994 with the Streets: Retracing District Six exhibition. The origin moments of the museum in the 1980s occurred at the same moment that the social history movement assumed prominence within a progressive South African historiography. With the success of Streets, the decision to ‘dig deeper’ into the social history of District Six culminated in the opening of the exhibition, Digging Deeper, in a renovated museum space in 2000. Oral history practice, as means of bringing to light the hidden and erased histories of the area, was embraced by the museum as an empowering methodology which would facilitate memory work around District Six. In tracing the evolution of an oral history practice in the museum, this study aims to understand how the poetics involved in the practices of representation and display impacted on the oral histories that were displayed in Digging Deeper. It also considers how the engagement with the archaeological discipline, during the curation of the Horstley Street display as part of Streets, impacted on how oral histories were displayed in the museum. / South Africa

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-15T13:48:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 carlosmagnodossantos.pdf: 1171016 bytes, checksum: 843d57bbd25fe33ba51f921168d70aaa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-25T17:40:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carlosmagnodossantos.pdf: 1171016 bytes, checksum: 843d57bbd25fe33ba51f921168d70aaa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T17:40:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carlosmagnodossantos.pdf: 1171016 bytes, checksum: 843d57bbd25fe33ba51f921168d70aaa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-28 / (Avaliação da atividade de escavação de ninhos em Acromyrmex subterraneus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae): estímulos e divisão de trabalho). Formigas cortadeiras dos gêneros Atta e Acromyrmex são conhecidas por sua organização social e capacidade de construir ninhos de arquitetura complexa. A construção do ninho é importante ecologicamente, pois altera as propriedades químicas e físicas do solo, contribuindo para o crescimento da vegetação. Além disso, o processo de escavação permite compreender os padrões comportamentais fundamentais na organização social em formigas cortadeiras, constituindo base relevante de estudos ecológicos vinculados à dinâmica comportamental das atividades coletivas organizadas nos insetos eussociais. Sabe-se que para algumas espécies de formigas cortadeiras, fungo simbionte e prole atuam como estímulo para a escavação, exercendo influência sobre a complexidade das estruturas emergentes (túneis e câmaras). Este estudo investigou quais são os estímulos para o comportamento de escavação em Acromyrmex subterraneus durante a construção do ninho, tendo como hipótese que a presença do fungo jardim e/ou prole constituem estímulos para a escavação de túneis e câmaras. Além disso, investigou a divisão de tarefas a fim de verificar se o nível de atividade das operárias para a tarefa de escavação se altera em função da presença do fungo e da prole. O experimento consistiu no registro da frequência de escavação de operárias individualmente marcadas colocadas em cilindros plásticos preenchidos com solo, em que foram aplicados quatro tratamentos: FB - 30 operárias médias, 5g de jardim de fungo e 30 itens de prole (larvas ou pupas), FG - 30 operárias médias e 5g de jardim de fungo, LP - 30 operárias médias e 30 itens de prole e WK - 30 operárias médias, sem jardim de fungo e prole. Após 24 horas foram registrados os parâmetros morfométricos do ninho (comprimento e largura de túneis e câmaras em cm) e o volume de solo escavado, assim como a atividade de escavação individual de cada operária. Em contraste com o esperado, não houve variação da estrutura morfológica, frequência de escavação ou volume de solo escavado em função dos tratamentos. No entanto, verificaram-se diferenças no nível de atividade das operárias gerando uma distribuição desigual de tarefas com metade das operárias permanecendo inativa em detrimento de outras que realizaram a tarefa de escavação de forma intensa e repetitiva. / (Evaluation of nest’s digging activity in Acromyrmex subterraneus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae): stimuli and division of labor). Leaf cutting ants from Atta and Acromyrmex genera are known by their social organization and ability to build nests with a complex architecture. Nest building has a great importance in the field because it alters the chemical and physical properties of the soil, contributing to the growth of vegetation. In addition, the excavation process allows us to understand fundamental behavioral patterns in social organization in cutting ants, constituting relevant basic ecological studies related to behavioral dynamics of group activities organized in eusocial insects. It is known that for some species of leaf-cutting ants, symbiotic fungus and offspring act as a stimulus for the excavation, exerting influence on the complexity of the emerging structures (tunnels and chambers). This study investigated what are the stimuli for digging behavior in Acromyrmex subterraneus during nest building, testing the hypothesis that the presence of the fungus garden and/or brood are stimuli for the excavation of tunnels and chambers. In addition, we investigated the division of labor to verify if the level of activity of workers for excavation task changes due to the presence of the fungus and brood. The experiment consisted in recording the frequency of excavation of individually marked workers placed in plastic cylinders filled with soil, in which were applied four treatments: FB - 30 medium workers, 5g of fungus garden and 30 brood items (larvae and pupae) FG - 30 medium workers and 5g of fungus garden, LP - 30 medium workers and 30 items of brood and WK - 30 medium workers without fungus garden and brood. After 24 hours we registered nest morphometric parameters (length and width of chambers and tunnels in cm) and the volume of excavated soil, as well as the excavation activity of each worker. In contrast to the expected, there was no change in the morphological structure, digging frequency or volume of excavated soil among the treatments. However, we verified differences among the activity level of the workers, leading to an unequal distribution of tasks with half of the most workers remaining inactive while the others performed the excavation intensely and repetitively.

This thesis gives a definition and chronology of city pop and places it within the context of Japanese history. City pop can be traced from the 1960s folk movement in Japan until its demise in the early 1990s, coinciding with the end of the bubble economy. This thesis also examines the mid-2010s resurgence of interest in city pop among English-speaking internet users, beginning with a nostalgic rediscovery and curation of city pop around the turn of the century by DJs in Japan known as “crate diggers.” City pop was then transmitted to the West through sampling in hip-hop and especially within the internet-based genre of vaporwave. The character of vaporwave is one of dystopia and is highly contrasted with the breezy, optimistic sound of city pop. City pop was eventually discovered in the late-2010s by a wider international audience through YouTube, largely due to the suggestion algorithm and the sudden popularity of Takeuchi Mariya’s “Plastic Love.” This thesis will define nostalgia in relation to music and show in what ways it has been present as a factor throughout the history of city pop.

The subject of this thesis deals with instances where members of the community dig the grave for the grieving family. This thesis is limited to Unicoi County. Looking at past and present occurrences of this practice, this project will explain how it came to be and why it is still being exercised. The primary sources for this project include newspaper articles from the Erwin Record, interviews with members of the community. Secondary sources were used to frame the overall context and draw comparisons with the rest of Appalachia. The digging of the grave by the community began as a necessity in the rural areas of Unicoi County. Due to the growing economic prosperity of these areas, and the eventual easy access to roads, the tradition began to waver and was preserved and practiced only by the small, isolated community churches.

<p>A study of the generations problematic in museums of work and local folklore societies, principally run through volunteer work. Illustrative examples are Ödestugu local folklore society and Husqvarna Factory Museum in Småland (Sweden). The empirical study consists of interviews with active people and inquiry among societymembers and workers at the factory. An analysis of interest, engagement and the view of the future is made and concepts like professionalisation and change are discussed. By way of conclusion the coming generation problem is discussed in relation to professionalisation, the historical development, volunteer work, economy and national projects.</p> / <p>En undersökning av återväxten inom arbetslivsmuseer och hembygdsföreningar, vilka främst drivs utifrån ideellt arbete. Fallstudier är Ödestugu hembygdsförening och Husqvarna Fabriksmuseum i Småland. Den empiriska undersökningen utgörs av intervjuer med aktiva samt enkätundersökningar bland föreningsmedlemmar och fabriksanställda. En analys av intresse, engagemang och synen på verksamheternas framtid sker utifrån begrepp som professionalisering och förändring. Avslutningsvis diskuteras återväxtproblematiken i relation till professionalisering, den historiska utvecklingen, ideellt arbete, ekonomi och nationella projekt. </p>

Arid Recovery, a fenced reserve free of feral predators in arid South Australia, has successfully reintroduced two critical weight range (CWR) mammals, greater bilbies (Macrotis lagotis) and burrowing bettongs (Bettongia lesueur) to facilitate the restoration of arid Australian ecosystems. This thesis evaluates the ecological roles of these reintroduced species and their relationship to ecosystem functioning and the restoration of these ecosystems. Surveys of foraging diggings and soil seed banks, and dietary analysis were used to measure impacts of these species on three main habitats within the Reserve. The results showed that bilbies and bettongs have three major roles in ecosystem functioning: consumers, ecosystem engineers, and dispersers of seeds and fungi. Both bilbies and bettongs were omnivorous, though their diets were distinctly different, with the bilbies focused more on invertebrates and seeds, while the bettongs consumed a greater proportion of coarser plant materials. The seed portion of the diets of both species during 2003-04 differed from a similar study three years previously, shortly after the animals had been reintroduced to Arid Recovery in 2000- 01. During 2003-04, the bilbies consumed a lower proportion of seeds of species of grasses and more of forbs, while seed consumption by bettongs narrowed to be almost exclusively the seeds of shrubs. The number of bilby and bettong diggings varied significantly both spatially and temporally, with averages of 7,530 ± 820 diggings ha-1 in Dunes, 10,560 ± 980 diggings ha-1 in Mulga, and 7,120 ± 610 diggings ha-1 in Swale. This resulted in an average of 2 to 3% disturbance of soil surface area, which is similar to or higher than reported for other Australian or overseas semi-fossorial species. The temporal variation in rates of digging was correlated with minimum daily temperatures and rainfall but not moonlight. This variation was also correlated with counts of bilby but not bettong tracks, suggesting that the temporal variability of diggings was related to levels of bilby activity. The persistence of bilby and bettong diggings differed between the three habitat types, with the majority of the diggings in the Mulga (94%) and Swale (87%) persisting for over 12 months, while Dune diggings filled much faster, with only 15% persisting over 12 months. These diggings were shown to accumulate and bury seeds and litter, and, under some conditions, enhance germination. The seeds of two plant species, the annual grass, Dactyloctenium radulans, and the shrub, Enchylaena tomentosa, germinated from bilby faecal pellets, and over a third of bilby faecal pellets contained fungal spores. Therefore bilbies have the potential to be dispersers of both seeds and fungi. All three major roles of the bilbies and bettongs in ecosystem functioning (consumers, ecosystem engineers, and dispersers of seeds and fungi) have the potential to affect the flows of organic, soil and water resources, and therefore vegetation structure and overall productivity. Soil seed bank densities differed between areas with and without bilbies and bettongs. However, the heterogeneity of the system made it difficult to confidently relate these differences to any particular effects of the bilbies and bettongs. Both bilbies and bettongs were able to locate and dig seeds buried 20 cm deep, and the caches of seed-harvester ants. Experiments showed that in areas of high digging density, 71 to 94% of seed rain accumulated and became buried in diggings. Since bilbies and bettongs have the potential to use buried seed resources, they have the potential to significantly affect soil seed banks through their consumption of seeds, redistribution of seeds through their digging activities and their interactions with other granivorous species. This study is a first step towards understanding the roles of reintroducing CWR mammals to arid ecosystems. Possible longer term effects of these reintroductions will depend on suitable regulation of animal numbers, and climatic patterns, as restorative effects of diggings would be greatest during periods of good rainfall, whereas droughts would slow restorative processes. Although the results of this research are unique for Arid Recovery, the principles of evaluating all major ecological roles of reintroduced species and their interactions with their environment could provide guidance for other reintroductions. These interactions are complex and would require longer-term studies over a range of conditions and locations to further understand the role of reintroducing CWR mammals to ecological restoration. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1348600 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2009

Arid Recovery, a fenced reserve free of feral predators in arid South Australia, has successfully reintroduced two critical weight range (CWR) mammals, greater bilbies (Macrotis lagotis) and burrowing bettongs (Bettongia lesueur) to facilitate the restoration of arid Australian ecosystems. This thesis evaluates the ecological roles of these reintroduced species and their relationship to ecosystem functioning and the restoration of these ecosystems. Surveys of foraging diggings and soil seed banks, and dietary analysis were used to measure impacts of these species on three main habitats within the Reserve. The results showed that bilbies and bettongs have three major roles in ecosystem functioning: consumers, ecosystem engineers, and dispersers of seeds and fungi. Both bilbies and bettongs were omnivorous, though their diets were distinctly different, with the bilbies focused more on invertebrates and seeds, while the bettongs consumed a greater proportion of coarser plant materials. The seed portion of the diets of both species during 2003-04 differed from a similar study three years previously, shortly after the animals had been reintroduced to Arid Recovery in 2000- 01. During 2003-04, the bilbies consumed a lower proportion of seeds of species of grasses and more of forbs, while seed consumption by bettongs narrowed to be almost exclusively the seeds of shrubs. The number of bilby and bettong diggings varied significantly both spatially and temporally, with averages of 7,530 ± 820 diggings ha-1 in Dunes, 10,560 ± 980 diggings ha-1 in Mulga, and 7,120 ± 610 diggings ha-1 in Swale. This resulted in an average of 2 to 3% disturbance of soil surface area, which is similar to or higher than reported for other Australian or overseas semi-fossorial species. The temporal variation in rates of digging was correlated with minimum daily temperatures and rainfall but not moonlight. This variation was also correlated with counts of bilby but not bettong tracks, suggesting that the temporal variability of diggings was related to levels of bilby activity. The persistence of bilby and bettong diggings differed between the three habitat types, with the majority of the diggings in the Mulga (94%) and Swale (87%) persisting for over 12 months, while Dune diggings filled much faster, with only 15% persisting over 12 months. These diggings were shown to accumulate and bury seeds and litter, and, under some conditions, enhance germination. The seeds of two plant species, the annual grass, Dactyloctenium radulans, and the shrub, Enchylaena tomentosa, germinated from bilby faecal pellets, and over a third of bilby faecal pellets contained fungal spores. Therefore bilbies have the potential to be dispersers of both seeds and fungi. All three major roles of the bilbies and bettongs in ecosystem functioning (consumers, ecosystem engineers, and dispersers of seeds and fungi) have the potential to affect the flows of organic, soil and water resources, and therefore vegetation structure and overall productivity. Soil seed bank densities differed between areas with and without bilbies and bettongs. However, the heterogeneity of the system made it difficult to confidently relate these differences to any particular effects of the bilbies and bettongs. Both bilbies and bettongs were able to locate and dig seeds buried 20 cm deep, and the caches of seed-harvester ants. Experiments showed that in areas of high digging density, 71 to 94% of seed rain accumulated and became buried in diggings. Since bilbies and bettongs have the potential to use buried seed resources, they have the potential to significantly affect soil seed banks through their consumption of seeds, redistribution of seeds through their digging activities and their interactions with other granivorous species. This study is a first step towards understanding the roles of reintroducing CWR mammals to arid ecosystems. Possible longer term effects of these reintroductions will depend on suitable regulation of animal numbers, and climatic patterns, as restorative effects of diggings would be greatest during periods of good rainfall, whereas droughts would slow restorative processes. Although the results of this research are unique for Arid Recovery, the principles of evaluating all major ecological roles of reintroduced species and their interactions with their environment could provide guidance for other reintroductions. These interactions are complex and would require longer-term studies over a range of conditions and locations to further understand the role of reintroducing CWR mammals to ecological restoration. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1348600 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2009

A study of the generations problematic in museums of work and local folklore societies, principally run through volunteer work. Illustrative examples are Ödestugu local folklore society and Husqvarna Factory Museum in Småland (Sweden). The empirical study consists of interviews with active people and inquiry among societymembers and workers at the factory. An analysis of interest, engagement and the view of the future is made and concepts like professionalisation and change are discussed. By way of conclusion the coming generation problem is discussed in relation to professionalisation, the historical development, volunteer work, economy and national projects. / En undersökning av återväxten inom arbetslivsmuseer och hembygdsföreningar, vilka främst drivs utifrån ideellt arbete. Fallstudier är Ödestugu hembygdsförening och Husqvarna Fabriksmuseum i Småland. Den empiriska undersökningen utgörs av intervjuer med aktiva samt enkätundersökningar bland föreningsmedlemmar och fabriksanställda. En analys av intresse, engagemang och synen på verksamheternas framtid sker utifrån begrepp som professionalisering och förändring. Avslutningsvis diskuteras återväxtproblematiken i relation till professionalisering, den historiska utvecklingen, ideellt arbete, ekonomi och nationella projekt.

Magister Scientiae (Medical Bioscience) - MSc(MBS) / Some African mole-rats of the family Bathyergidea have dramatically different ecological niches which may cause selective anatomical adaptations. Bathyergus suillus lives in sandy soil and eats a wide range of food whereas Georychus capensis is restricted to the mountainous hard soil and eats mainly geophytes. Georychus capensis is considered a chisel-tooth digger in that it uses its incisors to dislodge soil while Bathyergus suillus is a scratch-digger that uses both its incisors and large front paws to dislodge soil. The purpose of this study was to compare certain aspects of the masticatory anatomy of Bathyergus suillus and Georychus capensis. In particular the question that drives this study is: Do the differences in ecology of the two species reflect in the anatomical adaptation of their masticatory apparatus? Nine whole body specimens of each species were obtained for this study. The masticatory apparatus of each specimen was dissected, examined and analysed.Selected bones of their skulls were investigated to determine their gross morphology. Digitalized images were captured by a high-resolution Olympus digital camera and were analysed by DOCU analysis software, in order to determine the morphometric parameters. In addition, the cleaned skulls of each species were weighed with a chemical balance. In order to make the comparison of the four muscles of mastication more effective than when using only their linear measurements, the mass (in grams) of each skull was divided by the length of each metric traits squared in order to yield their respective indices. Various statistical tests were used.This study has thus revealed some dissimilarities between the two species.Comparison of the two species reveals that one of the more distinguishing differences between the two is their upper incisors. There are also significant differences in the morphology and dimensions of their angular plates. And the external pterygoid muscle is significantly larger in Georychus capensis than in Bathyergus suillus, there are no significant differences between the others of the masticatory muscles of the two species.The feeding and foraging activities of Bathyergus suillus as well as Georychus capensis have close relationship with their lifestyles (digging abilities and adaptations). Bathyergus suillus is predisposed to dig with its incisors as well as its large front paws, and the range of food is large, whereas Georychus capensis uses its incisors only to dig, and the range of food is limited. Subsequently the skull of Bathyergus suillus is bigger than Georychus capensis. But, due to the environment of the latter, strong incisors are needed to perform its feeding and digging activities. The investigation thus reveals that the two selected species have successfully adapted their anatomical masticatory elements to their environments.

Les cavités artificielles funéraires sont à la fin de la Préhistoire en Méditerranée occidentale un type d’architecture privilégié. La compréhension de la chaîne opératoire de construction des hypogées est essentielle afin de déterminer quelles techniques et stratégies entrent en jeu dans la mise en place de ces architectures souterraines. C’est dans le cadre de cette thèse qu’une méthode a été développée sur le sujet. Celle-ci se présente en trois axes : l’étude technologique du macro-outillage de creusement, l’analyse à l’aide de la photogrammétrie des traces présentes sur les parois des hypogées et l’expérimentation permettant de confirmer ou d’infirmer les hypothèses émises. Ces trois axes ont été développés dans des contextes différents, en France dans les Bouches-du-Rhône avec l’ensemble monumental de Fontvieille et en Sardaigne avec notamment la nécropole à domus de janas de S’Elighe Entosu. Ces deux contextes offrent la possibilité d’étudier des hypogées possédant des caractéristiques différentes. La comparaison entre les divers contextes sélectionnés en Méditerranée occidentale permet d’entrevoir les différences et similitudes présentes dans les chaînes opératoires de creusement et les choix effectués par les différents groupes humains. Au-delà de la connaissance des techniques employées pour le creusement de ces architectures, cette étude permet également de s’interroger sur le rôle de celles-ci au sein de la communauté par l’investissement que leur mise en place engendre. / At the end of Prehistory in the Western Mediterranean, the rock-cut tombs are a privileged type of architecture. The understanding of the hypogea’s digging process is essential In order to determine which techniques and strategies come into play in the establishment of these structures. In the context of a PhD research work, a method has been developed on the subject. It is presented in three lines of reflection: the technological study of digging macro-tools, the analysis of the traces which are present on the walls of hypogea using photogrammetry, and an experimentation to confirm or refute the assumptions made during the first two axes of the study. These three axes were developed in different contexts, the monumental context of Fontvieille, located in the geographical area of the Bouches-du-Rhône administrative department in France and the necropolis of S'Elighe Entosu in Sardinia, Italy. These two fieldworks allows us to study the different characteristics of the hypogea. The comparison between the various contexts selected in the western Mediterranean allows us to glimpse the differences and similarities present in the digging process chains and the choices made by the different human groups. Beyond the knowledge of the techniques used for the digging of these architectures, this study also makes it possible to question the role of these in the community by the investment that their establishment generates.