O Direito do Trabalho estabelece normas e princípios que regulam a relação de emprego, além de outras relações de trabalho legalmente equiparadas, quando houver a concorrência de todos os requisitos exigidos pela lei para sua incidência, dos quais se destaca, para este estudo, a subordinação. Tal requisito é identificado a partir de critérios que se confundem com a própria matriz do Direito do Trabalho, típica da sociedade industrial, os quais, todavia, vêm sofrendo transformações diante das novas formas de exercício do poder diretivo do empregador, surgidas, sobretudo, pelo avanço da tecnologia na área da comunicação e pelo crescimento do setor de serviços em detrimento do trabalho na indústria. O presente trabalho busca identificar quais os principais desafios ao modelo tradicional do Direito do Trabalho, fundado no conceito clássico de subordinação, considerando os serviços prestados sob demanda por meio de plataformas digitais. Para tanto, buscou descrever a evolução das classificações tradicionais das relações de trabalho e identificar as principais características do trabalho prestado por meio de plataformas digitais. Após, foi realizado levantamento de decisões dos Tribunais Regionais do Trabalho da 2ª e 3ª Regiões, referentes a reclamações trabalhistas, cujo pleito consistia no reconhecimento de vínculo empregatício pelos motoristas em relação à empresa Uber, dada a representatividade desta plataforma, dentre outras prestadoras desse tipo de serviço; também foram analisadas decisões paradigmas no Direito Comparado sobre o tema. A partir da sistematização das decisões analisadas, foi possível identificar os principais critérios utilizados pelos julgadores para a decisão da existência ou não de trabalho subordinado, bem como as tendências de mudanças interpretativas e adoção de novos critérios. Por fim, foram colocados os pontos sensíveis para a regulação do tema, como limitação da jornada de trabalho, segurança e discriminação, concluindo-se que para enfrentar tais desafios é necessária a superação da visão fundada nos requisitos tradicionais de identificação da subordinação, e, portanto, da própria relação de emprego, rumo a uma interpretação que leve em conta as novas formas e instrumentos de atuação do poder diretivo do empregador. / Labor Law is governed by norms and principles that regulate the employment relationship between employee and employer, in addition to other legally equivalent relations. For this study, subordination stands out from the other elements, being traditionally identified from criteria that are part of the established matrix of Labor Law itself, typical of industrial society. However, transformations due to the development of technology in communications and the growth of the service sector have led to new forms of exercizing the employer\'s directive power in relation to those exercied in the employment in industry. The present work aims to identify the main challenges to the traditional model of Labor Law, based on the classic concept of subordination (prior to the advent of the digital economy) but now having to consider the services provided on demand through digital platforms. To do so, it seeks to describe the evolution of the traditional classifications of labor relations and to identify the main characteristics of the work performed through digital platforms. An investigation was then made on the decisions of the Regional Labor Courts of the 2nd and 3rd Regions, regarding labor claims, that sought to recognise the employment relationship between drivers working for Uber and the company. Given the representativeness of this platform among other providers of this type of service, paradigm decisions in Comparative Law were also analyzed. From the systematization of the analyzed decisions, it was possible to identify the main criteria used by the judges to decide whether or not subordinate work is present, as well as the tendencies of interpretative changes and adoption of new criteria. Finally, sensitive points were set for the regulation of the subject, such as limitation of working hours, security and discrimination, and it was concluded that, in order to face such challenges, it is necessary to overcome the vision based on the traditional requirements of subordination, towards an interpretation that takes into account the new forms and instruments of action of the directive power of the employer.

Esta tese tem como objetivo compreender as práticas relacionadas ao consumo de produtos audiovisuais sob demanda em plataformas digitais através da investigação das práticas relacionadas à Netflix na rotina dos seus usuários. O referencial teórico toma como base a Teoria da Prática, na qual a prática é considerada um comportamento rotinizado, com vários elementos interconectados, em uma relação constante entre agentes e objetos. O estudo empírico acontece a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação dos espaços de consumo — os respondentes foram selecionados por meio de um questionário prévio compartilhado em sites de redes sociais. A investigação acontece com base em cinco eixos: materiais, competências, dinâmicas afetivas, relacionais e espaço-temporais. Em termos gerais, conclui-se que o consumo de conteúdo na Netflix e as práticas relacionadas adquiriram ao longo do tempo um caráter social e recursivo, e assumem também uma dimensão afetiva no cotidiano dos usuários. Nesse sentido, nota-se também o estabelecimento e a reprodução de fluxos de consumo interconectados, nos quais usuários e empresa relacionam-se continuamente: de um lado, há a disponibilização contínua de conteúdo, e do outro, o acesso rotinizado, fragmentado e marcado pela insaciabilidade e autonomia do tempo dedicado à prática, o que favorece a manutenção da estrutura. / The aim of this study is to understand consumption habits of on-demand audiovisual products available on digital platforms by investigating how Netflix is incorporated into the routines of its subscribers. The theoretical reference is based on the practice theory, where the practice is a routine behavior with many interconnected elements of a constant relationship between agents and objects. The empirical research is comprised of semi-structured interviews and by observing spaces of consumption – the respondents were selected from a survey made available on social network sites. The research is based on five axes: materials, skills, affective dynamics, relational and space-time. Overall, it is concluded that content consumption in Netflix and related practices acquired a social and recursive character over time, assuming an affective dimension. In this respect, users and companies are constantly relating with one another in a flowing exchange of interconnected consumption. On one hand, there is constant access to content; on the other, there is routine access which can be fragmented and determined by one’s insatiableness and how much time is spent on it, a key to maintaining its structure.

Banalieva and Dhanaraj argue that digital service multinationals (DSMNCs) possess a new category of firm-specific advantage (FSA), the network advantage, and that, contrary to extant theory, they use networks as a mode of governance. I review the business models used by DSMNCs, compare them to non-digital ones, and explore what we can learn about them from extant IB theory. I conclude that network advantages are not a new category of FSAs, that networks are not a mode of governance, and that their use by DSMNCs is well explained by extant theory.

Esta tese tem como objetivo compreender as práticas relacionadas ao consumo de produtos audiovisuais sob demanda em plataformas digitais através da investigação das práticas relacionadas à Netflix na rotina dos seus usuários. O referencial teórico toma como base a Teoria da Prática, na qual a prática é considerada um comportamento rotinizado, com vários elementos interconectados, em uma relação constante entre agentes e objetos. O estudo empírico acontece a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação dos espaços de consumo — os respondentes foram selecionados por meio de um questionário prévio compartilhado em sites de redes sociais. A investigação acontece com base em cinco eixos: materiais, competências, dinâmicas afetivas, relacionais e espaço-temporais. Em termos gerais, conclui-se que o consumo de conteúdo na Netflix e as práticas relacionadas adquiriram ao longo do tempo um caráter social e recursivo, e assumem também uma dimensão afetiva no cotidiano dos usuários. Nesse sentido, nota-se também o estabelecimento e a reprodução de fluxos de consumo interconectados, nos quais usuários e empresa relacionam-se continuamente: de um lado, há a disponibilização contínua de conteúdo, e do outro, o acesso rotinizado, fragmentado e marcado pela insaciabilidade e autonomia do tempo dedicado à prática, o que favorece a manutenção da estrutura. / The aim of this study is to understand consumption habits of on-demand audiovisual products available on digital platforms by investigating how Netflix is incorporated into the routines of its subscribers. The theoretical reference is based on the practice theory, where the practice is a routine behavior with many interconnected elements of a constant relationship between agents and objects. The empirical research is comprised of semi-structured interviews and by observing spaces of consumption – the respondents were selected from a survey made available on social network sites. The research is based on five axes: materials, skills, affective dynamics, relational and space-time. Overall, it is concluded that content consumption in Netflix and related practices acquired a social and recursive character over time, assuming an affective dimension. In this respect, users and companies are constantly relating with one another in a flowing exchange of interconnected consumption. On one hand, there is constant access to content; on the other, there is routine access which can be fragmented and determined by one’s insatiableness and how much time is spent on it, a key to maintaining its structure.

Esta tese tem como objetivo compreender as práticas relacionadas ao consumo de produtos audiovisuais sob demanda em plataformas digitais através da investigação das práticas relacionadas à Netflix na rotina dos seus usuários. O referencial teórico toma como base a Teoria da Prática, na qual a prática é considerada um comportamento rotinizado, com vários elementos interconectados, em uma relação constante entre agentes e objetos. O estudo empírico acontece a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação dos espaços de consumo — os respondentes foram selecionados por meio de um questionário prévio compartilhado em sites de redes sociais. A investigação acontece com base em cinco eixos: materiais, competências, dinâmicas afetivas, relacionais e espaço-temporais. Em termos gerais, conclui-se que o consumo de conteúdo na Netflix e as práticas relacionadas adquiriram ao longo do tempo um caráter social e recursivo, e assumem também uma dimensão afetiva no cotidiano dos usuários. Nesse sentido, nota-se também o estabelecimento e a reprodução de fluxos de consumo interconectados, nos quais usuários e empresa relacionam-se continuamente: de um lado, há a disponibilização contínua de conteúdo, e do outro, o acesso rotinizado, fragmentado e marcado pela insaciabilidade e autonomia do tempo dedicado à prática, o que favorece a manutenção da estrutura. / The aim of this study is to understand consumption habits of on-demand audiovisual products available on digital platforms by investigating how Netflix is incorporated into the routines of its subscribers. The theoretical reference is based on the practice theory, where the practice is a routine behavior with many interconnected elements of a constant relationship between agents and objects. The empirical research is comprised of semi-structured interviews and by observing spaces of consumption – the respondents were selected from a survey made available on social network sites. The research is based on five axes: materials, skills, affective dynamics, relational and space-time. Overall, it is concluded that content consumption in Netflix and related practices acquired a social and recursive character over time, assuming an affective dimension. In this respect, users and companies are constantly relating with one another in a flowing exchange of interconnected consumption. On one hand, there is constant access to content; on the other, there is routine access which can be fragmented and determined by one’s insatiableness and how much time is spent on it, a key to maintaining its structure.

This thesis provides an analysis of digital platforms and its impact on labour law and related work patterns in general. The main focus is upon description of caused problems and their possible solutions whereas the question of worker's status in the platform economy and its arrangements is predominantly discussed. The introduction leads the reader to general description of digital platforms and its three main subsets (crowdsourcing, on deman work and passenger transport services). For a better undestanding the thesis further gives an idea of working conditions by analysing each working stage affected by platforms. After these initial introductory findings the thesis focuses on potential problems. The possible problems are first being described in general and then discussed from the practical point of view as they were already seen by various courts in the past. The sole analysis of courts decision is rather extensive since the three chosen decisions not only give us answers to some problematic questions but they also provide highly beneficial info about platforms in general and their business models as well. Finally, after the thesis is done with court decisions it continues to analyze applicable legal frameworks. First are being analyzed the European requirements and frameworks provided by EU...

Digitala plattformar är idag vanligt förekommande ochanvänds av flera organisationer. Tidigare forskning harframförallt fokuserat på de tekniska aspekterna avdigitala plattformar och främst på de större mervälkända digitala plattformarna som Facebook ochGoogle. Därför har denna studie som syfte att beskrivade möjligheter och utmaningar sex svenska företagverksamma inom olika affärsområden upplever meddigitala plattformar i relation till samarbete. Studiengenomfördes med sex små och medelstora företagverksamma inom olika affärsområden. Studien är enkvalitativa intervjustudie med en abduktiv metod.Intervjuerna genomfördes med en respondent från varoch en av företagen. Resultatet av studien visar att detfinns många möjligheter och utmaningar med digitalaplattformar i relation till samarbete. De möjligheter somidentifierades var mer effektiva processer, integrationmellan olika system, förändrade roller, uppkomsten avdigitala ekosystem, kombination av resurser ochmöjligheter till kunskapsdelning. Möjligheternaskapade också olika utmaningar som identifierades somsambandet mellan människor och den digitalaplattformen, kontroll av innehållet, värdeskapandet föralla parter, rutiner och processer och beroendet mellanaktörer i nätverken. Med resultatet av denna studie villjag bidra med ny kunskap inom fältet digitalaplattformar, men även visa företag vilka möjligheternadigitala plattformar skapar i samarbete och vilkautmaningar de behöver tänka på / Digital platforms are common today and manyorganizations use digital platforms. Recent research inthe field have focused on the technical aspects of thedigital platforms and often on the more recognizeddigital platforms such as Facebook and Google.Therefore, this study has purpose to describe theopportunities and challenges six Swedish companiesoperating in different business areas experience withdigital platforms in relation to cooperation. The studywas made with six Swedish small and medium sizedbusiness that operated in different business areas. I haveused qualitative interview studies with an abductivemethodology. The interviews were conducted with onerespondent from each of the businesses. The resultshows that there are many opportunities and challengeswith digital platforms in the aspect of cooperation. Theopportunities that was identified was more effectiveprocesses, integration between different systems,changing roles, the creation of digital ecosystems,combination of recourses and possibilities to shareknowledge. The opportunities also created differentchallenges which was identified as the connectionbetween people and the digital platform, the control ofthe content, value creation for all parties, routines andprocesses and dependency between actors in thenetwork. With the result from this study I want tocontribute with new knowledge to the field digitalplatforms but also to show the businesses theopportunities digital platforms create in cooperation andwhat challenges they need to think of.

In the wake of events like the COVID-19 pandemic, the storming of the Capitol, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, it’s time to start labeling misinformation for what it is: a negative externality to society. The spillover effects from the proliferation of mis- and disinformation have the potential to negatively impact the institution of democracy, civic engagement, and downstream health outcomes. Put simply, to understand the misinformation problem is to understand its complexities, its pitfalls, and its motivations. Taken as a whole, this paper articulates the need for a divergence from conventional economic theory on efficiency to a pro-social, welfare-based approach to internalization efforts. In doing so, this analysis presents a full-scale characterization of misinformation as a negative externality, starting with the reorganization of traditional microeconomic theory, followed by a platform-by-platform evaluation of various internalization strategies and evidence from the literature on the impacts of misinformation, and concluding with a commentary on potential remediation approaches. / Thesis ( BA ) — Boston College, 2022 . / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences . / Discipline: Departmental Honors . / Discipline: Economics .

Thesis advisor: Thomas Wesner / In the wake of events like the COVID-19 pandemic, the storming of the Capitol, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, it’s time to start labeling misinformation for what it is: a negative externality to society. The spillover effects from the proliferation of mis- and disinformation have the potential to negatively impact the institution of democracy, civic engagement, and downstream health outcomes. Put simply, to understand the misinformation problem is to understand its complexities, its pitfalls, and its motivations. Taken as a whole, this paper articulates the need for a divergence from conventional economic theory on efficiency to a pro-social, welfare-based approach to internalization efforts. In doing so, this analysis presents a full-scale characterization of misinformation as a negative externality, starting with the reorganization of traditional microeconomic theory, followed by a platform-by-platform evaluation of various internalization strategies and evidence from the literature on the impacts of misinformation, and concluding with a commentary on potential remediation approaches. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2022. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Economics.

A economia compartilhada é um sistema econômico baseado no compartilhamento de bens subutilizados, de forma gratuita ou por uma taxa. Com os adventos da internet, smartphones e Gps surgiram as plataformas digitais que se baseiam nesse conceito, em que se faz emergir a necessidade da compreensão de sua relação com mercados two-side. Tal expansão atingiu diversos setores da economia, e, ainda, criou nova demanda, como a plataforma Uber, o que, no entanto, gerou distúrbios no setor de táxis, tradicionalmente regulamentado e com ineficiências mundialmente reconhecidas. Dessa forma, o objetivo dessa dissertação é entender o que são as plataformas digitais e analisar o caso especifico da empresa Uber, apresentando quais os principais fatores que permitiram que esse tipo de empresa surgisse; onde estamos, definindo o que é efetivamente a Uber e os serviços por ela prestado, abordando quais os ganhos de bem-estar proporcionados (excedente do consumidor) e problemas de regulamentação enfrentados; e para onde iremos, prospectando um caminho para a economia compartilhada a respeito das plataformas digitais em mercados two-side. / Shared economy is an economic system based on the share of underutilized goods free of charge or for a fee. With the advent of the internet, the digital platforms based on this concept have been developed, emerging the need of understanding its relationship with two-side markets. This expansion has reached various sectors of the economy, as well as created new demand, such as the Uber platform, which ,however, has generated disturbances in the taxi sector, traditionally regulated with its worldwide recognised inefficiencies. Thus, the goal of this dissertation is to understand what the digital platforms are and to analyse the specific case of Uber company, showing the main factors which allowed this type of business to arise; where we are, defining what Uber effectively is and the services provided by it, addressing the welfare gains provided (consumer surplus) and regulatory problems faced; and where we go, prospecting a path for the shared economy regarding the digital platforms in two-side markets.