Cette thèse entend proposer un concept technologique – c’est-à-dire non-anthropocentré – de trace numérique. Il s’agit de rappeler que l’informatique exigeant des objets et des actes qu’ils passent par l’inscription pour exister, les machines computationnelles sont parties prenantes des processus de production des traces numériques, qu’une « sémiotique technologique » permettrait de décrire. L’enjeu d’un tel concept est de mettre en circulation une narration qui ne soit pas de l’ordre de ces discours de fin de monde décrits par Déborah Danowski et Eduardo Viveiros de Castro. Ces discours racontent la vie d’humains réduits à habiter un environnement ontologiquement dévitalisé et artificialisé, comme cela semble être le cas lorsque la valorisation technique et économique des traces numériques débouche sur une « délégation machinique de nos relations » (Louise Merzeau) ou encore sur une « gouvernementalité algorithmique » (Antoinette Rouvroy et Thomas Berns). À partir du moment où il y a des discours de fin de monde cependant, c’est qu’une tentative est à l’œuvre : celle qui consiste à inventer une mythologie adéquate à notre présent, celle qui essaie de dire quelque chose de la fin d’une certaine aventure anthropologique. Et c’est pour participer à cette tentative, tout en cherchant à éviter de contribuer aux discours de fin de monde, qu’une approche technologique des traces numériques à même de faire compter les machines computationnelles est proposée. / This Ph.D. thesis aims at proposing a concept that is technological – inother words, not anthropocentric – of digital traces. The point is that since computational processes require objects and actions to take the form of inscriptions as a condition of their existence, computational machines are fundamentally involved in the process of producing digital traces, which a technological semiotics could describe. What is at stake in the concept we propose is to put into circulation a narration which avoids the theme of “the end of the world” described by Déborah Danowski and Eduardo Viveiros de Castro. These “end of the world” stories evoke the life of human beings who are reduced to living in an environment that is ontologically devitalized and purely artificial, as it seems to be the case when the technical and economic valorization of digital traces has the end result of “delegating our human relations to machines” (Louise Merzeau) or yet again of leading to “algorithmic governmentality” (Antoinette Rouvroy and Berns). When the theme of “the end of the world” raises its head, it means that an attempt is being made : an attempt to invent a mythology appropriate to our present situation, a narration which tries to say something about the end of a certain anthropological adventure. And it is in order to participate in this venture, but seeking to avoid contributing to the theme of “the end of the world”, that we propose a technological approach to digital traces, enabling us to take into account computational machines as a part of the contemporary world.

Le Web est un environnement éphémère. Alors que de nouveaux sites Web émergent chaque jour, il arrive que certaines communautés disparaissent entièrement de la surface de la toile, ne laissant derrière elles que des traces incomplètes voire inexistantes. Face à la volatilité du Web vivant, plusieurs initiatives d’archivage cherchent malgré tout à préserver la mémoire du Web passé. Mais aujourd’hui, force est de constater qu’un mystère demeure : Pourquoi, alors qu’elles n’ont jamais été aussi vastes et aussi nombreuses, les archives Web ne font-elles pas déjà l’objet de multiples recherches historiques ? Initialement construites pour inscrire la mémoire de la toile sur un support durable, ces archives ne doivent pourtant pas être considérées comme une représentation fidèle du Web vivant. Elles sont les traces directes des outils de collecte qui les arrachent à leur temporalité d’origine. Partant de là, cette thèse ambitionne de redonner aux chercheurs les moyens théoriques et techniques d’une plus grande maniabilité du Web passé, en définissant une nouvelle unité d’exploration des archives Web : le fragment Web, un sous-ensemble cohérent et auto-suffisant d’une page Web. Pour ce faire, nous nous inscrirons dans l’héritage des travaux pionniers de l’Atlas e-Diasporas qui permit, dans les années 2000, de cartographier et d’archiver plusieurs milliers de sites Web migrants. Source principale de données à partir desquelles nous déploierons nos réflexions, c’est à travers l’angle particulier des représentations en ligne des diasporas que nous chercherons à explorer les archives Web de l’Atlas. / The Web is an unsteady environment. As Web sites emerge every days, whole communities may fade away over time by leaving too few or incomplete traces on the living Web. Facing this phenomenon, several archiving initiatives try to preserve the memory of the Web. But today, a mystery remains : While they have never been so vast and numerous, why are the Web archives not already the subject of many historical researches ? In reality, Web archives should not be considered as a faithful representation of the living Web. In fact, they are the direct traces of the archiving tools that tear them away from their original temporality. Thus, this thesis aims to give researchers the theoretical and technical means for a greater manageability of the Web archives, by defining a new unit of exploration : the Web fragment, a coherent and self-sufficient subset of a Web page. To that end, we will follow the pioneering work of the e-Diasporas Atlas which allowed, in the 2000s, to map and archive thousands of migrant Web sites. Main source of data from which we will unfold our reflections, it is through the particular angle of online representations of diasporas that we will explore the Web archives of the Atlas.

<p><strong>Bakgrund:</strong> Facebook är ett socialt onlinenätverk som under sina levnadsår har ökat explosionsartat i popularitet. På Facebook sköter många användare stora delar av sina sociala relationer och delar med sig mycket av sig själva. Det finns inget tidigare socialt nätverk i stil med Facebook som har haft samma genomslagskraft hos internetanvändarna. I användandet skapas en digital identitet som lämnar spår på Facebook, även om en användare är död. Kring dessa kvalämnade digitala identiteter vill vi undersöka unga vuxnas syn.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Syfte: </strong>Vårt syfte med denna uppsats är att ta reda på hur unga vuxna ser på sitt och andras användande av Facebook  kopplat till digitala spår och döden.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Metod:</strong> Vi har valt att använda fokusgruppssamtal som metod för insamling av det empiriska materialet. Denna metod är både kvalitativ och induktiv. Det empiriska materialet har vi analyserat med den symboliska interaktionismen som metodologisk ansats.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Resultat: </strong>Det finns många meningsskillnader i vårt resultat. Deltagarna i fokusgrupperna ser både styrkor och svagheter med mediet Facebook då det kommer till döden. Detta handlar i mångt och mycket om att deltagarna ser Facebook som ofullständigt i detta avseende.</p> / <p><strong>Background:</strong> Facebook is a social online network that has expanded in popularity during the course of its existence. Many users manage large parts of their social  life and share much information about themselves on Facebook. There is no previous social  online network like Facebook, that has had the same development among the internet users. In the use of Facebook users create digital identities, which leave traces on Facebook, even if the user is dead. With this as an aspect, we want to study  young adults’  views on digital identities and death on Facebook.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Purpose:</strong> Our purpose in this study is to find out how young adults view upon their own as well as others use of Facebook related to digital traces and death.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Method:</strong> We chose to use focus group as a method of collecting the empirical material. This method is both qualitative and inductive. The empirical material is analyzed with the symbolic interaction as a methodological approach.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> There are many different opinions in our results. The participants in the focus groups see both strengths and weaknesses of the medium Facebook when it comes to death and digital traces. This based on the participants view of Facebook as incomplete medium in this aspect.</p>

Bakgrund: Facebook är ett socialt onlinenätverk som under sina levnadsår har ökat explosionsartat i popularitet. På Facebook sköter många användare stora delar av sina sociala relationer och delar med sig mycket av sig själva. Det finns inget tidigare socialt nätverk i stil med Facebook som har haft samma genomslagskraft hos internetanvändarna. I användandet skapas en digital identitet som lämnar spår på Facebook, även om en användare är död. Kring dessa kvalämnade digitala identiteter vill vi undersöka unga vuxnas syn.   Syfte: Vårt syfte med denna uppsats är att ta reda på hur unga vuxna ser på sitt och andras användande av Facebook  kopplat till digitala spår och döden.   Metod: Vi har valt att använda fokusgruppssamtal som metod för insamling av det empiriska materialet. Denna metod är både kvalitativ och induktiv. Det empiriska materialet har vi analyserat med den symboliska interaktionismen som metodologisk ansats.   Resultat: Det finns många meningsskillnader i vårt resultat. Deltagarna i fokusgrupperna ser både styrkor och svagheter med mediet Facebook då det kommer till döden. Detta handlar i mångt och mycket om att deltagarna ser Facebook som ofullständigt i detta avseende. / Background: Facebook is a social online network that has expanded in popularity during the course of its existence. Many users manage large parts of their social  life and share much information about themselves on Facebook. There is no previous social  online network like Facebook, that has had the same development among the internet users. In the use of Facebook users create digital identities, which leave traces on Facebook, even if the user is dead. With this as an aspect, we want to study  young adults’  views on digital identities and death on Facebook.   Purpose: Our purpose in this study is to find out how young adults view upon their own as well as others use of Facebook related to digital traces and death.   Method: We chose to use focus group as a method of collecting the empirical material. This method is both qualitative and inductive. The empirical material is analyzed with the symbolic interaction as a methodological approach.   Conclusion: There are many different opinions in our results. The participants in the focus groups see both strengths and weaknesses of the medium Facebook when it comes to death and digital traces. This based on the participants view of Facebook as incomplete medium in this aspect.

The digital footprints collected from the prevailing sensing systems provide novel ways to perceive an individual's behaviors. Furthermore, large collections of digital footprints from communities bring novel understandings of human behaviors from the community perspective (community behaviors), such as investigating their characteristics and learning the hidden human intelligence. The perception of human behaviors from the sensing digital footprints enables novel applications for the sensing systems. Bases on the digital footprints collected with accelerometer-embedded mobile phones and GPS equipped taxis, in this dissertation we present our work in recognizing individual behaviors, capturing community behaviors and demonstrating the novel services enabled. With the GPS footprints of a taxi, we summarize the individual anomalous passenger delivery behaviors and improve the recognition efficiency of the existing method iBOAT by introducing an inverted index mechanism. Besides, based on the observations in real life, we propose a method to detect the work-shifting events of an individual taxi. With real-life large-scale GPS traces of thousands of taxis, we investigate the anomalous passenger delivery behaviors and work shifting behaviors from the community perspective and exploit taxi serving strategies. We find that most anomaly behaviors are intentional detours and high detour inclination won't make taxis the top players. And the spatial-temporal distribution of work shifting events in the taxi community reveals their influences. While exploiting taxi serving strategies, we propose a novel method to find the initial intentions in passenger finding. Furthermore, we present a smart taxi system as an example to demonstrate the novel applications that are enabled by the perceived individual and community behaviors

Submitted by Rômulo Aguiar (romulo.aguiar@ucsal.br) on 2018-05-09T16:27:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESEMARCELLOCHAMUSCA.pdf: 17008771 bytes, checksum: fa388c7c3060041b14e2f3dbaf5e5355 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rosemary Magalhães (rosemary.magalhaes@ucsal.br) on 2018-05-09T19:01:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESEMARCELLOCHAMUSCA.pdf: 17008771 bytes, checksum: fa388c7c3060041b14e2f3dbaf5e5355 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-09T19:01:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESEMARCELLOCHAMUSCA.pdf: 17008771 bytes, checksum: fa388c7c3060041b14e2f3dbaf5e5355 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-10 / Esta tese estabelece novos olhares sobre o planejamento e a gestão urbana, no contexto contemporâneo, uma vez que insere a dimensão da inteligência cibernética nesse contexto, não apenas como meio de controle dos processos administrativos, como já acontece desde os anos 1990, com o início da popularização das tecnologias digitais, mas, sobretudo, como modo de garantir maior participação popular no processo de uma gestão competente da cidade. Entende-se por gestão competente aquela que atende às demandas da população e se volta para o bem-estar das pessoas. Para tanto, propõem-se três categorias para as ações administrativas de gestão cibernética da cidade: a reativa-passiva, a reativa e a proativa, sendo a primeira aquela em que a gestão reage a uma demanda espontânea do cidadão, sem que se tenha instituído um canal digital para isso; a segunda estabelecida por meio de instrumentos institucionalizados de diálogo com a população na ambiência digital/híbrida, apropriando-se das culturas de participação, colaboração e co-criação, hoje incentivadas pelas mídias sociais digitais e que se desdobram no comportamento das pessoas em todos os ambientes de convivência social, permitindo que as pessoas se expressem e digam de forma cada vez mais contundente e sistemática o que pensam da sua cidade, do seu bairro, da sua rua, etc.; e, a terceira, por meio de monitoramento e uso de sistemas inteligentes para captação, seleção, categorização, análise e armazenamento das informações deixadas pelos cidadãos, muitas delas geolocalizadas, através dos seus dispositivos móveis digitais no espaço da cidade, que nesta tese se convencionou chamar de rastros digitais. A base teórico-metodológica utilizada para o desenvolvimento da tese foi a da Teoria Ator-Rede (TAR) que, ao possibilitar uma análise complexa de redes heterogêneas - que incluem, entre os agentes com influência no processo urbano, tanto os atores humanos, quanto os não-humanos - potencializa a proposta da gestão competente da cidade contemporânea, a partir das três categorias de ações de gestão cibernética, enfatizando as proativas. As principais conclusões da pesquisa apontam para a ideia de que as informações que originárias dos rastros digitais - obtidos através das ações cibernéticas proativas - podem proporcionar uma profunda reinvenção política e social da cidade, na medida em que ao coletar sentimentos e expressões de uma parte significativa dos agentes, com influência no território, em tempo real, e de modo absolutamente efetivo, pode-se formar um banco de dados que represente um legado de inteligência coletiva para o planejamento e a gestão urbana. / This thesis constitutes new perspectives on urban planning and management, in the contemporary context, since it inserts the dimension of cybernetic intelligence in this context, Not only as a means of controlling administrative processes, as it has been since the 1990s, With the beginning of the popularization of digital technologies, but, mainly, as means of ensuring greater popular participation in the process of competent management of the city. Competent management is understood to be the one that comply with the demands of population and to the well-being of people. For this, three categories are proposed for the administrative actions of cybernetic management of the city: the reactive-passive, the reactive and the proactive, the first one in which management reacts to a spontaneous demand of the citizen, without establishing a digital channel for this; the second is established through institutionalized instruments of dialogue with the population in the digital/hybrid environment, taking advantage of cultures of participation, collaboration and co-creation, which are encouraged by digital social media and they unfold in the behavior of people in all environments, allowing people to express themselves and to say in an increasingly forceful and systematic way what they think of their city, their neighborhood, their street, etc. And the third, through the monitoring and use of intelligent systems for capturing, selecting, categorizing, analyzing and storage information left by citizens, many of them geolocated, through their digital mobile devices in the space of the city, which in this thesis was conventionally called digital footprints. The theoretical-methodological basis used for the development of the thesis was of the Actor-Network Theory (ANT), that, by enabling a complex analysis of heterogeneous networks - which include, among actors with influence in the urban process, both human and non-human actors - potentializes the proposal of the competent management of the contemporary city, from the three categories of actions of cybernetic management, emphasizing the proactive ones. The main conclusions of the research point to the idea that information originating from digital traces - obtained through proactive cybernetic actions - they can provide a profound political and social reinvention of the city, in that by collecting the feelings and expressions of a significant part of the agents, with influence in the territory, in real time, and in an absolutely effective way, they can form a database that represents a legacy of collective intelligence for planning and urban management.

D’un côté, la transition écologique et les enjeux de développement durable sont de nos jours une réalité que l’on ne peut ignorer compte tenu des impacts négatifs des activités humaines sur leurs environnements. De l’autre côté, une numérisation toujours plus importante de ces environnements entraîne la génération de volumes massifs de traces numériques, qui sont autant d’indices sur le monde dans lequel vivent les acteurs de ces activités. Une difficulté non négligeable existe pour comprendre les tenants et aboutissants faisant que d’une activité à une autre, l’impact sur l’environnement mesuré dans ces travaux de recherche à travers le concept d’Emprise Énergétique (EmE) n’est pas le même. Notre approche considère l’identification sur la base de ces traces numériques, d’activité d’entités humaines et non humaines. L’instanciation de ces dernières au sein de pratiques mobilise des ressources (physiques et virtuelles) en plus ou moins grand nombre. Leurs modélisations permettraient de mieux appréhender les enjeux liés à la transition écologique. Identifier sur la base d’indicateurs quantifiables les pratiques ayant un impact réduit sur l’environnement serait une piste permettant de contribuer à cette transition. Ces pratiques, au sens de coordination de multiples entités hétérogènes dans le temps et l’espace, peuvent être formalisées sous forme de structures d’activités multidimensionnelles à l’aide de la théorie de l’Agencement et d’un ensemble d’outils mathématiques (Complexes Simpliciaux, Hypernetworks). Ces travaux de recherche tentent de modéliser le phénomène d’activité humaine et non humaine en s’appuyant sur la caractérisation du contexte de celles-ci à partir de données massives. Ces agencements sont calculés et représentés dans une application (IMhoTEP) ayant pour but de construire ces structures complexes non pas sur des catégorisations faites a priori des entités, mais en se focalisant sur les relations que celles-ci entretiennent dans plusieurs dimensions. L’objectif final est de proposer un outil d’accompagnement à la transition écologique à destination des acteurs participant à des activités induisant la consommation, voire la production de ressources. Ces travaux de recherche en informatique s’appuient sur la numérisation continue des espaces et particulièrement les espaces urbains (Smart City, Internet of Everything). / On one hand, the ecological transition and sustainable development issues are today a reality that cannot be ignored given the negative impacts of human activities on their environments. On the other side, an increasingly important digitization of these environments results in the generation of massive volumes of digital traces, which are all signs of actors’ activities. A significant challenge is to understand the ins and outs of environmental impact due activities and considering Emprise of Energy (EmE) as a key indicator and how this indicator can strongly change from an activity to another. Our approach considers the identification of Practice on the basis of these digital traces generated by human and non-human entities during specific activities. Practice (instantiation of activity) uses more or less resources (physical and virtual) during their existence. Be able to identify which one is more resources dependent would help to better understand how to promote ecological transition. Promoting or at least identifying on the basis of quantifiable indicators (i.e Energy Emprise), practices that have a low impact on the environment, could be an innovative approach. These practices, in the sense of coordination of multiple heterogeneous entities in time and space, can be formalized in the form of multidimensional structures activities - Hypergraph of Activities – using the theory of Assemblage (Agencement in french) and using a set of mathematical tool (Simplicial Complexes, Hypernetworks). This research attempts to model the phenomenon of human and not human activity based on the characterization of the context (massive contextual data). These Assemblages are calculated and represented in an research application (IMhoTEP) which aims to build these complex structures not based on a priori entities’ classification, but by focusing on the relationships that they maintain in several dimensions. The main goal is to offer a decision tool which support actors’ ecological transition by understand activities inducing consumption or production of resources. These academic research in the field of computer science is based continuous digitization of physical and virtual spaces, particularly highly connected urban areas (Smart City, Internet of Everything).

Les empreintes digitales recueillies par détection systèmes offrent de nouvelles façons de percevoir les comportements d'un individu. En outre, de grandes collections d'empreintes numériques des communautés apportent de nouvelles compréhensions des comportements humains. La perception des comportements humains à partir des empreintes digitales de détection permet de construire des nouvelles applications sur les systèmes de détection. D’après les empreintes digitales recueillies avec l'accéléromètre embarqué dans les téléphones mobiles et les taxis équipés avec GPS, nous présentons ici notre travail sur la reconnaissance des comportements individuels, la capture des comportements communautaires et la démonstration des nouveaux services activés. En reconnaissant les comportements individuels, nous présentons la reconnaissance des activités physiques d'une personne avec les lectures de l'accéléromètre recueillies à partir des téléphones mobiles mis dans les poches autour de la zone pelvienne. Avec les empreintes GPS d'un taxi, nous résumons les comportements anormaux du transport des passagers pour un individu et améliorons l'efficacité de la reconnaissance de la méthode existante IBOAT. En outre, sur la base des observations dans la vie réelle, nous proposons une méthode pour détecter les événements de changement de service d’un taxi individuel. Avec des traces GPS à grande échelle et à l’aide des milliers de taxis, nous étudions les comportements anormaux pour le transport des passagers et les comportements de changement de travail et exploitons les stratégies de service de taxi. En outre, nous présentons un système intelligent de taxi comme une étude exemplaire des nouvelles applications qui s’appuie sur les comportements perçus individuelles et communautaires / The digital footprints collected from the prevailing sensing systems provide novel ways to perceive an individual's behaviors. Furthermore, large collections of digital footprints from communities bring novel understandings of human behaviors from the community perspective (community behaviors), such as investigating their characteristics and learning the hidden human intelligence. The perception of human behaviors from the sensing digital footprints enables novel applications for the sensing systems. Bases on the digital footprints collected with accelerometer-embedded mobile phones and GPS equipped taxis, in this dissertation we present our work in recognizing individual behaviors, capturing community behaviors and demonstrating the novel services enabled. With the GPS footprints of a taxi, we summarize the individual anomalous passenger delivery behaviors and improve the recognition efficiency of the existing method iBOAT by introducing an inverted index mechanism. Besides, based on the observations in real life, we propose a method to detect the work-shifting events of an individual taxi. With real-life large-scale GPS traces of thousands of taxis, we investigate the anomalous passenger delivery behaviors and work shifting behaviors from the community perspective and exploit taxi serving strategies. We find that most anomaly behaviors are intentional detours and high detour inclination won't make taxis the top players. And the spatial-temporal distribution of work shifting events in the taxi community reveals their influences. While exploiting taxi serving strategies, we propose a novel method to find the initial intentions in passenger finding. Furthermore, we present a smart taxi system as an example to demonstrate the novel applications that are enabled by the perceived individual and community behaviors

Every day, we use technology. Online interactions leave traces and traces serves as portals into different aspects of our personalities, or how we want to be perceived by others. We are encouraged to record and express everything, from our most important moments to the least. However, the digital tools we use privilege only the moment, not the long term. They also tend to make everything feel equally important, thus giving us no incentive to go through our digital traces and decide what has lasting meaning and should be preserved and what we would like to be forgotten.The fabric of our lives is intertwined with our digital traces. What happens to them after the end of our lives? Just as our physical things live on past us, sometimes becoming a part of the lives of our family and friends this will surely be true for our data.How might we curate our digital legacy?

Information technology evidence consists of a mix of representations of various applications of digital electronic equipment, and can be brought to the fore in all contexts that result in legal decisions. The occurrence of such evidence in legal proceedings, and other legal decision-making, is a phenomenon previously not researched within legal science in Sweden. The thesis examines some of the consequences resulting from the occurrence of information technology evidence within Swedish practical legal and judicial decision-making. The thesis has three main focal points. The first consists of a broad identification of legal problems that information technology evidence entails. The second focal point examines the legal terminology associated with information technology evidence. The third focal point consists of identifying sources of error pertaining to information technology evidence from the adjudicator’s point of view. The examination utilizes a Swedish legal viewpoint from a perspective of the public trust in courts. Conclusions include a number of legal problems in several areas, primarily in regards to the knowledge of the adjudicator, the qualification of different means of evidence and the consequences of representational evidence upon its evaluation. In order to properly evaluate information technology evidence, judges are – to a greater extent than for other types of evidence – in need of (objective) knowledge supplementary to that provided by parties and their witnesses and experts. Furthermore, the current Swedish evidence terminology has been identified as a complex of problems in and of itself. The thesis includes suggestions on certain additions to this terminology. Several sources of error have been identified as being attributable to different procedures associated with the handling of information technology evidence, in particular in relation to computer forensic investigations. There is a general need for future research focused on matters regarding both standards of proof for and evaluation of information technology evidence. In addition, a need for deeper legal scientific studies aimed at evidence theory has been identified, inter alia regarding the extent to which frequency theories are applicable in respect to information technology evidence. The need for related further discussions on future emerging areas such as negative evidence and predictive evidence are foreseen.