Thesis (MPhil)-- University of Wales, Aberystwyth, 2009 / Bibliography.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-05-04T21:20:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mario Eugenio Evangelista Silva Brito - 2015.pdf: 1125361 bytes, checksum: bfc0e152ddf54f17c688921584ae8689 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-05-05T13:32:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mario Eugenio Evangelista Silva Brito - 2015.pdf: 1125361 bytes, checksum: bfc0e152ddf54f17c688921584ae8689 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-05T13:32:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mario Eugenio Evangelista Silva Brito - 2015.pdf: 1125361 bytes, checksum: bfc0e152ddf54f17c688921584ae8689 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The main topic of this study is the African historiography at the time of Africa’s decolonization. We attempt to exam how the colonialism was built as a problem in the works of two pioneered historians of that field from West Africa: Trade and Politics (1950) by Kenneth Onwuka Dike (1917-1983) and L’Afrique Noire Précoloniale (1960) by Cheikh Anta Diop (1923-1986). This is an analysis within the scope of historical explanation which means here African perspective. At first, we show schematically the place played by those works in the historical and political culture of West Africa and metropolitan capitals (London and Paris) in the post-war period and then comparing in detail the African perspective of the works under survey. / O tema principal desta dissertação é a historiografia africana do período da descolonização da África. Procuramos investigar como o colonialismo foi construído como um problema nas obras de dois historiadores pioneiros desse campo oriundos da África Ocidental: Trade and Politics (1956) de Kenneth Onwuka Dike (1917-1983) e L’Afrique Noire Précoloniale (1960) de Cheikh Anta Diop (1923-1986). Trata-se de uma análise no âmbito da explicação histórica: aqui identificada como perspectiva africana. No primeiro momento, oferecemos um panorama do lugar dessas obras na cultura histórica e política da África Ocidental, como também no contexto metropolitano londrino e parisiense do pós-guerra. E em seguida comparamos detalhadamente a perspectiva africana das obras em questão.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les mécanismes d'interaction entre une cavité résultant d'un effondrement karstique et une digue fluviale. Il s’agit d'évaluer le rôle potentiel des cavités sous les digues et leurs effets sur ces dernières dans des conditions hydrologiques normales et extrêmes. Par conséquent, le premier point est de proposer une méthode pour évaluer l'influence d'une digue sur la stabilité d’une cavité sous-jacente. Le deuxième point concerne la stabilité de la pente de la digue quand une cavité est présente à proximité, sans prise en compte de l'effondrement de la cavité. Afin d’atteindre les objectifs de la thèse, les influences respectives du positionnement de la cavité par rapport à la digue et des paramètres géométriques et géotechniques ont été étudiées, par des approches analytiques et numériques, pour une meilleure évaluation du risque de rupture de la digue. Une application est proposée, basée sur des observations in situ et des données disponibles pour le secteur du Val d'Orléans (France). Cette zone est protégée des crues de la Loire par 52 km de digues fluviales (les levées), il y a été recensé plus de 600 effondrements karstiques (fontis) de 0,5 à 20 m de diamètre. Les premiers résultats obtenus par la méthode analytique montrent que l'instabilité de la cavité peut augmenter de manière significative lorsqu’elle est se trouve sous le centre de la digue et que cela peut affecter la stabilité de la digue lorsqu'elle en est suffisamment proche. Nous montrons aussi que le risque d'instabilité de la digue augmente en raison de l’apparition des fontis provenant de l’effondrement de cavités karstiques. Ces résultats indiquent qu'il y a un effet significatif de la cavité sur la stabilité de la pente, surtout dans le cas de matériaux saturés (c’est-à-dire en période de forte crue de la Loire) : autrement dit, l’effondrement de la cavité peut contribuer à la rupture de la digue. Une modélisation numérique non linéaire (2D et 3D) a été utilisée pour valider l'approche analytique et permettre la compréhension de l’influence des différents paramètres géométriques et géotechniques de la digue et de la cavité. Les résultats de la modélisation numérique ont confirmé ceux de la méthode analytique. Ces derniers peuvent donc être utilisés dans l’évaluation du risque de rupture de la digue en tenant compte de la probabilité d’existence d'une cavité sous-jacente, de sa position, de son diamètre, mais aussi de l'épaisseur de la couche d'alluvions. Les données numériques prises en compte sont celles du Val d'Orléans / The objective of this thesis is to study the interaction mechanisms between a cavity resulting from a karst collapse and a fluvial dike. The question that arises here is to evaluate the potential role of cavities beneath the dikes and their impact on the dike stability in normal and extreme flood conditions. Therefore, the first main point of the present work is to create a method to assess the influence of a dike on the stability of a cavity beneath it. Thereafter the second main point is to evaluate the stability of the dike slope when a cavity appears underneath without taking into account the collapse of the cavity. To achieve the objectives of the thesis, the dike effect on the cavity stability was investigated by studying the influence of the cavity location relatively to the dike and the interaction mechanisms, in the way to prioritize the geometric and geotechnical parameters for a better evaluation of the risk of dike failure. Numerical and analytical approaches were used. An application is described based on the in situ observations and data for the Val d’Orléans area (France). This area is protected against the Loire’s floods by 52 km of earth dikes (levees), in this area, more than 600 karstic sinkholes from 0.5 to 20 m diameter have been identified. The first results of the analytical method show that the cavity instability can significantly increase when the cavity is located under the centre of the dike, and this can affect the stability of the dike when the cavity is sufficiently close to it. We also show that there is a significant effect of the cavity on the dike slope stability, especially in the saturation state (i.e. during extreme floods): cavity collapse can then contribute to dike collapse. A nonlinear numerical modeling (2D and 3D) was used to validate the analytical approach, and to highlight the influence of the different geometrical and geotechnical parameters of the dike and the cavity. The results of the numerical modeling confirmed those of the analytical method. As operational conclusion, the results of the analytical model can be used to help assessing hazard due to the dike collapse taking into account the likelihood of an existing cavity, its position and diameter, and the thickness of the alluvium layer, regarding the data from the Val d’Orléans area

There are approximately 20 000 small dams in the Czech Republic. This number entails many ponds or small flood attenuation reservoirs, which provide protection against floods. We do not know much about the structure and material properties of these earth dikes. Concerning the small dam stability the current technical standard ČSN 75 2410 focuses foremost on the angle of both the upstream and downstream slopes in case of different materials, and the method of the stability assessment in case of a dam height being 6m or more. Most of these earth dikes are still standing in spite not being built according to any technical standards. They do not follow any standards mostly because they were built before the modern technical standards were published. This diploma thesis focuses on assigning the degree of a reserve in the safety factor for studies of 5 homogeneous earth dikes and 3 inhomogeneous earth dikes. The calculation was done using the Plaxis 2D software using to the shear strength reduction method. The Calculation of the safety degree is made for 4 typical load cases.

We develop a two dimensional model that simulates the response of the crust to prolonged mantle-derived intrusions in arc environments. The domain includes the entire crustal section and upper mantle and focuses on the evolving thermal structure due to intrusions and external tectonic forcing. We monitor the thermal response, melt fraction and volume for different environments after a definite time by considering geologically relevant melt flux and extensional tectonic rates. The amount of crustal melt versus fractionated primary mantle melts present in the crustal column helps determine crustal structure and growth through time. We observe that with a geophysically estimated flux and tectonic rate, the mantle-derived magma bodies can melt the surrounding volume of crust. We express the amount of crustal melting in terms of an efficiency; therefore we define the melting efficiency as the ratio of the melted volume of crustal material to the volume of melt expected from a strict enthalpy balance as explained by Dufek and Bergantz (2005). Melting efficiencies are less than 1.0 in real systems because heat diffuses to sections of the crust that never melt. The maximum calculated efficiency is 0.05 in our model while most of our simulations show zero efficiency. Additionally, maximum total melt amount is observed in relatively greater extensional environments (0.02 m/yr) and high intrusion rates (10⁻² m³/m²/yr) and in long time periods (2 x 10⁶ years). However, maximum crustal melting in the same environment is reached in 1.2 x 10⁶ years. The relative amounts of mantle-derived and crustal melts in the total volume of magma suggest that the majority of magma composition in crustal column is derived from the mantle material.

Der Hochwasserschutz stellt für die gegenwärtige Gesellschaft eine Thematik von zunehmender Aktualität dar, besonders unter Berücksichtigung der Verschärfung der extremen meteorologischen Ereignisse infolge des Klimawandels einerseits und der Vergrößerung des Schadenpotenzials in den Auengebieten andererseits. Zu den möglichen Schutzmaßnahmen im Flussmittellauf zählt die in ökologischer Hinsicht sehr effektive Deichrückverlegung (DRV). Um ihre Wirksamkeit bei der Dämpfung der Hochwasserspitzen zu untersuchen, wird eine Parameterstudie mit einem eindimensionalen hydronumerischen Modell (MIKE11) durchgeführt. Dabei wird besonderes Augenmerk auf die Hüllkurve der sich einstellenden Wassertiefe gerichtet, sowohl oberhalb als auch innerhalb bzw. unterhalb des DRV-Abschnitts. Zunächst wird der Effekt einer Flussaufweitung bei stationärer Strömung theoretisch analysiert. Ausgehend von den Strömungseigenschaften und vom Breitenverhältnis wird eine Bestimmungsgleichung für die effektive Mindestlänge LAeff einer Aufweitung abgeleitet, ab der eine Wasserspiegelabsenkung stromauf hervorgerufen wird. Die darauffolgenden Untersuchungen beschreiben die Auswirkungen einer solchen Maßnahme bei instationärem Abfluss auf zwei ausgewählte synthetische Hochwasserwellen unter jeweils vier verschiedenen Ansätzen zur Erfassung einer Aufweitung. Die Beiträge zur Retention vom Hauptgerinne und von der Querschnittsvergrößerung werden getrennt berücksichtigt. Darüber hinaus werden Überlegungen über das Verhalten von Hochwasserwellen mit gleichem Abflussscheitel aber unterschiedlicher Fülle beim Durchlaufen der Flussaufweitung angestellt. Der Gültigkeitsbereich des stationären Ansatzes für die eindimensionale numerische Simulation einer DRV wird mithilfe eines Kriteriums definiert, das auf einer für die Abminderung des Wassertiefenscheitels im Hauptgerinne semi-empirisch abgeleiteten Formel und auf einer Abschätzung der Retention in der DRV basiert. Die Anwendung des o. g. Kriteriums auf die betrachteten Hochwasserereignisse zeigt, dass eine stationäre Betrachtungsweise lediglich für extrem flache Hochwasserwellen (ab einer Anstiegszeit von einigen Tagen) gerechtfertigt ist. Durch die Ergebnisauswertung von 960 Kombinationen der geometrischen bzw. hydrodynamischen Parameter bei einer DRV im Hochwasserfall konnte der Zusammenhang zwischen den einzelnen Kenngrößen (Länge und Breite der DRV, Rauheit im Hauptgerinne bzw. im Vorland, Hochwasserganglinie) und der Auswirkung der DRV auf Wasserstand und Durchfluss hergestellt werden. Während oberhalb einer DRV mit einer Länge größer LAeff immer mit einer Wasserspiegelabsenkung zu rechnen ist, profitieren die Unterlieger von dieser Schutzmaßnahme nur bei kleineren Hochwasserereignissen oder bei Deichrückverlegungen mit erheblicher Ausdehnung. Dank einer gezielten Auswahl der Ausgangsgeometrie lassen sich die numerischen Ergebnisse auch auf den Elbabschnitt bei Dresden als Anhaltswerte übertragen. / Flood protection is a topic of increasing urgency in today’s society considering two main factors. Firstly, the growth in damage potential on the riparian zones and secondly, the increase in extreme meteorological events due to climate change. Among the possible flood protection measures for a river’s middle reach, dike relocation (DRV) is especially effective from an ecological point of view. To investigate its effectiveness in flood peak attenuation, a parametric study is performed using a one-dimensional hydro-numerical model (MIKE11). Special attention is given to the envelope of the resulting water depths upstream, downstream and within the DRV stretch. Initially, the effects of river enlargement under steady flow conditions are analysed theoretically. Key hydraulic parameters and the width ratio are used in deriving an equation to determine the minimum effective length LAeff of an enlargement that will reduce the upstream water depth. An investigation of an enlargement in unsteady flow conditions is then made, focussing on two specific synthetic flood waves with four different models for the enlargement. The contributions to discharge retention from the main channel and the cross section expansion are successfully separately examinated. Considerations are then made for the behaviour of flood waves passing the river enlargement with the same peak discharge but different volumes. A criterion for the validity range of the steady flow approach of the one-dimensional, numerical simulation of a DRV is then defined. This is based on a semi-empirically derived formula for water level attenuation in the main channel, and an estimate of discharge retention in the DRV. The application of this criterion to the observed flood events shows that the steady flow assumption is only valid for extremely flat flood waves (with time to peak of a few days or more). An analysis of the results from 960 combinations of geometric and hydraulic parameters for the DRV during a flood event is then made. This allowed to derive the relation between individual characteristics (length and width of the DRV, roughness in the main channel and flood plain, flood hydrograph) and the effect of the DRV on water level and discharge. Whilst one can always expect a decrease in the water level upstream of a DRV with length greater than LAeff , the riverside dwellings downstream would only benefit in small scale flood events or with a dike relocation of extensive dimensions. Thanks to the purposefully selected initial geometry, the numerical results can now provide reference values for Dresden’s reach of the river Elbe. / La difesa dalle piene rappresenta per la società odierna una tematica di crescente attualità se si considera in particolare da una parte la crescita del potenziale di danno nelle zone di pertinenza fluviale e dall’altra l’acuirsi di eventi meteorologici estremi dovuto al cambiamento climatico in atto. Tra i possibili interventi di protezione dalle piene nei fiumi di pianura si colloca l’espansione golenale, misura che risulta oltretutto assai efficace dal punto di vista ecologico. Al fine di indagarne anche l’efficacia nei confronti della laminazione del colmo di piena si effettua uno studio parametrico con un programma di modellazione idrodinamica monodimensionale (MIKE11), ponendo particolare attenzione all’inviluppo dei tiranti nel tratto dell’espansione, nonché nei tratti confinanti rispettivamente a monte e a valle della stessa. Dapprima si analizza dal punto di vista teorico l’effetto di un allargamento fluviale in moto stazionario. A partire dalle condizioni idrauliche della corrente e dal rapporto di restringimento si ricava una formula per la lunghezza minima efficace LAeff dell’allargamento, a partire dalla quale si genera un abbassamento del pelo libero nel tratto di monte. Nella successiva analisi di un allargamento in moto vario se ne studia l’effetto su due onde di piena sintetiche e per quattro differenti schematizzazioni dell’allargamento, considerando separatamente i contributi alla laminazione dovuti all’alveo principale e all’allargamento della sezione. Ciò consente tra l’altro di trarre conclusioni sul comportamento di onde di piena aventi la stessa portata al colmo ma differente volume al passare per l’allargamento. Per mezzo di un criterio basato su una formula semiempirica della riduzione del tirante al colmo per l’alveo principale e su una stima della laminazione all’interno dell’espansione golenale, sviluppate nell’ambito di questo lavoro, é possibile definire il campo di validità dell’approccio stazionario alla simulazione monodimensionale di un’espansione golenale. L’applicazione di tale criterio agli eventi di piena presi in considerazione rivela che l’approccio stazionario si giustifica solo per onde di piena estremamente piatte (tempo di crescita a partire da alcuni giorni). Attraverso l’analisi dei risultati di 960 combinazioni dei parametri geometrico-idraulici di un’espansione golenale al passaggio di un’onda di piena si è potuto ricavare il rapporto tra le singole grandezze significative (lunghezza e larghezza dell’espansione golenale, scabrezza dell’alveo e della golena, idrogramma dell’onda di piena) e l’effetto dell’espansione sui tiranti e sulle portate. Se a monte di un’espansione golenale di lunghezza superiore a LAeff si presenta sempre una abbassamento del pelo libero, a valle della stessa si può trarre profitto da un simile intervento solo nel caso di onde di piena modeste o per espansioni golenali di dimensioni notevoli. Una scelta mirata della geometria iniziale consente di estendere i risultati numerici, quali valori indicativi, al tratto del fiume Elba all’altezza di Dresda.

Achieving an understanding of the nature of monogenetic volcanic fields depends on identification of the spatial and temporal patterns of volcanism in these fields, and their relationships to structures mapped in the shallow crust and inferred in the deep crust and mantle through interpretation of geochemical, radiometric and geophysical data. We investigate the spatial and temporal distributions of volcanism in the Abu Monogenetic Volcano Group, Southwest Japan. E-W elongated volcano distribution, which is identified by a nonparametric kernel method, is found to be consistent with the spatial extent of P-wave velocity anomalies in the lower crust and upper mantle, supporting the idea that the spatial density map of volcanic vents reflects the geometry of a mantle diapir. Estimated basalt supply to the lower crust is constant. This observation and the spatial distribution of volcanic vents suggest stability of magma productivity and essentially constant two-dimensional size of the source mantle diapir. We mapped conduits, dike segments, and sills in the San Rafael sub-volcanic field, Utah, where the shallowest part of a Pliocene magmatic system is exceptionally well exposed. The distribution of conduits matches the major features of dike distribution, including development of clusters and distribution of outliers. The comparison of San Rafael conduit distribution and the distributions of volcanoes in several recently active volcanic fields supports the use of statistical models, such as nonparametric kernel methods, in probabilistic hazard assessment for distributed volcanism. We developed a new recurrence rate calculation method that uses a Monte Carlo procedure to better reflect and understand the impact of uncertainties of radiometric age determinations on uncertainty of recurrence rate estimates for volcanic activity in the Abu, Yucca Mountain Region, and Izu-Tobu volcanic fields. Results suggest that the recurrence rates of volcanic fields can change by more than one order of magnitude on time scales of several hundred thousand to several million years. This suggests that magma generation rate beneath volcanic fields may change over these time scales. Also, recurrence rate varies more than one order of magnitude between these volcanic fields, consistent with the idea that distributed volcanism may be influenced by both the rate of magma generation and the potential for dike interaction during ascent.

Hydrothermal fluid circulation is an important process in the formation and evolution of ocean crust. A tectonic window located at Pit Deep (NE corner Easter Microplate) provides an ideal location to examine a 3-dimensional view of ocean crust formed at the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise. This study focuses on the base metal (Cu, Ni, Mn, Co, Zn, and Pb) content of the bulk rock and mineral components in the sheeted dike complex. There is no observable trend of metal mobility with depth, geographic location, or dominant alteration phase. Secondary mineral analyses (using LA-ICP-MS) show that metals are redistributed throughout the sheeted dikes, entering into secondary sulphides, chlorite, and amphibole. Temperature and mineral stability is a primary control of metal mobility in these rocks. Due to highly variable metal concentrations and observed temperatures of alterations, the hydrothermal cell is suggested to be a continuously evolving system, and can cause the large variability observed in the metal distribution in the sheeted dikes. / Graduate / 0996 / 0411 / 0372

One of the most important steps in the numerical simulation of a hydrogeological system is the precise definition of initial and boundary conditions. The better these are characterized, the more efficient the calculation and the more accurate are the simulation result. In case of simulating processes in the unsaturated soil zone, the water retention curve, the relationship between volumetric water content and matric potential, is of great importance. However, the retention parameters determined locally by different standard methods often do not represent the whole soil system under consideration due to heterogeneities in the soil body caused by variability or different compaction of the soil. Resulting over- or underestimation of the parameters is leading to a worse performance of simulations of the water balance including to a higher calibration effort. Therefore, it is more favorable to identify these soil parameters by a method representing the whole soil system to avoid uncertainties. For this reason, a dike experiment was performed to investigate how soil parameters determined locally and globally can represent the properties of the whole soil system. When comparing the simulation results of the numerical models, a better agreement of measured and simulated water contents as well as a lower effort for calibration is observed by using the soil parameters determined globally.

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