Le benzo-a-pyrène (BaP) est un hydrocarbure aromatique polycyclique (HAP) cancérogène pour l’homme, qui contamine toutes les sphères de notre environnement. Son métabolite, le BaP-7,8-diol-9,10-époxyde (BPDE) est considéré comme son cancérogène ultime. Le BPDE se lie à l’ADN, formant des adduits qui doivent être réparés et qui seraient responsables des dommages à l’ADN et de la cancérogenèse induite par le BaP. Les adduits BPDE-ADN et les dommages à l’ADN (bris simple-brin [BSB] à l’ADN, aberrations chromosomiques [AC], échanges entre chromatides-sœurs [ÉCS] et micronoyaux [MN]) ont été mesurés dans les lymphocytes humains exposés à de faibles concentrations de BaP, provenant de jeunes volontaires non-fumeurs et en santé. Suite à l’exposition au BaP, le niveau d’adduits BPDE-ADN et la fréquence des AC et des MN augmentent significativement, puis diminuent aux concentrations les plus élevées de BaP testées, suggérant une induction du métabolisme de phase II du BaP. Lors de la mesure des ÉCS, nous obtenons une courbe dose-réponse linéaire, indiquant la production d’un autre type de lésions devant être réparées par le système de réparation par recombinaison homologue. Ces lésions pourraient être des bris à l’ADN ou des bases oxydées (8-OH-dG), ce qui est suggéré par l’analyse des corrélations existant entre nos biomarqueurs. Par ailleurs, la comparaison de la courbe dose-réponse des hommes et des femmes montre que des différences existent entre les sexes. Ainsi, les ÉCS, les AC et les MN sont significativement augmentés chez les hommes à la plus faible concentration de BaP, alors que chez les femmes cette augmentation, quoique présente, est non significative. Des différences interindividuelles sont également observées et sont plus importantes pour les adduits BPDE-ADN, les MN et les AC, alors que pour les ÉCS elles sont minimes. Les analyses statistiques effectuées ont permis d’établir que quatre facteurs (niveau d’exposition au BaP, adduits BPDE-ADN, fréquence des AC et nombre de MN par cellule micronucléée) expliquent jusqu’à 59 % de la variabilité observée dans le test des ÉCS, alors qu’aucun facteur significatif n’a pu être identifié dans le test des AC et des MN. L’analyse du mécanisme de formation de nos biomarqueurs précoces permet de suggérer que les bris à l’ADN et les bases oxydées devraient être classées comme biomarqueurs de dose biologique efficace, au sein des biomarqueurs d’exposition, dans le continuum exposition-maladie du BaP, étant donné qu’ils causent la formation des biomarqueurs de génotoxicité (ÉCS, AC et MN). Par ailleurs, le test des AC et des MN ont permis de confirmer l’action clastogénique du BaP en plus de mettre en évidence des effets aneugènes affectant surtout la ségrégation des chromosomes lors de la division cellulaire. Ces effets aneugènes, reliés à l’étape de progression dans la cancérogenèse, pourraient être particulièrement importants puisque l’exposition au BaP et aux HAP est chronique et dure plusieurs années, voire des décennies. La compréhension des mécanismes régissant la formation des biomarqueurs étudiés dans cette étude, ainsi que des relations existant entre eux, peut être appliquée à de nombreux contaminants connus et émergents de notre environnement et contribuer à en évaluer le mode d’action. / Benzo-a-pyrene (BaP) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) classified as carcinogenic to human, and is present throughout our environment. Metabolic activation of BaP leads to production of BaP-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE), considered as its ultimate carcinogenic metabolite. BPDE can bind to DNA, forming BPDE-DNA adducts at the origin of BaP-induced DNA damage and carcinogenesis. BPDE-DNA adducts and DNA damages (DNA single-strand breaks [SSBs], chromosomal aberrations [CAs], sister chromatid exchanges [SCEs] and micronuclei [MNs]) are measured in human lymphocytes exposed to low BaP concentrations, taken from non-smoking healthy young subjects. Following BaP exposure, BPDE-DNA adduct levels, as well as CA and MN frequencies raise significantly, and then decrease to the higher BaP concentrations tested, suggesting metabolic enzyme saturation or induction of BaP phase II metabolism. As for SCEs test, a linear dose response curve is obtained, suggesting that production of additional DNA lesions requiring homologous recombination repair may occur. These lesions could be DNA breaks or oxidized DNA bases (8-OH-dG), as indicated by correlation analysis performed between our biomarkers. Additionally, when comparing the dose-response curves for men and women separately, some differences show up. Indeed, SCEs, CAs, and MNs are significantly increased in men at the lowest BaP concentration tested, while in women, this increase is present but not significant. Interindividual differences are also present and are more considerable for BPDE-DNA adducts, MNs and CAs, whereas they are very low for SCEs. Statistical analysis showed that four factors (BaP exposure level, BPDE-DNA adducts, CA frequency and number of MN per micronucleated cell) significantly explained up to 59 % of observed variability in SCE test, while no such factors could explain the observed variability in CA and MN test. Following analysis of mechanisms underlying the formation of early biomarkers, we suggest a modification of the Exposure-Disease Continuum of BaP. We propose that DNA breaks and oxidized DNA bases should be classified as biomarkers of biologically effective dose (part of the exposure biomarkers), as their presence are at origin of early biomarkers of genotoxicity (SCEs, CAs and MNs). On the other hand, CA and MN tests confirmed clastogenic properties of BaP, and highlighted aneugenic effects influencing mostly chromosome segregation during cell division. These aneugenic effects, linked to the progression step of carcinogenesis, could be of particular importance given that exposure to BaP and other PAHs (smoking, occupational exposure) are chronic and may last for decades. Understanding the mechanisms playing a role in early biomarkers formation, as well as the relations existing between them, can be largely applied in our environment to many known and emerging contaminants, thus contributing to characterize their mode of action.

De par leurs bonnes propriétés mécaniques, leur faible densité, leur faible coût, et leur bel aspect de surface, les composites SMC (Sheet Molding Compound) sont des matériaux de choix pour réaliser des pièces automobiles semi-structurelles. Ces matériaux sont principalement constitués d’une résine polyester (UPR), d’un additif thermoplastique comme agent anti-retrait, de carbonate de calcium comme charge et de fibres de verre coupées comme renfort. Le contexte environnemental et socio-économique actuel encourage les constructeurs automobiles à utiliser des matériaux issus de ressources renouvelables afin de réduire l’utilisation des réserves pétrolières, et de trouver une alternative au styrène (COV, polluant atmosphérique dangereux et potentiellement cancérigène) qui est utilisé comme diluant réactif (DR) dans les UPR. L’objectif de ce travail est de développer une matrice organique biosourcée (UPR et agent anti-retrait) pour composite SMC moulable par le même procédé de mise en forme et présentant le même niveau de performance comparé à l’existant pétrosourcé. La première partie de ce travail est consacrée à l’évaluation de nouveaux diluants réactifs biosourcés (MMA, BDDMA, BDDVE, EDI, IBOMA et LMA) comme substituants du styrène sur la base des contraintes liées au procédé SMC. Les résines sélectionnées ont ensuite été polymérisées et les réseaux obtenus caractérisés. Le mécanisme de copolymérisation a été étudié et a permis de mettre en évidence l’influence de la nature chimique des insaturations et de la fonctionnalité du DR sur les propriétés finales du réseau. De par sa faible viscosité, sa faible volatilité et son point éclair élevé, le BDDMA est un bon candidat pour remplacer le styrène dans les UPR. La partie suivante est consacrée à la caractérisation d’un prépolymère polyester insaturé et de différents agents anti-retrait biosourcés. Des matrices organiques ont été formulées avec différents agents anti-retrait, puis polymérisées et caractérisées. L’influence de la nature et du taux d’agent anti-retrait sur le retrait de polymérisation et les propriétés mécaniques a été évaluée. Des essais sur composites SMC à l’échelle pilote ont été réalisés afin d’étudier les propriétés finales des composites biosourcés. La meilleure compensation du retrait est obtenue pour l’additif de plus faible Tg, c'est-à-dire le polyester saturé biosourcé. Le réseau à base de BDDMA étant très fragile, la suite de ce travail a consisté à réduire la densité de réticulation du réseau en introduisant un monométhacrylate biosourcé dans la formulation (MMA, IBOMA et LMA) afin d’améliorer les propriétés au choc du matériau. Enfin, un nouveau DR biosourcé, le lévulinate de vinyle, a été évalué comme substituant du styrène dans les UPR. Le mécanisme de copolymérisation a été mis en évidence et relié à la structure et aux propriétés finales du réseau. / Due to their good mechanical properties, low density, low cost and good surface properties, SMC composites (Sheet Molding Compound) are suitable for manufacturing half-structural automotive parts. These materials are mainly based on a unsaturated polyester resin (UPR), thermoplastics as low profile additives, calcium carbonate as filler and chopped glass fibers. Current environmental and socio-economic concerns motivate automotive manufacturers to use bio-based materials in order to reduce the use of crude oil reserves and to find an alternative to styrene (VOC, hazardous air pollutant, potential carcinogen) which is used as reactive diluents (RD) in UPR. The aim of this work was to develop a bio-based organic matrix (UPR and low profile additive) for SMC composites with a similar processability and same level of performances compared to petroleum-based analogs. The first part of this work describes the evaluation of new bio-based reactive diluents (MMA, BDDMA, BDDVE, EDI, IBOMA and LMA) as styrene substituents for UPR, taking into account SMC process requirements. Selected resins were polymerized and the obtained networks characterized. Copolymerization mechanism was studied and allowed to highlight the influence of the chemical nature of unsaturations and the functionality of reactive diluents on network properties. Due to its low viscosity, low volatility and high flashpoint, BDDMA is a good candidate to replace styrene in UPR. Next part was dedicated to the characterization of bio-based unsaturated polyester and low profile additives. Several organic matrices were formulated with different low profile additives, then polymerized and characterized. The influence of the low profile additive nature and content on the polymerization shrinkage and mechanical properties of the material was evaluated. SMC composites were manufactured at the pilot scale and characterized in order to study the final properties of bio-based composites. The best shrinkage control is obtained with low-Tg additive (bio-based saturated polyester). Nevertheless BDDMA-based network is very brittle, so a next step of our work was to introduce a monofunctional methacrylate (MMA, IBOMA and LMA) into the matrix in order to decrease the crosslink density of the network and improve its impact resistance. The influence of the methacrylate nature and content on the structure and mechanical properties of the polyester networks was highlighted. Finally, a new bio-based RD, vinyl levulinate, was evaluated to replace styrene in UPR. Its copolymerization mechanism with UP was studied and related to the structure and mechanical properties of the network.

Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) is a devastating disease which is endemic in parts of sub-Saharan Africa. It is caused by the protozoan parasite T. brucei, which are transmitted by the bite of infected tsetse flies. Although the disease is fatal if left untreated, there is a lack of safe, effective and affordable drugs available; therefore new drugs are urgently needed. The aim of the work presented in this thesis is to develop novel trypanocidal compounds. It is divided into two parts to reflect the two distinct strategies employed to achieve this aim. The first part focuses on the inhibition of glycophosphoinositol (GPI) anchor synthesis by inhibiting the Zn2+-dependent enzyme, GlcNAc-PI de-N-acetylase. Trypanosomes have a variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat, which allows them to evade the human immune system. The GPI anchor attaches the VSG to the cell membrane; therefore inhibiting GPI synthesis should expose the parasite to the immune system. Initially, large substrate analogues were synthesized. These showed weak inhibition of the enzyme. Zinc-binding fragments were screened, and small molecule inhibitors based on salicylhydroxamic acid were then synthesized. These compounds showed modest inhibition, but the excellent ligand efficiency of salicylhydroxamic acid indicates this may be a promising starting point for further inhibitors. The second part details the P2 strategy. The P2 transporter is a nucleoside transporter unique to T. brucei, which concentrates adenosine. The transporter also binds and selectively concentrates compounds that contain benzamidine and diaminotriazine P2 motifs, which can enhance the potency and selectivity of these compounds. The sleeping sickness drugs melarsoprol and pentamidine contain P2 motifs. Compounds comprising a P2 targeting motif, a linker and a trypanocidal moiety were synthesized. Initially, a diaminotriazine P2 motif was attached to a trypanocidal tetrahydroquinoline (THQ) protein farnesyl transferase (PFT) inhibitor, with limited success. The P2 strategy was also applied to a non-selective, trypanocidal, quinol moiety. The quinol moiety was attached to diaminotriazine and benzamidine P2 motifs, and an increase in selectivity for T. brucei over MRC5 cells was observed.

The dioxygenase-cytochrome P450 fusion proteins (DOX-CYP) comprise a heme-containing enzyme family that shares structural and catalytic properties with mammalian prostaglandin H (PGH) synthases. 7,8-Linoleate diol synthase (7,8-LDS) of Gaeumannomyces graminis was first characterized, and DOX-CYP enzymes are of mechanistic and biological interest. The growing number of fungal genome sequences has revealed DOX-CYP homologues in medically and economically important species. The aim of this thesis was to identify novel members of the DOX-CYP fusion protein family. The devastating rice pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae contains two DOX-CYP genes. The fungus synthesizes 7S,8S-dihydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (7,8-DiHODE) by dioxygenation of linoleic acid to 8R-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (8R-HPODE), and subsequent isomerisation to the diol. 7,8-LDS of M. oryzae was identified by gene deletion, but the infection and reproduction processes of the Δ7,8-LDS strain were not altered. A mutant with constitutive protein kinase A activity profoundly changed the oxygenation profile, possibly due to post-translational modification. The human pathogens Aspergillus fumigatus and A. clavatus contain three DOX-CYP, designated psi producing oxygenase A (ppoA), ppoB, and ppoC, and form three oxylipins: 5S,8R-DiHODE, 8R,11S-DiHODE, and 10R-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid.  PpoA was identified as 5,8-LDS, and ppoC as 10R-DOX. The 8,11-linoleate hydroperoxide isomerase activity was reduced by two imidazole-containing P450 inhibitors, miconazole and 1-benzylimidazole. PpoB could not be linked to the biosynthesis of 8,11-DiHODE for the following reasons: First, the 8,11-hydroperoxide isomerase activity was retained in A. fumigatus ΔppoB strains. Second, the P450 domain of the deduced ppoB of A. clavatus lacks a heme-thiolate cysteine ligand, presumably essential for hydroperoxide isomerase activity. Linoleate 9R-DOX activities of Aspergillus terreus and Lasiodiplodia theobromae were discovered. 9R-HPODE was further converted into unstable allene oxides, as judged by the accumulation of their hydrolysis products, α- and γ-ketols. These allene oxide synthase activities were specific for 9R-hydroperoxides. The 9R-DOX and AOS were found to have unique characteristics. In conclusion, novel DOX-CYP enzymes were identified in human and plant pathogenic fungi. These enzymes might be involved in biological processes, and show interesting catalytic similarities to human PGH synthase and thromboxane synthase (CYP5A).

ABSTRACT This thesis describes an investigation into the role of acetylenic and allenic precursors in the formation of the important aroma compound β-damascenone (1). Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the subject, beginning with a brief history of the Australian wine industry which began with the first fleet’s arrival in 1788. Many of the various volatile compounds found in wine are then discussed, with particular emphasis on β-damascenone (1). Some previous syntheses of 1 are summarised, as well as the in vivo generation of this compound, and also the role of glycoconjugation in nature. The chapter concludes with the aims of the present work. Chapter 2 covers the synthesis of the suspected acetylenic precursor 9-hydroxymegastigma-3,5-dien-7-yne (36), which was prepared by the addition of 3-butyn-2-ol to 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-one, followed by a conjugate dehydration reaction. The synthetic sample of 36 was shown to be identical to a compound previously observed in the hydrolysate of 3,5,9-trihydroxymegastigma-6,7-diene (31). Upon acid hydrolysis, 36 produced > 90% β-damascenone (1). Chapter 3 outlines the synthesis and hydrolysis of the C9 glycoside 43, which was prepared by a modified Koenigs-Knorr procedure on aglycone 36. Diastereomerically pure samples of each of the two possible glycosides were synthesised from corresponding enantiomerically pure samples of 36, which in turn were prepared by the use of either (R) or (S) 3-butyn-2-ol. Detailed hydrolytic studies (at 25 ºC) were conducted on both the aglycone and the two glycosides: the half lives of conversion of 36 into 1 were 40 hours and 65 hours at pH 3.0 and pH 3.2 respectively; the (9R) diastereomer of 43 had half-lives of 3 days and 6 days, respectively at the same pH values, whereas the (9S) diastereomer had half lives of 3.5 days and 6.5 days, respectively at the same pH values. The synthesis of the other suspected precursor, megastigma-4,6,7-triene-3,9-diol (35) is covered in Chapter 4. This allene was prepared by addition of 3-butyn-2-ol to phorenol, with the allene function generated by reaction with lithium aluminium hydride. By using (3S)-phorenol and both (R) and (S) 3-butyn-2-ol, four different diastereomers of 35 were prepared and characterised. The (3S, 6R, 9S)-isomer of 35 was also found to be identical to a compound previously observed in the hydrolysate of (31). A detailed hydrolytic study of the four synthetic isomers of 35 is contained within Chapter 5. This study revealed that each of the four isomers underwent rapid epimerisation at 25 ºC and pH 3.0. Careful analysis of the four product mixtures by chiral GC-MS revealed that this epimerisation was occurring exclusively at C3. The complete absence of 3-hydroxydamascone (2) from any of the hydrolysates required a re-appraisal of the mechanism of in vivo formation of β-damascenone (1), which forms the focus of the second half of this chapter. The experimental procedures (materials and methods) for all work covered in chapters 2-5 are located in Chapter 6.

No description available.

The large amount of non-degradable plastic waste has become a significant environmental concern, leading to an increased need for degradable plastics. Here in, to create degradable polymers, polyesters were produced through radical ring opening polymerization using cyclic ketene acetals. The cyclic ketene acetal monomer 5,6-benzo-2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane has been prepared for the synthesis of homo- and copolymers with methyl methacrylate, α-methylene-γ-valerolactone, α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone, cholesterol methacrylate and limonene acrylate. The polymerization was conducted using radical ring opening polymerization both in bulk and solution polymerization. The structural characteristics of the polymer were determined by different characterization methodologies, including TGA, DSC, SEC, FTIR and 1D 1H-NMR. The results obtained from 1H-NMR analysis showed the composition of the copolymers. TGA analysis revealed the thermal stability of the polymers and their degradation patterns. DSC analysis provided information about the glass transition temperatures (Tg’s) of the polymers. Moreover, the Tg indicated the presence and amounts of comonomers in the copolymers. Overall, the results showed the influence of different comonomers on the properties of the polymers by successfully incorporating the comonomers in the polymer. The thermal properties for polymers containing methyl methacrylate became more thermally stable. The Tg, analyzed with DSC, shifted from the Tg of homopolymers indicating the incorporation of both monomers. The polymers were successfully degraded via hydrolysis in alkaline conditions breaking them down into smaller pieces making them easier to recycle. To conclude, the results all indicate that the incorporation of BMDO and thereby possibly other CKA-monomers into the polymer chains of commonly used plastics could provide valuable tools in the recycling of said plastics.

No description available.

[EN] Under the principles of Green Chemistry has been carried out the synthesis of different esters of glycerol carbonate, which are high value compounds with surfactant properties derived from glycerol by the esterification reaction between glycerol carbonate and various organic acids in the absence of solvent and using heterogeneous catalysts include zeolites and acidic resins. The best results, in terms of activity and selectivity, were obtained using the hybrid Nafion-silica catalyst called Nafion SAC-13. It has been shown that the water generated as a byproduct during the reaction is responsible for the existence of competing reactions of hydrolysis of the carbonate function resulting products as glycerol and glycerol esters. Also are optimized different reaction conditions such as temperature, the molar ratio between the substrates, the amount of catalyst and solvent usage. It has also been shown that the reaction rate decreases as the chain length of the carboxylic acid is increased. After adjustment of the experimental data to a kinetic model, we have determined the kinetic parameters of the reaction catalyzed by Nafion SAC-13 with different carboxylic acids and found to reduce the reactivity of carboxylic acids with increasing chain length alcánica is due both inductive effects such as steric effects. Furthermore, compounds with bencimidazoilquinoxaline and quinoxaline structure have been prepared, which have a wide variety of biological activities. These compounds have been synthesized from various diols and triols from biomass by oxidative cyclization process in two stages performed in a single reactor in an efficient and selective manner. After optimization of the reaction conditions such as temperature, amount of catalyst and concentration of O2, the synthesis of quinoxaline have been carried out with excellent results by using catalysts based on gold nanoparticles supported on oxide nanoparticle cerium (Au/CeO2) and hydrotalcite (Au/HT) using air as oxidant and in the absence of base. Regarding benzimidazoilquinoxalines, we have developed two synthetic routes multistage, in a single reactor, effective and selective catalyzed Au/CeO2. The first method involves the synthesis of compounds benzimidazoilquinoxalines with the same substituents on the two heterocycles by oxidation-cyclization of glycerol derivatives with o-phenylenediamine, while the second method allows the synthesis of benzimidazoilquinoxalines compounds with different substituents on each aromatic ring starting from glyceraldehyde. Finally, it has carried out the synthesis of long chain alkyl glucosides with tensio-active properties via a cascade process that involves first methanolysis cellulose for methyl glucosides and subsequently Fischer glycosidation reaction with n-octanol/n-decanol. The first step is carried out using methanol as solvent and acid catalysts such as inorganic acids, heteropolyacids, ion exchange resins or modified carbon materials. Subsequently the long chain alkyl glycosides are obtained by transacetalization reaction between methyl glucosides obtained in the previous step and a fatty alcohol using the same acid catalyst. The best results for the overall process are obtained using sulfonated carbon as catalyst, it being possible to achieve complete conversion of cellulose in methanol working at 200 ºC in the methanolysis step and at 120 ºC in the transacetalization step. / [ES] Bajo los principios de la Química Verde, se ha llevado a cabo la síntesis de diferentes ésteres del carbonato de glicerol, que son compuestos de alto valor añadido con propiedades surfactantes derivados del glicerol, mediante reacción de esterificación entre el carbonato de glicerol y diferentes ácidos orgánicos, en ausencia de disolvente, y empleando catalizadores heterogéneos, que incluyen resinas ácidas y zeolitas. Los mejores resultados, en términos de actividad y selectividad, se obtuvieron utilizando el catalizador híbrido Nafion-sílice denominado Nafion SAC-13. Se ha demostrado que el agua generada como subproducto durante la reacción es la responsable de la existencia de reacciones competitivas de hidrólisis de la función carbonato dando lugar a subproductos como glicerol y ésteres glicéricos. Asimismo se han optimizado diferentes condiciones de reacción tales como la temperatura, la relación molar entre los sustratos, la cantidad de catalizador y el uso de disolvente. También se ha demostrado que la velocidad de reacción disminuye a medida que se aumenta la longitud de cadena del ácido carboxílico. Tras el ajuste de los datos experimentales a un modelo cinético, se han determinado los parámetros cinéticos de la reacción catalizada por Nafion SAC-13 con diferentes ácidos carboxílicos comprobándose que la reducción de la reactividad de los ácidos carboxílicos a medida que aumenta su longitud de cadena alcánica es debida tanto por efectos inductivos como por efectos estéricos. Por otra parte, se han preparado compuestos con estructura de quinoxalina y bencimidazoilquinoxalina, los cuáles poseen una amplia variedad de actividades biológicas. Estos compuestos han sido sintetizados a partir de diferentes dioles y trioles procedentes de la biomasa mediante un proceso de ciclación oxidativa en dos etapas llevado a cabo en un único reactor de un modo eficiente y selectivo. Tras la optimización de las condiciones de reacción tales como temperatura, cantidad de catalizador y concentración de O2, la síntesis de quinoxalinas ha sido llevada a cabo con excelentes resultados mediante el uso de catalizadores basados en nanopartículas de oro soportadas sobre óxido de cerio nanoparticulado (Au/CeO2) e hidrotalcita (Au/HT), utilizando aire como agente oxidante y en ausencia de base. En cuanto a las bencimidazoilquinoxalinas, se han desarrollado dos rutas sintéticas multietapa, en un único reactor, eficaces y selectivas catalizadas por Au/CeO2. El primer método implica la síntesis de compuestos bencimidazoilquinoxalinas con los mismos sustituyentes en las dos heterociclos a través de oxidación-ciclación de derivados de glicerol con o-fenilendiamina, mientras que el segundo método permite la síntesis de compuestos bencimidazoilquinoxalinas con diferentes sustituyentes en cada anillo aromático partiendo de gliceraldehído. Por último, se ha llevado a cabo la síntesis de alquil glucósidos de cadena larga con propiedades tensioactivas a través de un proceso en cascada que implica en primer lugar la metanólisis de celulosa para obtener metilglucósidos y posteriormente la reacción de glicosidación Fischer con n-octanol/n-decanol. La primera etapa se lleva a cabo utilizando metanol como disolvente y catalizadores ácidos tales como ácidos inorgánicos, heteropoliácidos, resinas de intercambio iónico o materiales de carbono modificados. Posteriormente los alquil glucósidos de cadena larga se obtienen por reacción de transacetalización entre los metilglucósidos obtenidos en la etapa previa y un alcohol graso utilizando el mismo catalizador ácido. Los mejores resultados para el proceso global se han obtenido empleando como catalizador carbón sulfonado, siendo posible alcanzar la conversión completa de la celulosa en metanol a 200 ºC en la etapa de metanólisis y 120 ºC en la etapa de transacetalización. / [CAT] A partir dels principis de la Química Verda, s'ha dut a terme la síntesi de diferents èsters del carbonat de glicerol, que són compostos d'alt valor afegit amb propietats surfactants derivats del glicerol, mitjançant reacció d'esterificació entre el carbonat de glicerol i diferents àcids orgànics , en absència de dissolvent, i emprant catalitzadors heterogenis, que inclouen resines àcides i zeolites. Els millors resultats, en termes d'activitat i selectivitat, es van obtenir utilitzant el catalitzador híbrid Nafion-sílice denominat Nafion SAC-13. S'ha demostrat que l'aigua generada com a subproducte durant la reacció és la responsable de l'existència de reaccions competitives d'hidròlisi de la funció carbonat donant lloc a subproductes com glicerol i èsters glicéricos. Així mateix s'han optimitzat diferents condicions de reacció tals com la temperatura, la relació molar entre els substrats, la quantitat de catalitzador i l'ús de dissolvent. També s'ha demostrat que la velocitat de reacció disminueix a mesura que s'augmenta la longitud de cadena de l'àcid carboxílic. Després de l'ajust de les dades experimentals a un model cinètic, s'han determinat els paràmetres cinètics de la reacció catalitzada per Nafion SAC-13 amb diferents àcids carboxílics comprovant-se que la reducció de la reactivitat dels àcids carboxílics a mesura que augmenta la seva longitud de cadena alcánica és deguda tant per efectes inductius com per efectes estèrics. D'altra banda, s'han preparat compostos amb estructura de quinoxalina i bencimidazoilquinoxalina, els quals posseeixen una àmplia varietat d'activitats biològiques. Aquests compostos han estat sintetitzats a partir de diferents diols i trioles procedents de la biomassa mitjançant un procés de ciclació oxidativa en dues etapes dut a terme en un únic reactor de una manera eficient i selectiu. Després de la optimització de les condicions de reacció tals com temperatura, quantitat de catalitzador i concentració d'O2, la síntesi de quinoxalines ha estat portada a terme amb excel·lents resultats mitjançant l'ús de catalitzadors basats en nanopartícules d'or suportades sobre òxid de ceri nanoparticulado (Au/CeO2) i hidrotalcita (Au/HT), utilitzant aire com a agent oxidant i en absència de base. Pel que fa a les bencimidazoilquinoxalines, s'han desenvolupat dues rutes sintètiques multietapa, en un únic reactor, eficaços i selectives catalitzades per Au/CeO2. El primer mètode implica la síntesi de compostos bencimidazoilquinoxalines amb els mateixos substituents en les dues heterocicles a través d'oxidació-ciclació de derivats de glicerol amb o-fenilendiamina, mentre que el segon mètode permet la síntesi de compostos bencimidazoilquinoxalines amb diferents substituents en cada anell aromàtic partint de gliceraldehid. Finalment, s'ha dut a terme la síntesi d'alquil glucòsids de cadena llarga amb propietats tensioactives a través d'un procés en cascada que implica en primer lloc la metanólisis de cel·lulosa per obtenir metilglucósidos i posteriorment la reacció de glicosidación Fischer amb n-octanol/n-decanol. La primera etapa es porta a terme utilitzant metanol com a dissolvent i catalitzadors àcids com ara àcids inorgànics, heteropoliácids, resines d'intercanvi iònic o materials de carboni modificats. Posteriorment els alquil glucòsids de cadena llarga s'obtenen per reacció de transacetalizació entre els metilglucósides obtinguts en l'etapa prèvia i un alcohol gras utilitzant el mateix catalitzador àcid. Els millors resultats per al procés global s'han obtingut emprant com a catalitzador carbó sulfonat, sent possible aconseguir la conversió completa de la cel·lulosa en metanol a 200 ºC en l'etapa de metanólisis i 120 ºC en l'etapa de transacetalizació. / Martínez Silvestre, S. (2016). Transformación de biomasa en productos de química fina: Síntesis de compuestos de alto interés como surfactantes y fármacos utilizando catalizadores heterogéneos [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62353 / TESIS

<p><a></a><a></a><a></a><a></a><a></a><a></a><a></a><a></a><a></a><a></a><a>ABSTRACT</a></p> <p>Phenols are ubiquitous in our surroundings including biological molecules such as L-Dopa metabolites, food components, such as whiskey and liquid smoke, etc. This dissertation describes a new method for detecting phenols, by reaction with Gibbs reagent to form indophenols, followed by mass spectrometric detection. Unlike the standard Gibbs reaction which uses a colorimetric approach, the use of mass spectrometry allows for simultaneous detection of differently substituted phenols. The procedure is demonstrated to work for a large variety of phenols without <i>para</i>‐substitution. With <i>para</i>‐substituted phenols, Gibbs products are still often observed, but the specific product depends on the substituent. For <i>para</i> groups with high electronegativity, such as methoxy or halogens, the reaction proceeds by displacement of the substituent. For groups with lower electronegativity, such as amino or alkyl groups, Gibbs products are observed that retain the substituent, indicating that the reaction occurs at the <i>ortho</i> or <i>meta</i> position. In mixtures of phenols, the relative intensities of the Gibbs products are proportional to the relative concentrations, and concentrations as low as 1 μmol/L can be detected. The method is applied to the qualitative analysis of commercial liquid smoke, and it is found that hickory and mesquite flavors have significantly different phenolic composition.</p> <p>In the course of this study, we used this technique to quantify major phenol derivatives in commercial products such as liquid smoke (catechol, guaiacol and syringol) and whiskey (<i>o</i>-cresol, guaiacol and syringol) as the phenol derivatives are a significant part of the aroma of foodstuffs and alcoholic beverages. For instance, phenolic compounds are partly responsible for the taste, aroma and the smokiness in Liquid Smokes and Scotch whiskies. </p> <p>In the analysis of Liquid Smokes, we have carried out an analysis of phenols in commercial liquid smoke by using the reaction with Gibbs reagent followed by analysis using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). This analysis technique allows us to avoid any separation and/or solvent extraction steps before MS analysis. With this analysis, we are able to determine and compare the phenolic compositions of hickory, mesquite, pecan and apple wood flavors of liquid smoke. </p> <p>In the analysis of phenols in whiskey, we describe the detection of the Gibbs products from the phenols in four different commercial Scotch whiskies by using simple ESI-MS. In addition, by addition of an internal standard, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-napthol (THN), concentrations of the major phenols in the whiskies are readily obtained. With this analysis we are able to determine and compare the composition of phenols in them and their contribution in the taste, smokey, and aroma to the whiskies.</p> <p>Another important class of phenols are found in biological samples, such as L-Dopa and its metabolites, which are neurotransmitters and play important roles in living systems. In this work, we describe the detection of Gibbs products formed from these neurotransmitters after reaction with Gibbs reagent and analysis by using simple ESI‐MS. This technique would be an alternative method for the detection and simultaneous quantification of these neurotransmitters. </p> <p>Finally, in the course of this work, we found that the positive Gibbs tests are obtained for a wide range of <i>para</i>-substituted phenols, and that, in most cases, substitution occurs by displacement of the <i>para</i>-substituent. In addition, there is generally an additional unique second-phenol-addition product, which conveniently can be used from an analytical perspective to distinguish <i>para</i>-substituted phenols from the unsubstituted versions. In addition to using the methodology for phenol analysis, we are examining the mechanism of indophenol formation, particularly with the <i>para</i>-substituted phenols. </p> <p>The importance of peptides to the scientific world is enormous and, therefore, their structures, properties, and reactivity are exceptionally well-characterized by mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization. In the dipeptide work, we have used mass spectrometry to examine the dissociation of dipeptides of phenylalanine (Phe), containing sulfonated tag as a charge carrier (Phe*), proline (Pro) to investigate their gas phase dissociation. The presence of sulfonated tag (SO₃^-) on the Phe amino acid serves as the charge carrier such that the dipeptide backbone has a canonical structure and is not protonated. Phe-Pro dipeptide and their derivatives were synthesized and analyzed by LCQ-Deca mass spectroscopy to get the fragmentation mechanism. To confirm that fragmentation path, we also synthesized dikitopeparazines and oxazolines from all combinations of the dipeptides. All these analyses were confirmed by isotopic labeling experiments and determination and optimization of structures were carried out using theoretical calculation. We have found that the fragmentation of Phe*Pro and ProPhe* dipeptides form sequence specific b₂ ions. In addition, not only is the ‘mobile proton’ involved in the dissociation process, but also is the ‘backbone hydrogen’ is involved in forming b₂ ions. </p> <p> </p>