Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo sobre o controle de velocidade sensorless aplicado ao Motor de Indução Trifásico (MIT) visando sobretudo, melhorar o desempenho da máquina de indução em aplicações na região de baixa frequência de operação. Para tanto, propõe-se uma abordagem utilizando a técnica de controle Direct Torque Control (DTC) com Space Vector Modulation (SVM) em conjunto com o Observador de Fluxo com Modelo de Tensão e Corrente (OFMTC), o que possibilita a estimação precisa da posição do vetor de fluxo do estator em baixa velocidade. Para a estimativa da velocidade do rotor é utilizado a estratégia Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) com mecanismo de adaptação fuzzy, a fim de se diminuir a sensibilidade aos parâmetros da máquina. O desempenho da estratégia de controle de velocidade sensorless proposta é testada em simulações com diferentes condições de operação buscando reproduzir alguns dos problemas encontrados em aplicações práticas, utilizando o software Matlab. Os resultados obtidos foram condizentes com resultados encontrados na literatura, comprovando o bom desempenho do sistema de controle de velocidade proposto. / This work deals with the sensorless speed control for Three-phase Induction Motor in order to improve its operation at low speed and low frequency. At first, a Direct Torque Control employing Space Vector Pulse with Modulation (SVPWM) based on Flux Observer (voltage and current model) is studied and evaluated due to its high accuracy of estimating the stator-flux at low speed. The Model Adaptive Reference (MRAS) with Fuzzy Controler is chosen in order to estimate the rotor speed. This choice is based on its capability of high performance during Three-phase Induction Motor operation even if the machines parameters and the load change during the operation. At last, some simulations with diferent operational conditions at low speed are carried out in order to test the sensorless control. The results show a good perfomance and agreed with the results shown in recent papers.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Alfeu J. Sguarezi Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2014. / O Controle Direto de Torque é uma das técnicas mais avançadas em acionamentos para motores de indução trifásicos, pois tem como característica principal uma resposta rápida as exigências de torque eletromagnético o que permite um controle com maior precisão da velocidade. Este trabalho apresenta o Controle Direto de Torque baseado no controle do ângulo da carga com a utilização de controladores do tipo proporcional-integral (PI). Esta estratégia baseia-se na análise do erro encontrado entre torque eletromagnético de referência e torque eletromagnético estimado que é processado por um controlador que gera um ângulo de carga. O fluxo do estator em coordenadas estacionárias é calculado a partir de sua magnitude e com o ângulo, gerado pelo controlador PI mencionado, é somado ao ângulo do rotor. O fluxo do estator de referencia é comparado ao fluxo do estator estimado e um controlador PI processa o erro de forma a gerar a tensão de estator em coordenadas estacionárias de forma que as referências de torque e fluxo sejam atendidas. Com base em um modelo computacional foram realizadas simulação para validar a eficiência da estratégia proposta, resultados obtidos demonstram o comportamento transitório e em regime das correntes, torque eletromagnético e velocidade do motor. Também foram realizados testes em bancada para validar o controlador proposto. / The Direct Torque Control is one of the most advanced techniques for three-phase induction motors drives, due its main characteristic in which it has a quick response to requirements electromagnetic torque which allows a control of the speed with greater precision. This work presents the direct torque control based on load angle control with the use proportional-integral (PI) controllers. This strategy is based on the analysis of an error found between the reference of electromagnetic torque and the measured torque that is processed by a controller that generates an electromagnetic torque load angle. The stator flux in stationary coordinates is calculated from the magnitude and the angle generated by a PI controller that is added to the rotor angle. The stator flux reference is compared to the estimated stator flux and a PI controller processes this error an calculates the stator voltage in stationary stator coordinates so that the flux and torque references are attended. The study is made using computer simulations of the proposed controller and experimental results are carried out to validate the estrategy.

Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo sobre o controle de velocidade sensorless aplicado ao Motor de Indução Trifásico (MIT) visando sobretudo, melhorar o desempenho da máquina de indução em aplicações na região de baixa frequência de operação. Para tanto, propõe-se uma abordagem utilizando a técnica de controle Direct Torque Control (DTC) com Space Vector Modulation (SVM) em conjunto com o Observador de Fluxo com Modelo de Tensão e Corrente (OFMTC), o que possibilita a estimação precisa da posição do vetor de fluxo do estator em baixa velocidade. Para a estimativa da velocidade do rotor é utilizado a estratégia Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) com mecanismo de adaptação fuzzy, a fim de se diminuir a sensibilidade aos parâmetros da máquina. O desempenho da estratégia de controle de velocidade sensorless proposta é testada em simulações com diferentes condições de operação buscando reproduzir alguns dos problemas encontrados em aplicações práticas, utilizando o software Matlab. Os resultados obtidos foram condizentes com resultados encontrados na literatura, comprovando o bom desempenho do sistema de controle de velocidade proposto. / This work deals with the sensorless speed control for Three-phase Induction Motor in order to improve its operation at low speed and low frequency. At first, a Direct Torque Control employing Space Vector Pulse with Modulation (SVPWM) based on Flux Observer (voltage and current model) is studied and evaluated due to its high accuracy of estimating the stator-flux at low speed. The Model Adaptive Reference (MRAS) with Fuzzy Controler is chosen in order to estimate the rotor speed. This choice is based on its capability of high performance during Three-phase Induction Motor operation even if the machines parameters and the load change during the operation. At last, some simulations with diferent operational conditions at low speed are carried out in order to test the sensorless control. The results show a good perfomance and agreed with the results shown in recent papers.

This thesis is mainly devoted to the investigation of speed control methods for three phase cage induction motors with particular emphasis being given to Direct Torque Control (DTC) improved techniques.Classical Direct Torque Control has inherent disadvantages such as: problems during starting resulting from the null states, the compulsory requirement of torque and flux estimators, and torque ripple. In the classical DTC induction motor drive a voltage vector is applied for the entire period, and this causes the stator current and electromagnetic torque exceeds its reference value early during the cycle, causing a high torque ripple. Switching cycles then follows this, in which the zero switching vectors are applied in order to reduce the electromagnetic torque to reference value. This thesis suggests a technique based on applying to the inverter the selected active states just enough time to achieve the torque and flux references values. The rest of the switching period a null state is selected which won't almost change both the torque and the flux. Therefore, a duty ratio has to be determined each switching time. By means of varying the duty ratio between its extreme values (0 up to 1) it is possible to apply any voltage to the motor. The optimum duty ratio per sampling period is a non-linear function of the electromagnetic torque error, the stator flux position and the working point, which is determined by the motor speed and the electromagnetic torque. It is obvious that it is extremely difficult to model such an expression since it is a different non-linear function per working point. Therefore, this thesis is focused on performing a fuzzy-logic-based duty-ratio controller, where the optimum duty ratio is determined every switching period. Additionally, this Fuzzy Controller is adaptive and may be applied to any induction motor.A stator flux reference optimum controller is also designed, which not only helps to achieve a smaller torque ripple, but also reduces the reactive power consumption of the drive taken from the main supply. This is achieved by changing the stator flux reference value with reference being made to the correspondent torque reference value. Therefore, the stator flux reference value chosen is to be just of sufficient value to produce the desired torque Simulated results are shown in order to compare the classical DTC and the Fuzzy Logic based DTC.The control algorithms have been implemented on a PC/DSP based board that facilitates the use of parallelism in software design. A 1.5kW, three-phase induction motor drive has been designed and experimental data obtained from it in order to verify the results achieved by simulation.

Η θεματολογία της εργασίας αυτής περιλαμβάνει την υβριδική τεχνολογία στην αυτοκίνηση. Γίνεται μία εκτεταμένη ανάλυση των υβριδικών οχημάτων, αρχικά κάνοντας αναφορά στην ιστορία των υβριδικών και μη οχημάτων και έπειτα στα περιβαλλοντικά θεμάτα που τα έφεραν στο προσκήνιο. Η ανάλυση περιλαμβάνει επίσης την μελέτη των διαφόρων κατηγοριών υβριδικών οχημάτων, την εξέταση των κατασκευαστικών μερών τους και κλείνει με την παρουσίαση κάποιων χαρακτηριστικών οχημάτων που βγήκαν στην παραγωγή. Στη συνέχεια, η εργασία περνά στο πειραματικό της στάδιο, που περιλαμβάνει τη μελέτη και κατασκευή ενός ηλεκτροκινητήριου συστήματος για εφαρμογή σε πειραματικό όχημα. Το όχημα μετά τις επεμβάσεις θα είναι υβριδικό, κάνοντας χρήση δύο πηγών ενέργειας, ορυκτά καύσιμα και ηλεκτρισμό. Έγινε η προμήθεια του οχήματος και των απαραίτητων μερών του συστήματος δηλαδή ενός ασύγχρονου ηλεκτροκινητήρα και των μπαταριών, που είναι τύπου οξέος-μολύβδου. Ακολούθησαν μηχανολογικές μετατροπές στο αμάξωμα ώστε να δεχθεί το πρόσθετο σύστημα μετάδοσης κίνησης, οι οποίες και αναλύονται. Παράλληλα βρίσκονταν σε εξέλιξη οι μετατροπείς ισχύος που απαιτούνται στο σύστημα ηλεκτρικής κίνησης για να προσαρμόσουν τα ηλεκτρικά μεγέθη κατάλληλα ώστε να επιτρέψουν την ροή ισχύος από τις μπαταρίες προς τον κινητήρα, κατά την επιτάχυνση του οχήματος, και την επιστροφή ενέργειας στις μπαταρίες από τη μηχανή, που λειτουργεί ως γεννήτρια λαμβάνοντας ενέργεια από την κινητική του οχήματος. Οι απαιτούμενοι μετατροπείς είναι ένας αμφικατευθυντήριος μετατροπέας ανύψωσης – υποβιβασμού συνεχούς τάσης σε συνεχή και ένας μετατροπέας συνεχούς τάσης σε τριφασική εναλλασσόμενη, ή πιο απλά τριφασικός αντιστροφέας. Ο δεύτερος μετατροπέας πραγματοποιεί και τον έλεγχο της ροπής που παράγει σε κάθε στιγμή ο κινητήρας μέσω της μεθόδου του Άμεσου Έλεγχου Ροπής (DTC). Περιγράφονται οι μεθοδολογίες ελέγχου των τριφασικών ασύγχρονων κινητήρων και γίνεται λεπτομερής ανάλυση της χρησιμοποιούμενης μεθόδου. Στο τελευταίο τμήμα περιγράφονται οι πειραματικές μετρήσεις που διεξήχθησαν με το σύστημα που κατασκευάστηκε, στον εργαστηριακό πάγκο και επί του οχήματος της εφαρμογής. Τέλος, γίνεται ανάλυση των αποτελεσμάτων που προέκυψαν. / The subject of this work includes the use of hybrid technology in automotive. An extensive analysis of hybrid vehicles is carried out, referring to the history of hybrid and other vehicles and then to the environmental matters that brought hybrids to the fore. The analysis also includes the study of different types of hybrid vehicles, examining their components and ends with the presentation of some remarkable vehicles that have been produced. The work then passes into the experimental phase, involving the design and construction of an electric system to be applied in a conventional vehicle. The vehicle is meant to function as a hybrid, using two energy sources, fossil fuels and electricity. For the reason, a vehicle has been supplied along with the necessary parts of the system, which consist of an asynchronous electric motor and lead acid batteries. Mechanical modifications that were made to the chassis to accept the additional drivetrain are discussed in detail. The construction of the necessary power converters is carried out in parallel. Their purpose is to adjust the electrical values in order to allow the flow of power from the batteries to the engine during acceleration of the vehicle and return energy to the batteries from the electrical machine, which acts as generator powered from the vehicle’s wheels.. The required converters are: a bi-directional buck/boost DC to DC converter and a three-phase DC to AC converter, which is simply described as inverter. The second converter also performs the control of the torque produced at any time from the engine, using Direct Torque Control (DTC). Alternate methodologies are also described, while the used technique is fully analyzed. The final section describes the experimental procedures performed to the constructed systems. At first they are tested in the laboratory and afterwards they are applied on the vehicle. Finally, an analysis of the results is performed.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / Wind energy has proven to be a viable source of clean energy, and the worldwide demand is growing rapidly. Variable speed topologies, with synchronous generators and full-scale converters, are becoming more popular, and the e ective control of these systems is a current trend in wind energy research. The purpose of this study is the modelling, design, simulation and implementation of a small-scale, variable speed wind energy conversion system, incorporating the position sensorless direct torque control with space vector modulation, of a permanent magnet synchronous generator, including an RLC converter lter. Another aim is the development of a gain scheduling algorithm that facilitates the high level control of the system. Mathematical models of the combined lter-generator model, in the stationary and rotating reference frames, are presented and discussed, from which equivalent approximate transfer functions are derived for the design of the controller gains. The design of the controller gains, RLC lter components, gain scheduling concept and maximum power point tracking controller are presented. It is discovered that the RLC lter damping resistance has a signi cant e ect on the resonance frequency of the system. The system is simulated dynamically in both Simulink and the VHDL-AMS programming language. Additionally, the maximum power point tracking controller is simulated in the VHDL-AMS simulation, including a wind turbine simulator. The simulation results demonstrate good dynamic performance, as well as the variable speed operation of the system. The practical results of torque and speed controllers show satisfactory performance, and correlate well with simulated results. The detailed gain scheduling algorithm is presented and discussed. A nal test of the complete system yields satisfactory practical results, and con rms that the objectives of this thesis have been reached.

Orientador: Prof°. Dr Alfeu Joãozinho Sguarezi Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2017. / Esta dissertação apresenta o controle preditivo aplicado ao gerador de indução conectado à rede elétrica com emprego de conversor back to back. Nesse caso, o conversor conectado ao gerador é acionado pela técnica de controle preditivo direto de torque. Por sua vez, o conversor da rede é acionado pelo controle preditivo direto de potência. Os controladores são projetados com base em modelo matemático dinâmico discretizado do gerador e da rede. Para validação do sistema proposto, foram implementadas no Sim- PowerSystems do Matlab/Simulink R os modelos matemáticos e os algoritmos de predição. Por m, foram também realizado teste experimentais no laboratório da universidade. Os resultados obtidos serão apresentados a m de demonstrar a melhora na resposta dinâmica do gerador. Para os resultados de simulação foi possível validar a melhora na corrente injetada na rede em comparação às técnicas tradicionais. / This dissertation presents the predictive control applied to the induction generator connected to the electric grid with the back-to-back converter. In this case, the converter connected to the generator is driven by the predictive direct torque control technique and the grid converter is driven by predictive direct power control. The controllers are designed from discrete dynamic generator and grid mathematical model. For the validation of the proposed system, mathematical models and prediction algorithms were implemented in SimPowerSystems of Matlab / Simulink R. Finally, experimental tests were also carried out in the university laboratory. The results obtained will be presented to present the improvement in the dynamic response of the generator, and for the simulation results, it was possible to validate the improvement in the current injected into the grid in relation to the traditional techniques.

Orientador: Edson Bim / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T08:39:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SguareziFilho_AlfeuJoaozinho_M.pdf: 4747025 bytes, checksum: 077f211f88c422646414f234628ad798 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Este trabalho visa o estudo de métodos de projeto de controladores mediante o emprego da função de transferência complexa; o controle em baixas velocidades de um motor de indução trifásico orientado no fluxo do rotor, bem como no do estator, é o objetivo a ser alcançado. A formulação do modelo vetorial do motor de indução com emprego da função de transferência complexa e do controle vetorial são apresentados. Para validar a proposta, um controlador de ganho proporcional complexo é realizado. Resultados de simulação e de experimentos são obtidos / Abstract: This work aims the study of tunning methods for controllers on vector control using the complex transfer function; low speed control by using the rotor or stator flux orientation on the induction motor is the objetctive. The complex transfer function formulation, its aplication on induction machine model and vector control are presented. To validate the proposal, a proportional complex gains is proposed. Simulation and experimentally results are presented. / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Policies to reduce emissions from transportation are implemented by different World and European<p>associations. Personal and freight transportation is one of the key contributors in GHG<p>emissions, being the second biggest GHG emitter after energy sector in the European Union.<p>The policies to reduce emissions from transportation are focusing on the optimization of the efficiency<p>of the existing vehicles, the development of new sustainable fuels and propulsion systems<p>and the electrification of the vehicles<p>The continuously increasing price of the permanent magnets and the shortage of rare earths<p>demand the finding of alternatives for the permanent magnet synchronous machines which is<p>currently the leading technology in several domains as hybrid and full electric propulsion and<p>wind turbines due to their best overall performances.<p>The good efficiency and the large constant power-speed ratio in addition to low the cost, high<p>reliability and fault-tolerance make the SRM a candidate with real chances on the market of<p>vehicle propulsion. The main drawbacks of the SRM related to the torque ripple, noise and<p>vibration make the research object in R&Ds all over the world.<p>This thesis is focused on the development of an efficient and robust switched reluctance drive<p>which can be integrated in a hybrid dive train or can be solely used for electric vehicle traction.<p>To achieve this goal, various instantaneous and average torque control techniques are implemented<p>and compared. A converter is designed, built and integrated on a test bench which<p>allows testing SRMs for vehicle propulsion. An investigation on noise production in SRDs ends<p>the thesis. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Variable-speed Induction motor drives are nowadays used for various kinds of industrial processes, transportation systems, wind turbines and household appliances in the world. The majority of drives are for general purpose speed control applications where accurate speed control is not required for entire speed range. But for high dynamic drive application, very precise and fast control of induction motor drive is essential. For such applications, sophisticated and well-performing control design is a key issue. Precise and accurate torque control of the Induction Motor (IM) can only be accomplished by vector control and direct torque control. In terms of space vector theory, vector control implies that the instantaneous torque is controlled by way of the stator current vector that is orthogonal to the rotor flux vector. Precise knowledge of the rotor flux angle is therefore essential for a vector controlled IM. IMs do not allow the flux position to be easily measured, so most modern vector controlled IM drives rely on flux estimation. This means that the flux angle is derived from a flux estimator, using the dynamic model of the IM. Given that the rotor speed of the IM is measured by a mechanical shaft sensor. Flux estimation is a fairly easy task. However, vector control of IM without mechanical shaft speed sensor is of current interest in industrial environment. The driving motivations behind the development in sensorless control are lower cost, improved reliability and operating environment. In this thesis, a sensorless vector control scheme for rotor flux estimation using current error space phasor based hysteresis controller is proposed including the method for estimation of leakage inductance, Ls. For frequencies of operation less than 25 Hz, the rotor voltage and hence the rotor flux position is computed during the inverter zero voltage space vector using steady state model of IM. For above 25 Hz, active vector period and steady state model of IM is used. The whole rotor flux estimation scheme is dependent on current error space phasor and the steady state motor model, with rotor flux as a reference vector. Since no terminal voltage sensing is involved, dead time effects will not create problem in rotor flux sensing at low frequencies of operation. But appropriate device on-state drop are compensated at low frequencies (below 5 Hz) of operation to achieve a steady state operation up to less than 1 Hz. A constant switching frequency hysteresis current controller is used in inner current control loop for the PWM regulation, with smooth transition of operation to six-step mode operation. A simple Ls estimation based on current error space phasor is also proposed to nullify the deteriorating effect on rotor flux estimation. The parameter sensitivity of the control scheme to changes in the stator resistance Rs is also investigated. The drive scheme is tested up to a low frequency operation less than 1 Hz. The extensive simulation and experiment results are presented to show the proposed scheme’s good dynamic performance extending up to six-step operation. In contrast to vector control, direct torque control (DTC) method requires the knowledge of stator resistance only and thereby decreasing the associated sensitivity to parameters variation and the elimination of speed information. DTC as compared to vector control does not require co-ordinate transformation and PI controller. DTC is easy to implement because it needs only two hysteresis comparators and a lookup table for both flux and torque control. This thesis also investigates the possibilities in improvement of direct torque control scheme for high performance induction motor drive applications. Here, two schemes are proposed based on the direct torque control scheme for IM drive using 12-sided polygonal voltage space vectors for fast torque control. The torque control scheme based on DTC algorithm is proposed using 12-sided polygonal voltage space vector. The basic DTC scheme is used to control the torque. But the IM drive is open-end type. For torque control, the voltage space vectors orthogonal to stator flux vector in 12-sided polygonal space vector structure are used as hexagonal space vector based DTC scheme. The advantages achieved due to 12-sided polygonal space vector are mainly fast torque control and small torque ripple. The fast transient of torque with precise control is achieved using voltage space vector placed with a resolution of ±15. The torque ripple will be less as 6n±1 (n=odd) harmonic torque is totally eliminated from the whole range of PWM modulation. The comparative analysis of proposed 12-sided polygonal voltage space vector based DTC and conventional hexagonal space vector based DTC is also presented. Extensive simulation and experiment results are also presented to show the fast torque control at speeds of operation ranging from 5 Hz to the rated speed. The concept of 12-sided polygonal space vector based DTC is further extended for a variable speed control scheme using estimated fundamental stator voltage for sector identification. The conventional DTC scheme uses stator flux vector for identification of the sector and the switching vector are selected based on this sector information to control stator flux and torque. However, the proposed DTC scheme selects switching vectors based on the sector information of the estimated fundamental stator voltage vector and its relative position with respect to the stator flux vector. The fundamental stator voltage estimation is based on the steady state model of IM and information of synchronous frequency which is derived from computed stator flux using a low pass filter technique. The proposed DTC scheme utilizes the exact position of fundamental stator voltage vector and stator flux vector position to select optimal switching vector for fast control of torque with small variation of stator flux within hysteresis band. The present DTC scheme allows the full load torque control with fast transient response to very low speeds of operation below 5 Hz. The extensive simulation and experiment results are presented to show the fast torque control for speed of operation from zero speed to rated speed. However, the present scheme will have all the advantages of DTC scheme using stator flux vector for sector identification. All the above propositions are first simulated by MATLAB/Simulink and subsequently verified by an experimental laboratory prototype. The proposed control schemes are experimentally verified on a 3.7 kW IM drive. The control algorithms of the sensorless vector control using current error space phasor as well as DTC using 12-sided polygonal voltage space vector are completely implemented on a TI TMS320LF2812 DSP controller platform. These are some of the constituents for chapters 2, 3 and 4 in this thesis. Additionally, the first chapter also covers a brief survey on some of the recent progresses made in the field of sensorless vector control, direct torque control and current hysteresis controller. The thesis concludes with suggestion for further exploration.