L’individu est abordé, et même défini, par des théories sous-tendues de postulats philosophiques construisant le monde : l’individu est théorisé. Une vision plus ou moins spécifique de cet individu est proposée par chaque théorisation. Celui-ci peut être considéré seul, individuellement, ou en relation avec les autres, collectivement. La psychanalyse tend à s’orienter selon la subjectivité de l’individualité, produisant son Sujet. Le Droit tend à s’orienter selon l’objectivité de la collectivité, produisant son sujet. Pour l’individu, la prise dans ces édifices théoriques est fatalement enclavante. Nous focalisons sur le terme jouissance, champ lacanien pour la psychanalyse et prérogative de la propriété pour le Droit. Foulant la terre lacanienne, la jouissance est impossibilité là où dans l’enceinte juridique elle est possibilité. Très certainement infructueuse pour le Sujet mais tout spécialement fructueuse pour le sujet. Très abstraite, elle est insoumise et abusive chez Lacan, à s’y méprendre. Très concrète, elle est soumise et conditionnée dans le Code civil, à s’y comptabiliser financièrement. Dans un effort paradoxal de fixation sur des jouissances dissemblables bien qu’essentiellement philosophiquement décrétées, c’est le champ lacanien qui se superpose aux prérogatives de la propriété juridique. Ce faisant, les turbulences de la psychopathologie de la postmodernité quotidienne s’éclairent, l’attitude de la psychanalyse vis-à-vis de son Sujet se révèle, l’absolue relativité de l’abord de l’individu lorsqu’assujetti à une théorie se rappelle. Ceci devant la constatation d’un abus radicalement hors la propriété juridique, à situer davantage du côté de la psychanalyse qu’à déposer sur les épaules de son culpabilisé Sujet, atteint du malaise dans la jouissance. / The individual is broached, and even defined, by theories underpinned by world-building philosophical assumptions: he is theorized. A more or less specific view of this individual is proposed by each theorization. He can be considered alone, individually, or in relation to others, collectively. Psychoanalysis tends to be oriented towards the subjectivity of individuality, producing its Subject. The Law tends to be oriented towards the objectivity of the community, producing its subject. For the individual, being caught in theses theoretical structures is inevitably ensnaring. We will focus on the term of jouissance, Lacanian field for psychoanalysis, and prerogative of property for the Law. Treading the Lacanian grounds, jouissance is impossibility, while she is possibility wherein the juridical precinct; most certainly unfruitful for the Subject, but especially fruitful for the subject; very abstruse, she is unruly and abusive for Lacan, uncannily; very practical, she is obedient and conditioned in the french Civil Code, for financial profitability. In a paradoxical effort to fixate on dissimilar, although essentially philosophically decreed, jouissances, the Lacanian field superimposes itself onto the juridical property prerogatives. Thus, the turbulences of the psychopathology of everyday postmodernity are enlightened, the attitude of psychoanalysis vis-à-vis its Subject reveals itself, the absolute relativity at the outset of the individual when liable to a theory is recalled. This being brought before the finding of an abuse, radically apart from juridical property, to place more towards psychoanalysis than to lay upon the shoulders of its guilty Subject, affected by discontent in jouissance.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between media use and body image in senior citizens. This study specifically targeted older people who participate in regular physical activity. Seniors participating in the 2006 Huntsman World Senior Games in St. George, Utah were surveyed concerning current body image and total media use. The sample included 691 participants. Lower body image scores were recorded among seniors who watched greater amounts of television. Magazine readership and body image displayed no relationship among men or women. Total media use did not influence body image scores among seniors. Male participants exhibited a stronger relationship than female participants between television use and low body image scores. Results indicated that males were vulnerable to messages targeting body image in a similar way to that of females. The findings of this study suggest that individuals may still be influenced by ultra thin images prevalent in media well into their older years.

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Denna studie undersöker vilka upplevelser och erfarenheter som påverkat individer när de tagit beslutet att lämna en kriminell livsstil; och vilka faktorer som varit avgörande i förändringsprocessen till ett liv utan kriminalitet. Kvalitativa intervjuer har använts som metod för att besvara frågeställningarna. Fem personer med koppling till organisationen KRIS har intervjuats och resultatet har analyserats utifrån en teoretisk referensram bestående av Laub och Sampsons (2006) definition av begreppet turning points; Paternoster och Bushways (2009) identitetsteori om avhopp från kriminalitet; och Emirbayer och Mishes (1998) teoretiska beskrivning av begreppet human agency. Resultatet visar att alla intervjupersonerna påverkats av crystalization of discontent och drivkraften att undvika the feared possible self (Paternoster & Bushway, 2009) när de beslutat att lämna kriminaliteten. Den egna viljan beskrivs av intervjupersonerna som den mest avgörande faktorn i förändringsprocessen. Andra faktorer som varit betydande är socialt stöd och att hålla fast vid nya rutiner kopplade till livet utan kriminalitet. Slutsatserna i uppsatsen är att det sällan räcker med enskilda faktorer, ofta är det ett samspel mellan flera faktorer som leder till förändring. / The purpose of the present study is to identify events and experiences that influences individuals to make the decision to desist from a criminal life style; and to identify crucial and important factors in the process of desisting from a criminal life style. The used method is qualitative interviews. Five persons connected to KRIS (an organization with the aim to help desisters) were interviewed and the results were analyzed through a theoretic framework consisting Laub and Sampson ́s (2006) definition of the concept of turning points; Paternoster and Bushway ́s (2009) identity theory of desistance from crime; and Emirbayer and Mishe ́s theoretical definition of the concept of human agency. The result shows that all interviewees were affected by crystalization of discontent and the motive to avoid feared possible self (Paternoster & Bushway, 2009) when they decided to desist from criminality. The own will was identified as the most crucial factor in the process of criminal desistance. Social support and the importance of hanging on to new routines were mentioned as other important factors in the process. The conclusion of the study is that it is seldom enough with single factors as solutions to the problems of this study. A successful desistance process is often a result of an interplay between several factors.

This research is based on the premise that employees respond to dissatisfaction in general and organizational injustice in particular in two primary ways: by speaking up and/or by staying silent. This qualitative, theory-generating study examines the phenomenon of organizational injustice (including its antecedents and consequences) and employees' responses toward three research goals: 1) greater understanding of organizational injustice; 2) greater conceptual consensus through concept development of voice and silence; 3) a process model of organizational injustice, voice and silence. Also, new knowledge about voice and silence is linked to organizational practice by examining the availability of various voice systems and perceptions of their efficacy. The research design is influenced by several organizational research streams, as well as grounded theory and clinical methods. Thirty-two employees, each representing different organizations and occupying both managerial/professional positions and clerical/line positions participated in semi-structured, open-ended interviews in which they described 33 cases of workplace injustice. The interview design includes two methods: 1) a retrospective critical incident technique to discuss a workplace experience which participants defined as unjust; and 2) a projective exercise in which participants were asked to imagine that they could speak with impunity to the person(s) involved or responsible for their perceived injustice. Interview cases were supplemented by 30 archival cases of employees' voicing of discontent through a government-sponsored voice system. Significant results concerning the phenomenon of organizational injustice included the introduction of a four-category typology which departs from traditional classifications with its inclusion of interactional injustice (interpersonal mistreatment by a boss) as a distinct category, the systematic delineation and description of interactional injustice according to eight emergent behavioural dimensions, the identification of organizational antecedents to workplace injustice according to four emergent groupings (i.e., structural, procedural, cultural and global) and the identification of individual- and organizational-level consequences. In addition, the concepts of voice and silence emerged as forms of resistance to organizational injustice. Voice was found to encompass two distinct but related constructs: formal and informal voice. Specific strategies by which participants resisted injustice were identified for voice (formal and informal) and silence. A process model of voice and silence in organizational injustice was also introduced.

This thesis is located within the discourse of contemporary, participatory performance. It offers a cultural materialist reading of the relationship between neoliberal capitalism and identity, and its adjunct community, to consider the extent to which participatory performance might challenge the individualistic aspects of the neoliberal ideology. The thesis questions what it means to participate in capitalist democracy in the contemporary moment, interrogates how one might exercise participatory agency both within and outside the theatre space and contemplates the function of participatory performance in a period of democratic discontent. I argue that the case-studies contribute to creating communities of individuals thinking about how to develop capitalist democracy in a more egalitarian direction. The thesis primarily employs close performance analysis of nine case-studies that all occurred in the period 2013-2014. These analyses occur across three chapters that each address a differing form of participation. Chapter One considers the significance of the re-presentation of performer acts of participation within demarcated theatre spaces, challenging the concept of the successfully, aspiring neoliberal identity. Chapter Two focuses on acts of audience participation invited within conventional theatre auditoriums to defamiliarise one’s motivations for acting or not. And Chapter Three centres on immersive performance experiences in which the audience member becomes the art object, inviting them to recognise their indebtedness to others. The thread that coheres this broad cross-section of participatory performance practices is their desire to use the act of participation and the platform of performance to reconceive of what it means to do politics by using artistic and cultural means. Collectively, the case-studies advocate the need for continued co-operation with others and the on-going co-creation of meaning, which eliminates knowing, outcome and end-result, to challenge instrumental understandings of political progress. The thesis conclusion asserts this point by considering the shared theatrical techniques employed across the case-studies that destabilise binary modes of thinking to enhance their ethico-political potential. It also reflects on this argument in light of the election of a majority Conservative (neoliberal) government in 2015.

This research is based on the premise that employees respond to dissatisfaction in general and organizational injustice in particular in two primary ways: by speaking up and/or by staying silent. This qualitative, theory-generating study examines the phenomenon of organizational injustice (including its antecedents and consequences) and employees' responses toward three research goals: 1) greater understanding of organizational injustice; 2) greater conceptual consensus through concept development of voice and silence; 3) a process model of organizational injustice, voice and silence. Also, new knowledge about voice and silence is linked to organizational practice by examining the availability of various voice systems and perceptions of their efficacy. The research design is influenced by several organizational research streams, as well as grounded theory and clinical methods. Thirty-two employees, each representing different organizations and occupying both managerial/professional positions and clerical/line positions participated in semi-structured, open-ended interviews in which they described 33 cases of workplace injustice. The interview design includes two methods: 1) a retrospective critical incident technique to discuss a workplace experience which participants defined as unjust; and 2) a projective exercise in which participants were asked to imagine that they could speak with impunity to the person(s) involved or responsible for their perceived injustice. Interview cases were supplemented by 30 archival cases of employees' voicing of discontent through a government-sponsored voice system. Significant results concerning the phenomenon of organizational injustice included the introduction of a four-category typology which departs from traditional classifications with its inclusion of interactional injustice (interpersonal mistreatment by a boss) as a distinct category, the systematic delineation and description of interactional injustice according to eight emergent behavioural dimensions, the identification of organizational antecedents to workplace injustice according to four emergent groupings (i.e., structural, procedural, cultural and global) and the identification of individual- and organizational-level consequences. In addition, the concepts of voice and silence emerged as forms of resistance to organizational injustice. Voice was found to encompass two distinct but related constructs: formal and informal voice. Specific strategies by which participants resisted injustice were identified for voice (formal and informal) and silence. A process model of voice and silence in organizational injustice was also introduced. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

Occupation of a general nurse belongs to demanding jobs in terms of professional preparation and performance. A nurse is expected to cope with professional activity, working with modern technology, administrative work, to bear the physical and mental load of her profession, to be able to influence and direct patients? feelings and behaviour and finally to be able to cope with professional as well as family problems she is faced to. All this is often dealt with in continuous operation on shift basis at various specialized workplaces. Questions how nurses working at a cardiac surgery department are satisfied or dissatisfied at their jobs, how the work experience length affects their satisfaction, whether possible discontent among nurses may affect quality of the nursing services provided by them and how the hospital management reduces the factors of discontent, became the subject of my thesis. The research was performed at the IKEM in Prague. Quantitative as well as qualitative research methods were used for data collection when mapping the problems in question. The quantitative part involved a questionnaire both, for general nurses working at the cardiac surgery department, aimed at investigation into the discontent factors involved in their occupation, and for the patients undertaking treatment at the cardiac surgery department, to examine their satisfaction with the nursing care. Analysis of the collected data was then performed. An interview with representatives of the hospital line, middle and top managements was the instrument of the qualitative research. It was focused on the question how they proceed in elimination or reduction the discontent factors. The following facts were found out by the quantitative research. Increased physical and mental load, non-cooperating patients and care about more patients at the same time, extensive administration related to patient care, insufficient remuneration, lack of communication from doctors and superiors, lack of auxiliary staff, projection of occupation to private life or the problem of sleeping after a night shift are the most frequent discontent factors. Despite the above negative factors nurses are satisfied with their jobs regardless the length of experience. The indentified factors of discontent do not affect quality of the care provided by the nurses. The qualitative research results show that personal talks, active interviews and direct communication from the staff are the most frequent methods the management uses to map staff satisfaction. The management representative is able to work herself on elimination or reduction of the discovered factors of discontent within her competences, which happens most often. She may also cooperate with the chief nurses or ward sisters. Unless she is able to solve a problem, it is passed to the authorized persons competent to deal with it (health care manager, social-legal department, HR department). The hospital director is also informed on the most serious cases. The management hardly ever cooperates with physicians on elimination or reduction of the discontent factors. The most important aspect of solving the problem of discontent factors is its subject, which affects the solution method, whether it is to be dealt with by an individual or the whole team. They inform the head physicians or the ward chief consultant on serious problems. The course of the problem solution is communicated to the employees by the ward sisters or chief nurses personally, orally.The goals of the thesis have been met, the set hypotheses have been refuted, and the research questions have been answered.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Heci Regina Candiani.pdf: 1571804 bytes, checksum: a6ea2e3c362d97b9acde25f608bb4a13 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-07 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / As a structural phenomenon affecting civilization, discontent is related to the difficulties of individuals in dealing with the demands imposed by living in societal settings. The concept of discontent refers to the conflict between individuals and peers, who are often taken as irreconcilable differents. This conflict can be seen in some claims for unlimited individual freedom, in the antagonism to established social rules, in the cravings for illiberal tendencies, in the yearnings for a repressive state, in the excessive physical and verbal hostility in routine tasks and in the indifference towards others. Such aspects of social relations have been widely assessed by sociology and are exposed in some standards of contemporary sociability. The objective is to understand how discontent mainly under the forms of exacerbated violence and of indifference can be placed into the Brazilian contemporary context and how can it be picked out in journalistic texts. The journalistic discourse consists of individual representation and reflects social relations rather than being a narrative that tries to re-enact objectively the facts. In this sense, it can be probed as a form of expressed discontent. This survey reviews, by means of depth hermeneutics, as proposed by John B. Thompson, texts of two Brazilian newspapers, Folha de S. Paulo and O Globo, covering cases of violence which occurred in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro in 2004 / Fenômeno estrutural da civilização, o mal-estar está relacionado às dificuldades dos indivíduos em lidarem com os sacrifícios impostos pela vida em sociedade. O conceito de mal-estar remete, assim, ao conflito entre o indivíduo e seus semelhantes, que tantas vezes se apresentam como irreconciliavelmente diferentes. Esse conflito pode ser percebido em algumas reivindicações de liberdade ilimitada do indivíduo, em sua oposição às regras e normas sociais, em anseios e movimentos antidemocráticos, no forte apelo à ação repressiva extrema do Estado, na violência desmedida em atos e palavras do cotidiano e na indiferença em relação ao outro. Tais aspectos das relações sociais têm sido largamente estudados pela sociologia e se revelam em alguns padrões de sociabilidade contemporâneos. O objetivo é compreender como o mal-estar principalmente sob as formas da violência exacerbada e da indiferença pode ser contextualizado na atualidade brasileira e como pode ser apreendido a partir dos textos jornalísticos. O discurso jornalístico é, antes de uma narrativa que busca reconstituir de modo objetivo os fatos, um modo de representação dos indivíduos e das relações sociais e, nesse sentido, pode ser investigado como uma das formas de expressar o mal-estar. Nesta sondagem, por meio da hermenêutica em profundidade, tal como proposta por John B. Thompson, foram analisados textos de dois jornais brasileiros, Folha de S. Paulo e O Globo, relativos a casos de violência ocorridos em São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro em 2004

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:56:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Heci Regina Candiani.pdf: 1571804 bytes, checksum: a6ea2e3c362d97b9acde25f608bb4a13 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-07 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / As a structural phenomenon affecting civilization, discontent is related to the difficulties of individuals in dealing with the demands imposed by living in societal settings. The concept of discontent refers to the conflict between individuals and peers, who are often taken as irreconcilable differents. This conflict can be seen in some claims for unlimited individual freedom, in the antagonism to established social rules, in the cravings for illiberal tendencies, in the yearnings for a repressive state, in the excessive physical and verbal hostility in routine tasks and in the indifference towards others. Such aspects of social relations have been widely assessed by sociology and are exposed in some standards of contemporary sociability. The objective is to understand how discontent mainly under the forms of exacerbated violence and of indifference can be placed into the Brazilian contemporary context and how can it be picked out in journalistic texts. The journalistic discourse consists of individual representation and reflects social relations rather than being a narrative that tries to re-enact objectively the facts. In this sense, it can be probed as a form of expressed discontent. This survey reviews, by means of depth hermeneutics, as proposed by John B. Thompson, texts of two Brazilian newspapers, Folha de S. Paulo and O Globo, covering cases of violence which occurred in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro in 2004 / Fenômeno estrutural da civilização, o mal-estar está relacionado às dificuldades dos indivíduos em lidarem com os sacrifícios impostos pela vida em sociedade. O conceito de mal-estar remete, assim, ao conflito entre o indivíduo e seus semelhantes, que tantas vezes se apresentam como irreconciliavelmente diferentes. Esse conflito pode ser percebido em algumas reivindicações de liberdade ilimitada do indivíduo, em sua oposição às regras e normas sociais, em anseios e movimentos antidemocráticos, no forte apelo à ação repressiva extrema do Estado, na violência desmedida em atos e palavras do cotidiano e na indiferença em relação ao outro. Tais aspectos das relações sociais têm sido largamente estudados pela sociologia e se revelam em alguns padrões de sociabilidade contemporâneos. O objetivo é compreender como o mal-estar principalmente sob as formas da violência exacerbada e da indiferença pode ser contextualizado na atualidade brasileira e como pode ser apreendido a partir dos textos jornalísticos. O discurso jornalístico é, antes de uma narrativa que busca reconstituir de modo objetivo os fatos, um modo de representação dos indivíduos e das relações sociais e, nesse sentido, pode ser investigado como uma das formas de expressar o mal-estar. Nesta sondagem, por meio da hermenêutica em profundidade, tal como proposta por John B. Thompson, foram analisados textos de dois jornais brasileiros, Folha de S. Paulo e O Globo, relativos a casos de violência ocorridos em São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro em 2004