La communauté de la Visualisation d'Information (Infovis) accorde une importance primordiale à la conception de techniques de visualisation nouvelles, efficaces, ou spécialisées. Alors qu'une technique de visualisation est composée à la fois de techniques de représentation et de techniques d'interaction, la conception de nouvelles techniques d'interaction pour l'Infovis passe souvent au second plan. Dans cette thèse, centrée sur l'interaction en Infovis, j'explore la conception de nouvelles techniques d'interaction afin de rendre des techniques de visualisation existantes plus efficaces, plus adaptées aux tâches utilisateur, et plus engageantes. Afin que ces techniques d'interaction soient efficaces, il est nécessaire d'abandonner les outils interactifs (widgets) standards et proposer des interfaces utilisateur allant au-delà des interfaces à fenêtres, icônes, menus et pointeur connues sous le nom d'interfaces WIMP (Window/Icon/Menu/Pointer).Dans cette thèse, je soutiens que la conception de nouvelles techniques d'interaction pour la visualisation devraient être basée sur le paradigme de la manipulation directe et sur le modèle de l'interaction instrumentale, et s'inspirer de paradigmes d'interaction établis en Interaction Homme-Machine (IHM) mais trop peu connus et reconnus en Infovis. En me basant sur plusieurs projets que j'ai menés au court de ma thèse, je démontre que la conception opportuniste d'interactions nouvelles peut rendre des techniques de visualisation plus efficaces. Ces différents projets soulèvent des problèmes de conception des techniques d'interaction, tels que le compromis entre la congruence cognitive d'une technique d'interaction et sa généricité, le problème de la conception d'interactions engageant l'utilisateur, et les mérites de l'interaction fluide et ininterrompue. Enfin, je propose un ensemble de règles dérivées des différents projets de cette thèse et je soumets des perspectives de travaux futurs, afin de contribuer au grand défi d'établir une théorie de l'interaction pour l'Infovis. / There is a tremendous effort from the information visualization (Infovis) community to design novel, more efficient or more specialized desktop visualization techniques. While visual representations and interactions are combined to create these visualizations, less effort is invested in the design of new interaction techniques for Infovis. In this thesis, I focus on interaction for Infovis and explore how to improve existing visualization techniques through efficient yet simple interactions. To become more efficient, the interaction techniques should reach beyond the standard widgets and Window/Icon/Menu/Pointer (WIMP) user interfaces. In this thesis, I argue that the design of novel interactions for visualization should be based on the direct manipulation paradigm, instrumental interaction, and take inspiration from advanced interactions investigated in HCI research but not well exploited yet in Infovis. I take examples from multiple projects I have designed to illustrate how opportunistic interactions can empower visualizations and I explore design implications raised by novel interaction techniques, such as the tradeoff between cognitive congruence and versatility, the problem of engaging interaction, and the benefits of seamless, fluid interaction. Finally, I provide guidelines and perspectives, addressing the grand challenge of building or consolidating the theory of interaction for Infovis.

Human-computer interaction problems have been approached by design practitioners and researchers for a few decades now. Usability is an established quality attribute that is used to assess how easy user interfaces are to use. Websites have been determined to benefit from such assessment, and responsive web design (RWD) is a fairly new approach to web design where usability problems have been recognised, and where usability focused research has been carried out. While usability testing can be used to determine how easy a RWD website is to use, it does not provide a detailed psychological model that tells the designer how to design RWD websites that are easy to use. Discoverability is a psychological model within the field of design in general, that can be implemented by designers who want to achieve a good design. No previous research has been carried out with the purpose of exploring how discoverability can be used to improve the usability of a RWD website, and the author of this thesis suggests that there is value in conducting such research, because it has the potential to provide new insight into how RWD websites can be designed in way that makes them easier to use. This thesis approaches the question by conducting a usability test on a RWD website, and uses the results of the test as a foundation for a suggested discoverability focused approach to improving the usability of the RWD website.

With the rapid advancements in the field of Natural Language Processing and Artificial Intelligence, several aspects of its use cases and impact on productivity are largely unexplored. Many of the recent machine learning models are based on an architecture called Transformers that allows for faster computation and for more context to be preserved. At the same time, tech companies face the dilemmas of how to navigate their code bases, spanning over millions of lines of code. The aim of this thesis is to investigate whether the implementation and fine-tuning of a Transformers-based model can be utilised to improve the code search process in a tech company, leading to improvements in developer productivity. Specifically, the thesis will evaluate the effectiveness of such implementation from a productivity perspective in terms of velocity, quality, and satisfaction. The research uses a mixed method design consisting of two distinct methodologies as well as analyses of quantitative and qualitative data. To assess the level of accuracy that can be obtained by optimising a Transformers-based model on internal data, an evaluative experiment with various internal datasets was conducted. The second methodology applied was a usability test, investigating potential impacts on velocity, quality, and satisfaction by testing a contextual code-search prototype with developers. Data from the tests was analysed through a heat map-, trade-off- and template analysis. Results indicate that a Transformers-based modes can be optimised for code search on internal data and has the potential to improve code search from the aspects of velocity, quality, and satisfaction. / Den snabba utvecklingen inom områdena för Språlteknologi och Artificiell Intelligens har visat på stora framgångar men också lämnat utrymme för ytterligare forskning på dess användningsområden och inverkan på produktivitet. Många av de senaste maskininlärningsmodellerna använder sig av en arkitektur kallad Transformers. Denna arkitektur möjliggör snabbare bearbetning av data och är bättre på att ta hänsyn till kontext. Samtidigt står tech-bolagen inför stora utmaningar i att navigera sina kodbaser, vilka består av flera miljoner rader kod. Målet med denna uppsats är att undersöka huruvida implementering och fine-tuning av en Transformers-baserad modell kan användas för att förbättra kodsökningsprocessen i ett tech-bolag och därmed leda till förbättring av utvecklares produktivitet. Mer specifikt utvärderar uppsatsen en sådan implementation från ett produktivitetsperspektiv med hänsyn till dimensioner såsom hastighet, kvalitet och tillfredställelse. Uppsatsen använder sig av en mixad metodologi bestående av två distinkta metoder samt analys av både kvalitativ och kvantitativ data. För att utvärdera nivån av noggrannhet som kan uppnås genom implementation och optimering av en Transformers-baserad modell på intern data, genomfördes experiment på olika interna dataset. Den andra metoden består av ett usability test för att undersöka potentiella effekter på hastighet, kvalitet och tillfredställelse genom att testa en kontextuell kodsökningsprototyp med utvecklare. Data från testen analyserades genom en heat map, trade-off och template analys. Resultaten indikerar att en Transformers-baserad modell kan optimeras för kodsökningpå intern data och har möjlighet att förbättra kodsökning från perspektiven hastighet, kvalitet och tillfredställelse.

The media landscape is changing and Internet-based streaming services for children are becoming increasingly popular. The concept of online streaming extends freedom and control over content selection but discovering new content is often experienced as troublesome. The objective of this thesis is to identify parameters to make it easier for users of streaming services for children to discover and watch unfamiliar programs. Guidelines are formed based on literature studies, interviews, observations, a survey, a benchmark, data analysis with Adobe Analytics, a workshop and finally user tests with prototypes. These guidelines conclude that content should be categorized, dynamicized, highlighted and socially engaging. Categorization based on age is primarily important but interests and genres can also be used to make children more interested in a title. Content should be dynamic, customizable and personal to each user to give more accurate recommendations based on age and interests. Making one alternative more visually prominent will make this alternative more interesting especially for younger children and social features with information about other users opinions can motivate a decision to discover new content among older children.

The largest software companies in the world are racing to develop their Intelligent Personal Assistants. Each with more and more capabilities and ways for users to access them. The different assistants have different capabilities and one of the ways the companies are differentiating is in the interaction techniques their assistants that are controlled with, most uses voice, and some uses text. This thesis walks through these interaction techniques, give a brief overview of intelligent personal assistants today and explores how learnability differentiate when using these interaction techniques. The thesis also investigates when users have access to multiple interaction techniques to use in combination when interacting with such an assistant. To evaluate the field, a literature study was conducted covering Intelligent Personal Assistants, interaction techniques, conversational user interfaces, modalities, multimodal interaction, voice and chat interfaces. Interviews with early adopters of Intelligent Personal Assistants was performed to better understand the current state of the technology and how users were using it. To evaluate the learnability differences in different interaction techniques, a series of user tests in a wizard-of-oz setup was conducted. In the user tests the different groups was using different interaction techniques to interact with their assistants. The main findings of the user tests was that there are indications to that the type of language used differs depending on the interaction techniques. Users who interact through voice is more prone to use a more natural language, while users using a chat interface quickly started to treat the interactions with the Intelligent Personal Assistant as commands. The result observed was that users who interacted with the assistant using chat and then switched to interacting through voice used a shorter, more command-like language when they interacted through voice as well.

No / Discoverability or visibility is a challenge that faces all researchers worldwide – with an ever increasing supply of good research entering the scholarly marketplace; this challenge is only becoming intensified as time passes. The global language of scholarly research is English and so the obstacle of getting noticed is magnified manyfold when the article is not written in the English language. Indeed, despite rapid advances in technology, the “tyranny of language” creates a segmentation inhibiting scholarly research and innovation generally. Mass translation of non-English language articles is neither feasible nor desirable. Our paper proposes a strategy for remedying this segmentation – such that, the work of non-English language scholars become more discoverable. The core piece of this strategy is a “reverse-engineering” [RE] application of Faff’s (2015, 2017) “pitching research” template. More specifically, we provide translated versions of the “cued” template across THIRTY THREE different languages: (1) Arabic; (2) Chinese; (3) Dutch; (4) French; (5) Greek; (6) Hindi; (7) Indonesian; (8) Japanese; (9) Korean; (10) Lao; (11) Norwegian; (12) Polish; (13) Portuguese; (14) Romanian; (15) Russian; (16) Sinhalese; (17) Spanish; (18) Tamil; (19) Thai; (20) Urdu; (21) Vietnamese; (22) Myanmar; (23) German; (24) Persian; (25) Bengali; (26) Filipino; (27) Italian; (28) Afrikaans; (29) Khmer (Cambodia); (30) Danish; (31) Finnish; (32) Hebrew; (33) Turkish. Further, we showcase illustrative dual language examples of the RE strategy for the Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese and French cases.

Yes / The global language of scholarly research is English and so the obstacle of getting noticed is montainous when the article is not written in the English language. Indeed, despite rapid advances in technology, the “tyranny of language” creates a segmentation inhibiting scholarly research and innovation generally. Mass translation of non-English language articles is neither feasible nor desirable. Our paper proposes a strategy for remedying this segmentation – such that, the work of non-English language scholars become more discoverable. The core piece of this strategy is a “reverse-engineering” [RE] application of Faff’s (2015, 2017a) “pitching research” template. More specifically, we provide access to translated versions of the “cued” template across thirty-three different languages, and most notably for this journal, including the Romanian and French languages. Further, we showcase an illustrative dual language French-English example.