Cette thèse porte sur les pratiques culturelles des Québécois et des Québécoises et, plus spécifiquement dans un premier temps, sur les facteurs qui les influencent. Elle traite ensuite des comparaisons entre les individus selon les générations et les cycles de vie. Finalement, elle porte sur les découpages territoriaux régionaux sur le plan des pratiques culturelles et sur les questions liées au territoire. Tous les résultats sont tirés des enquêtes sur les pratiques culturelles au Québec menées à tous les cinq ans depuis 1979 par les ministères en charge de la culture. Les deux principaux référents théoriques sont la théorie de la légitimité de Bourdieu et la figure de l’omnivore de Peterson. Dans la première partie, cette thèse a cherché à savoir si les usages d’Internet sont associés à une ouverture culturelle ou à un confinement. Les résultats montrent que l’âge, la scolarité et les usages culturels que l’on fait d’Internet sont des prédicteurs importants des visites des lieux culturels et des sorties au spectacle. Les modèles qui incluent les usages d’Internet et des variables sociodémographiques sont plus performants que ceux ne considérant que ces dernières. Dans la deuxième partie, les quasi-cohortes à l’étude ont été comparées afin de voir si leurs comportements culturels diffèrent selon les cycles de vie et si leur parcours culturel a varié dans le temps. Finalement, la diversification des pratiques des quasi-cohortes a été étudiée afin d’estimer si elles deviennent plus omnivores avec le temps et d’une quasi-cohorte à l’autre. Le modèle explicatif créé affiche des différences dans le parcours culturel selon les cycles de vie, de même qu’au fil du temps. Il met également en lumière des différences d’une génération à l’autre, de même que des différences entre les générations lorsqu’elles traversent un même cycle de vie. À la différence de ceux de Peterson (2004), les résultats ne permettent pas de conclure que les quasi-cohortes plus âgées sont plus omnivores qu’avant ni que les jeunes sont plus omnivores que leurs aînés. La troisième partie de ce travail avait un objectif comparatif : il s’agissait de voir si les régions administratives du Québec, lorsqu’elles sont étudiées sous l’angle des pratiques culturelles, se regroupent conformément à la typologie des espaces culturels régionaux développée par Harvey et Fortin (1995) sur la base de l’offre culturelle. Les résultats montrent que les regroupements ne sont pas toujours conformes à la typologie et que les pratiques sont très hétérogènes, ce qui permet difficilement d’établir une constance dans les regroupements. Aussi semble-t-il indiqué de fonder la comparaison des territoires sur la prise en compte de l’objet (p. ex. offre ou pratique culturelle), de l’échelle territoriale (p. ex. bibliothèque municipale ou musée national) et de la nature du produit ou de la pratique (p. ex. mobile ou immobile). En conclusion, la pertinence d’élargir l’horizon des pratiques culturelles mesurées dans les enquêtes et d’y inclure des phénomènes transcendants, comme les valeurs, les contraintes et la motivation a été remise en question. À titre d’exemple, l’étude de la motivation pourrait permettre de préciser la figure de l’omnivore au Québec. Il est également apparu pertinent de poursuivre la réflexion en étudiant la manière dont les pratiques culturelles sont consommées afin de voir si, et comment, le cas échéant, s’opère la distinction. / This thesis focuses on the cultural practices of the Québécois, more specifically, to begin with, on its influencing factors. It then looks at comparisons between individuals based on generations and life history. To conclude, it examines territorial and regional division in terms of cultural practices and issues related to territory. All the findings come from surveys on cultural practices in Quebec conducted every five years since 1979 by departments of cultural affairs. The two main theoretical references are Bourdieu's theory of legitimacy and Peterson's omnivore thesis. In the opening section, the thesis explores whether Internet use is connected to cultural openness or isolation. The findings demonstrate that age, education and the use of the Internet for cultural purposes are strong predictors of visits to cultural venues and outings to shows. The models that include Internet use and sociodemographic variables are more efficient than those focusing solely on the latter. In the second part, the study's quasi-cohorts were compared to see if their cultural behaviours changed according to life history and whether their cultural path varied over time. In conclusion, the diversification of the quasi-cohorts' practices was examined to estimate whether or not they became more omnivorous with time and from one quasi-cohort to another. The explanatory model displays the differences in cultural paths based on life history, and over time. It also brings to light the differences from one generation to another, as well as the differences between generations sharing the same life history. These results, unlike Peterson's (2004), do not conclusively show that older quasi-cohorts are more omnivorous than before nor that young people are more omnivorous than their elders. The objective of the third section of this work was to see whether Quebec's administrative regions, when studied from the angle of cultural practices, are divided according to the classification of regional cultural spaces developed by Harvey and Fortin (1995) based on cultural offering. The findings show that groupings do not always fall within the classification and that practices are very heterogeneous, which makes establishing consistency within the groupings difficult. Therefore, when comparing the territories, it seems appropriate to account for the object (e.g., cultural offering or practice), the territorial scale (e.g., municipal library or national museum) and the nature of the product or practice (e.g., mobile or stationary). In conclusion, the relevance of expanding the cultural practices measured in the survey and including overriding phenomena such as values, constraints and motivation was called into question. For example, a study of motivation could clarify the omnivore pattern in Quebec. It also seems relevant to continue the reflection by studying how cultural practices are consumed, in order to see if, and how, the distinction is made.

Contexte : L’insécurité alimentaire des ménages, c’est-à-dire un accès insuffisant aux aliments découlant de contraintes financières, peut affecter la qualité de l’alimentation. Toutefois, cette association est peu étudiée chez les nouveaux demandeurs d’aide alimentaire. Objectifs : Quantifier les associations entre la sécurité alimentaire et la qualité de l’alimentation des nouveaux demandeurs d’aide alimentaire au Québec. Méthodes : Il s’agit d’une analyse de données transversales de l’étude Parcours, demander de l’aide alimentaire et après? auprès de 1001 participants interviewés entre 2018 et 2020. Le statut de sécurité alimentaire a été évalué via le Module d’enquête sur la sécurité alimentaire des ménages. La qualité de l’alimentation, estimée à partir d’un questionnaire de fréquence alimentaire, a été déclinée en cinq variables : trois patrons alimentaires reflétant une alimentation de meilleure qualité (désignée prudent) et de moindre qualité (respectivement western et snack foods), un score de variété alimentaire et la fréquence de consommation de repas. Des régressions multivariées et logistiques ont été effectuées sur 987 participants avec des données complètes. Résultats : L’étude montre une association négative entre la gravité de l’insécurité alimentaire et le patron prudent, une association positive entre la gravité de l’insécurité alimentaire et le patron snack foods, un risque plus élevé de sauter des repas et d’avoir un faible score de variété. Conclusion : Il existe un gradient de qualité de l’alimentation selon le statut de sécurité alimentaire des nouveaux demandeurs d’aide alimentaire. Des inégalités sociales en alimentation existent, même au sein d’une population très vulnérable à l’insécurité alimentaire. / Context: Household food insecurity, i.e an insufficient or uncertain access to foods because of financial difficulties, can affect dietary quality. However, little is known about this association among new food aid users. Objectives: To quantify the associations between food security status and dietary quality of new food aid users. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Pathways, asking for food aid and then? study, including 1001 participants interviewed between 2018 and 2020. Household food security status was assessed through the Household Food Security Survey Module. Dietary quality, assessed through a food frequency questionnaire, was broken down into five variables: three dietary patterns reflecting a diet of better quality (named prudent) and poorer quality (named western and snack foods, respectively), a dietary variety score and meal consumption frequency. Multivariable regression and logistic regression analyses were performed on 987 participants with complete data. Results: This study shows a negative association between gravity of food insecurity and prudent dietary pattern, a positive association between gravity of food insecurity and snack foods dietary pattern and higher odds of skipping meals and having a lower dietary variety among individuals in food insecure households. Conclusion: There is a gradient of dietary quality according to food security status among new food aid users in Quebec. Social inequalities in diet exist even among a subgroup of very vulnerable individuals living in food insecurity.

Ce texte cherche à déterminer si à un niveau de productivité identique un écart salarial entre les hommes et les femmes immigrants québécois fortement scolarisés s’observe. À cette fin, un modèle de discrimination statistique est utilisé qui postule qu’il est plus coûteux pour un employeur d’évaluer la productivité d’une femme et que le signal de productivité se précise plus rapidement chez les hommes. Ces deux hypothèses permettent de formuler plusieurs prédictions théoriques portant sur l’écart salarial entre les sexes. Celles-ci sont vérifiées à l’aide de données obtenues par l’Enquête sur les immigrants de la catégorie des travailleurs qualifiés. Les résultats suggèrent que la situation des immigrants occidentaux corrobore partiellement les prédictions théoriques, tandis que celle des immigrants provenant des pays en développement les rejette.

CONTEXTE : La France est caractérisée par l’existence de fortes disparités socioéconomiques et géographiquesde l’état de santé, le plus souvent objectivées par des indicateurs objectifs de morbidité et de mortalité. Ladistribution territoriale des mesures de santé perçue comme la qualité de vie liée à la santé (QdVLS) reste malconnue en population générale. Une meilleure connaissance de la répartition et des déterminants – en particuliercontextuels - de ces indicateurs subjectifs permettrait de mieux comprendre leur signification par rapport auxindicateurs objectifs et d’apprécier l’intérêt spécifique de leur suivi en population générale.OBJECTIFS : Les objectifs de cette recherche étaient [1] d’étudier l’existence de disparités spatiales de QdVLSdans la population française et d’analyser leur évolution dans le temps, [2] d’étudier les déterminants de laQdVLS à la fois individuels et contextuels dans le cadre d’une analyse multiniveau, et [3] d’évaluer lesassociations écologiques entre QdVLS et mortalité ultérieure à cinq ans d’intervalle.MATERIEL ET METHODES : Les données issues de deux enquêtes transversales nationales représentatives ont étéexploitées : l’enquête Décennale 2003 de l’Insee pour l’ensemble des travaux menés (N=22 743 [1 et 3] ; N=16 732 [2]) et l’enquête Sofres 1995 pour l’analyse de l’évolution temporelle de la QdVLS (N=3 243 [1]). Lequestionnaire utilisé dans les deux enquêtes était le SF-36. [1] Des modèles de régression linéaire multiple àeffets fixes avec recherche d’interactions ont été réalisés pour l’analyse de l’évolution temporelle. [2] L’analysemultiniveau des déterminants contextuels de la QdVLS s’appuyait sur des modèles à effets mixtes, afind’explorer une chaine causale incluant des déterminants aux niveaux individuel, du ménage, de l’unité urbaine etrégional, d’ordre démographique, socioéconomique ou intégrant la notion contextuelle plus complexed’attractivité (taux migratoire, désindustrialisation). [3] Les données de mortalité étaient issues de la statistiquenationale des décès élaborée annuellement par le CépiDc. Des modèles de régression binomiale négative ont étéréalisés pour l’analyse des associations écologiques au niveau régional entre QdVLS en 2003 et mortalitéultérieure (court terme [2003-2005] ; à 5 ans [2007-2009]) et en stratifiant sur le sexe, l’âge et les causesspécifiques de décès.RESULTATS PRINCIPAUX : [1] Une diminution significative de la QdVLS était observée entre 1995 et 2003affectant tous les groupes sociodémographiques et suggérant la possibilité d’un accroissement des disparités pourles catégories les plus fragiles de la population. [2] De fortes disparités régionales de QdVLS étaient retrouvées,persistant après ajustement sur les caractéristiques socioéconomiques individuelles. L’analyse multiniveaupermettait d’identifier des processus de médiation impliquant les variables contextuelles de désindustrialisation,le taux d’accroissement migratoire, le taux d’abstention aux élections, et les comportements liés à la santé. Desinteractions inter-niveaux et intra-régionales étaient identifiées. [3] Des associations écologiques significativesétaient retrouvées au niveau régional entre QdVLS et mortalité à cinq ans d’intervalle, persistant aprèsajustement sur le niveau socioéconomique. Des relations spécifiques étaient observées après stratification surl’âge, le genre, les causes spécifiques de décès ; le caractère prédictif de la QdVLS variait selon le délai plus oumoins court entre mesure de la QdVLS et mortalité. / BACKGROUND: Wide social and geographical disparities are reported in France for morbidity and mortalityindicators. Less is known regarding the spatial distribution in general population of self-rated health (SRH) andhealth-related quality of life (HRQoL). Improving the knowledge of the contextual determinants of HRQoLwould help towards a better understanding of their meaning and interest in general population when it comes tocompare with classical objective indicators.OBJECTIVES: The objectives were [1] to assess existing spatial disparities of HRQoL in French generalpopulation and to investigate their evolution in time, [2] to determine individual and contextual determinants ofHRQoL and [3] to explore the ecological associations between HRQoL and subsequent mortality five years later.METHODS: Data were drawn from two large representative cross sectional surveys: the Insee Decennial HealthSurvey led in 2003 (N=22 743 [study 1 and 3] ; N= 16 732 [2]) and the Sofres health survey led in 1995(N=3243 [1]).The MOS SF-36 questionnaire was used in both surveys. [1] Fixed effects linear models combinedwith interaction tests were used for assessing time trends. [2] Mixed effects linear models were used for themultilevel analysis, exploring a causal pathway including individual and macrolevel factors (household, urbanunit and region) assessing demographics, socioeconomics, and features related to the notion of areaattractiveness (deindustrialization, net migration rates). [3] Mortality data were drawn from the French nationalstatistics of mortality (CepiDc-Inserm). Negative binomial regression models were performed to identifyecological associations at the region level between HRQoL recorded in 2003 and subsequent mortality (shortterm [2003-2005]; 5-years later [2007-2009]), stratifying on age, gender and specific causes of death.MAIN RESULTS: [1] A significant decrease in HRQoL was observed between 1995 and 2003, affecting allsociodemographic categories and suggesting likely widening disparities in the most fragile categories. [2]Regional HRQoL disparities were found, persisting after adjusting on socioeconomic individual characteristics.Multilevel analysis showed some evidence for mediation involving contextual factors like deindustrialization,net migration rates, voter abstention rate and health-related behaviors. Cross-level interactions were found aswell. [3] Significant ecological associations were identified at the region level between HRQoL and mortalityfive years later, persisting after adjusting on deprivation. Specific relationships were observed after stratifying onage, gender, specific causes of death; the predictive ability of HRQoL for mortality was varying depending onthe mortality period considered for analysis.CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight the interest in assessing HRQoL at the population level and in exploringthe contextual determinants at play. Systematic inclusion of validated and multidimensional HRQoLquestionnaires should be supported in national surveys, so as to improve our knowledge of long term temporaltrends in HRQoL, to promote an increased use of contextual multilevel analyses using such data, and eventuallyto help better identifying sub-groups at risk and optimizing public health interventions.

L’ évolution des systèmes radar et de guerre électronique tend à concevoir desrécepteurs numériques possédant des bandes instantanées de plus en plus larges. Cette contraintese reporte sur les Convertisseurs Analogique-Numérique (CAN) qui doivent fournir une fréquenced’échantillonnage de plus en plus élevée tout en conservant une puissance dissipée réduite. Unesolution pour répondre à cette demande est le CAN à Temps Entrelacés (ET-CAN) qui paralléliseM CANs pour augmenter la fréquence d’échantillonnage d’un facteur M tout en restant dansun rapport proportionné avec la puissance dissipée. Cependant, les performances dynamiquesdes ET-CANs sont réduites par des défauts d’entrelacements liés à des différences de processusde fabrication, de leur tension d’alimentation et des variations de température. Ces défautspeuvent être modélisés comme issus des disparités d’offsets, de gains ou décalages temporels etglobalement comme issus des disparités de réponses fréquentielles. Ce sont sur ces dernièresdisparités, moins traitées dans la littérature, que portent nos travaux. L’objectif est d’étudierces disparités pour en déduire un modèle et une méthode d’estimation puis, de proposer desméthodes de compensation numérique qui peuvent être implémentées sur une cible FPGA.Pour cela, nous proposons un modèle général des disparités de réponses fréquentielles desET-CANs pour un nombre de voies M quelconques. Celui-ci mélange une description continuedes disparités et une description discrète de l’entrelacement, résultant sur une expression desdéfauts des ET-CANs comme un filtrage à temps variant périodique (LPTV) du signal analogiqueéchantillonné uniformément. Puis, nous proposons une méthode d’estimation des disparitésdes ET-CANs basée sur les propriétés de corrélation du signal en sortie du modèle, pour Mvoies quelconques. Ensuite, nous définissions une architecture de compensation des disparitésde réponses fréquentielles des ET-CANs et nous étudions ses performances en fonction de sesconfigurations et du signal en entrée. Nous décrivons une implémentation de cette architecturepour M=4 voies entrelacées sur cible FPGA et nous étudions les ressources consommées afin deproposer des pistes d’optimisation. Enfin, nous proposons une seconde méthode de compensationspécifique au cas M=2 voies entrelacées, dérivée de la première mais travaillant sur le signalanalytique en sortie d’un ET-CAN et nous la comparons à une méthode similaire de l’état del’art. / The evolution of radar and electronic warfare systems tends to develop digitalreceivers with wider bandwidths. This constraint reaches the Analog to Digital Converters(ADC) which must provide a sample rate higher and higher while maintaining a reducedpower dissipation. A solution to meet this demand is the Time-Interleaved ADC (TIADC)which parallelizes M ADCs, increasing the sampling frequency of an M factor while still ina proportionate relation to the power loss. However, the dynamic performance of TIADCsare reduced by errors related to the mismatches between the sampling channels, due to themanufacturing processes, the supply voltage and the temperature variations. These errors canbe modeled as the result of offset, gain and clock-skew mismatches and globally as from thefrequency response mismatches. It is these last mismatches, unless addressed in the literaturethat carry our work. The objective is to study these errors to derive a model and an estimationmethod then, to propose digital compensation methods that can be implemented on a FPGAtarget.First, we propose a general TIADC model using frequency response mismatches for any Mchannel number. Our model merge a continuous-time description of mismatches and a discretetimeone of the interleaving process, resulting in an expression of the TIADC errors as a linearperiodic time-varying (LPTV) system applied to the uniformly sampled analog signal. Then,we propose a method to estimate TIADC errors based on the correlation properties of theoutput signal for any M channel. Next, we define a frequency response mismatch compensationarchitecture for TIADC errors and we study its performance related to its configuration and theinput signal. We describe an FPGA implementation of this architecture for M=4 interleavedchannels and we study the resources consumption to propose optimisations. Finally, we proposea second compensation method, specific to M=2 interleaved channels and derived from the firstone, but working on the analytical signal from the TIADC output and we compare it to a similarstate-of-the-art method.

The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the problem of population ageing in terms of the cessation of professional activity (and especially premature labour market withdrawals) and non-medical care needs of persons who are dependent or have lost their autonomy, in order to provide the various public and private administrations active in these fields with some food for thought. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis focuses on the industry wage differentials, rent-sharing and the gender wage gap. I empirically investigate: i) the interaction between inter-industry wage differentials and the gender wage gap in six European countries, ii) how rent sharing interacts with the gender wage gap in the Belgian private sector and iii) the existence of inter-industry wage differentials in Belgium, through the unobserved ability hypothesis.<p><p>The first chapter is devoted to the analysis of the interaction between inter-industry wage differentials and the gender wage gap in six European countries, i.e. Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and the U.K. To do so, we have relied on a unique harmonised matched employer-employee data set, the 1995 European Structure of Earnings Survey. As far as we know, this paper is the first to analyse with recent techniques, on a comparable basis, and from a European perspective: i) inter-industry wage differentials by gender, ii) gender wage gaps by industry, and iii) the contribution of industry effects to the overall gender wage gap. It is also one of the few, besides Kahn (1998), to analyse for both sexes the relationship between collective bargaining characteristics and the dispersion of industry wage differentials. <p>Empirical findings show that, in all countries and for both sexes, wage differentials exist between workers employed in different sectors, even when controlling for working conditions, individual and firm characteristics. We also find that the hierarchy of sectors in terms of wages is quite similar for male and female workers and across countries. Yet, the apparent similarity between male and female industry wage differentials is challenged by standard statistical tests. Indeed, simple t-tests show that between 43 and 71% of the industry wage disparities are significantly different for women and men. Moreover, Chow tests indicate that sectoral wage differentials are significantly different as a group for both sexes in all countries. Regarding the dispersion of the industry wage differentials, we find that results vary for men and women, although not systematically nor substantially. Yet, the dispersion of industry wage differentials fluctuates considerably across countries. It is quite large in Ireland, Italy and the U.K. and relatively moderate in Belgium, Denmark and Spain. For both sexes, results point to the existence of a negative and significant relationship between the degree of centralisation of collective bargaining and the dispersion of industry wage differentials.<p>Furthermore, independently of the country considered, results show that more than 80% of the gender wage gaps within industries are statistically significant. The average industry gender wage gap ranges between -.18 in the U.K. and -.11 in Belgium. This means that on average women have an inter-industry wage differential of between 18 and 11% below that for men. Yet, correlation coefficients between the industry gender wage gaps across countries are relatively small and often statistically insignificant. This finding suggests that industries with the highest and the lowest gender wage gaps vary substantially across Europe.<p>Finally, results indicate that the overall gender wage gap, measured as the difference between the mean log wages of male and female workers, fluctuates between .18 in Denmark and .39 in the U.K. In all countries a significant (at the .01 level) part of this gap can be explained by the segregation of women in lower paying industries. Yet, the relative contribution of this factor to the gender wage gap varies substantially among European countries. It is close to zero in Belgium and Denmark, between 7 and 8% in Ireland, Spain and the U.K. and around 16% in Italy. Differences in industry wage premia for male and female workers significantly (at the .05 level) affect the gender wage gap in Denmark and Ireland only. In these countries, gender differences in industry wage differentials account for respectively 14 and 20% of the gender wage gap. To sum up, findings show that combined industry effects explain around 29% of the gender wage gap in Ireland, respectively 14 and 16% in Denmark and Italy, around 7% in the U.K. and almost nothing in Belgium and Spain. <p>In conclusion, our results emphasize that the magnitude of the gender wage gap as well as its causes vary substantially among the European countries. This suggests that no single policy instrument will be sufficient to tackle gender pay inequalities in Europe. Our findings indicate that policies need to be tailored to the very specific context of the labour market in each country.<p><p>The second chapter examines investigates how rent sharing interacts with the gender wage gap in the Belgian private sector. Empirical findings show that individual gross hourly wages are significantly and positively related to firm profits-per-employee even when controlling for group effects in the residuals, individual and firm characteristics, industry wage differentials and endogeneity of profits. Our instrumented wage-profit elasticity is of the magnitude 0.06 and it is not significantly different for men and women. Of the overall gender wage gap (on average women earn 23.7% less than men), results show that around 14% can be explained by the fact that on average women are employed in firms where profits-per-employee are lower. Thus, findings suggest that a substantial part of the gender wage gap is attributable to the segregation of women is less profitable firms. <p><p>The third and final chapter contributes to the understanding of inter-industry wage differentials in Belgium, taking advantage of access to a unique matched employer-employee data set covering the period 1995-2002. Findings show the existence of large and persistent wage differentials among workers with the same observed characteristics and working conditions, employed in different sectors. The unobserved ability hypothesis may not be rejected on the basis of Martins’ (2004) methodology. However, its contribution to the observed industry wage differentials appears to be limited. Further results show that ceteris paribus workers earn significantly higher wages when employed in more profitable firms. The instrumented wage-profit elasticity stands at 0.063. This rent-sharing phenomenon accounts for a large fraction of the industry wage differentials. We find indeed that the magnitude, dispersion and significance of industry wage differentials decreases sharply when controlling for profits.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

In the first chapter of this thesis, we investigate the impact of human capital and wage structure on the gender pay in a panel of European countries using a newly available and appropriate database for cross-country comparisons and a comparable methodology for each country. <p><p>Our first question is :What role do certain individual characteristics and choices of working men and women play in shaping the cross-country differences in the gender pay gap? What is the exact size of the gender pay gap using the “more appropriate” database available for our purpose? Giving that there are mainly only two harmonized data-sets for comparing gender pay gap throughout Europe: the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) and the European Structure of Earning Survey (ESES). Each database having its shortages: the main weakness of the ECHP is the lack of perfect reliability of the data in general and of wages in particular. However the main advantage of this database is the panel-data dimension and the information on both households and individuals. The data of the ESES is, on the contrary, of a very high standard but it only covers the private sector and has a cross-sectional dimension. Furthermore only few countries are currently available :Denmark, Belgium, Spain, Ireland and Italy. <p>We use the European Structure of Earning Survey (ESES) to analyse international differences in gender pay gaps in the private sector based on a sample of five European economies: Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Italy and Spain. Using different methods, we examine how wage structures, differences in the distribution of measured characteristics and occupational segregation contribute to and explain the pattern of international differences. Furthermore, we take account of the fact that indirect discrimination may influence female occupational distributions. We find these latter factors to have a significant impact on gender wage differentials. However, the magnitude of their effect varies across countries.<p><p>In the second chapter, we analyse the persistence of the gender pay differentials over time in Europe and better test the productivity hypothesis by taking into account unobserved heterogeneity. <p><p>Our second question is :What is the evolution of the pay differential between men and women over a period of time in Europe? And what is the impact of unobserved heterogeneity? <p>The researcher here provides evidence on the effects of unobserved individual heterogeneity on estimated gender pay differentials. Using the European Community Household Panel (ECHP), we present a cross-country comparison of the evolution of unadjusted and adjusted gender pay gaps using both cross-section and panel-data estimation techniques. The analysed countries differ greatly with respect to labour market legislation, bargaining practices structure of earnings and female employment rates. On adjusting for unobserved heterogeneity, we find a narrowed male-female pay differential, as well as significantly different rates of return on individual characteristics. In particularly, the adjusted wage differential decreases by 7 per cent in Belgium, 14 per cent in Ireland, between 20-30 per cent Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain and of 41 per cent and 54 per cent in the UK and in Denmark respectively. <p><p>In the third chapter, we investigate causes of the gender pay gap beyond the gender differences in observed and unobserved productive characteristics or simply the sex. Explanations of the gender pay gap may be the penalty women face for having children. Obviously, the motherhood wage penalty is relevant to larger issues of gender inequality given that most women are mothers and that childrearing remains a women’s affair. Thus, any penalty associated with motherhood but not with fatherhood affects many women and as such contributes to gender inequalities as the gender pay gap. Furthermore, the motherhood wage effect may be different along the wage distribution as women with different earnings may not be equal in recognising opportunities to reconcile their mother’s and earner’s role. This brings us to our third question. <p><p>Our third question is :What is the wage effect for mothers of young children in the household? And does it vary along the wage distribution of women?<p>This chapter provides more insight into the effect of the presence of young children on women’s wages. We use individual data from the ECHP (1996-2001) and both a generalised linear model (GLM) and quantile regression (QR) techniques to estimate the wage penalty/bonus associated with the presence of children under the age of sixteen for mothers in ten EU Member States. We also correct for potential selection bias using the Heckman (1979) correction term in the GLM (at the mean) and a selectivity correction term in the quantile regressions. To distinguish between mothers according to their age at the time of their first birth, wage estimations are carried out, separately, for mothers who had their first child before the age of 25 (‘young mothers’) and mothers who had their first child after the age of 25 (‘old mothers’). Our results suggest that on average young mothers earn less than non-mothers while old mothers obtain a gross wage bonus in all countries. These wage differentials are mainly due to differences in human capital, occupational segregation and, to a lesser extent, sectoral segregation between mothers and non-mothers. This overall impact of labour market segregation, suggests a “crowding” explanation of the family pay gap – pay differential between mothers and non-mothers. Nevertheless, the fact that we still find significant family pay gaps in some countries after we control for all variables of our model suggests that we cannot reject the “taste-based” explanation of the family gap in these countries. Our analysis of the impact of family policies on the family pay gap across countries has shown that parental leave and childcare policies tend to decrease the pay differential between non-mothers and mothers. Cash and tax benefits, on the contrary, tend to widen this pay differential. Sample selection also affects the level of the mother pay gap at the mean and throughout the wage distribution in most countries. Furthermore, we find that in most countries inter-quantile differences in pay between mothers and non-mothers are mainly due to differences in human-capital. Differences in their occupational and sectoral segregation further shape these wage differentials along the wage distribution in the UK, Germany and Portugal in our sample of young mothers and in Spain in the sample of old mothers.<p><p>In the fourth chapter, we analyse the combined effect of motherhood and the family status on women’s wage.<p> <p>Our fourth question is :Is there a lone motherhood pay gap in Europe? And does it vary along the wage distribution of mothers?<p>Substantial research has been devoted to the analysis of poverty and income gaps between households of different types. The effects of family status on wages have been studied to a lesser extent. In this chapter, we present a selectivity corrected quantile regression model for the lone motherhood pay gap – the differential in hourly wage between lone mothers and those with partners. We used harmonized data from the European Community Household Panel and present results for a panel of European countries. We found evidence of lone motherhood penalties and bonuses. In our analysis, most countries presented higher wage disparities at the top of the wage distribution rather than at the bottom or at the mean. Our results suggest that cross-country differences in the lone motherhood pay gap are mainly due to differences in observed and unobserved characteristics between partnered mothers and lone mothers, differences in sample selection and presence of young children in the household. We also investigated other explanations for these differences such as the availability and level of childcare arrangements, the provision of gender-balanced leave and the level of child benefits and tax incentives. As expected, we have found significant positive relationship between the pay gap between lone and partnered mothers and the childcare, take-up and cash and tax benefits policies. Therefore improving these family policies would reduce the raw pay gap observed. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Introduction: La justice sociale, l’empathie et la responsabilité sociale sont des thèmes émergents en médecine dentaire. Plusieurs facultés de médecine dentaire ont commencé à incorporer ces concepts dans leur curriculum, mais nos connaissances sur l’efficacité de ces initiatives sont limitées. L’objectif de cette étude était de comprendre comment les étudiants et enseignants perçoivent l’enseignement de la justice sociale en médecine dentaire au premier cycle. Méthodes : Nous avons effectué une recherche qualitative en utilisant des entretiens semi- dirigés avec des étudiants, professeurs et cliniciens de la Faculté de médecine dentaire de l’Université de Montréal. Nous avons recruté 18 participants en utilisant un échantillonnage déterministe jusqu’à saturation. Les entrevues ont été enregistrées et retranscrites intégralement. Elles ont ensuite été codées avec le logiciel QDA Miner 5.0 (Provalis 2016). Une analyse thématique a été entreprise pour dégager les thèmes émergents en utilisant une méthodologie qualitative. Résultats : Cinq thèmes ont émergé des résultats. Certains étudiants étaient plus enclins à s’intéresser à la justice sociale et à participer aux activités communautaires facultatives. L’enseignement actuel comporte des lacunes incluant un manque d’exposition à certains plans de traitements alternatifs. Certaines barrières à l’enseignement ont été identifiées, le plus important étant un manque de temps dans le curriculum. L’enseignement souhaité de la justice sociale inclurait une prise de conscience accrue et une participation active des étudiants, une prise de responsabilité pour motiver l’action et produire un changement. L’application de la justice sociale en médecine dentaire se traduit par des soins accessibles et adaptés au patient. Conclusion: Les résultats de cette étude fournissent des pistes de réflexion pour le développement d’un curriculum de justice sociale qui pourra être évalué et validé, dans le but de former des dentistes socialement compétents qui prodigueront des soins axés sur le patient. / Introduction : Social justice, empathy and social responsibility are emerging themes in dentistry. Many dental faculties have started incorporating these concepts in their curriculum, but our knowledge of the effectiveness of these initiatives is limited. The objective of this study was to understand how students and educators perceive social justice education in the undergraduate dentistry program. Methods : We performed qualitative research using semi-structured interviews with students, professors and clinical faculty at the Université de Montréal dental school. We recruited 18 participants using purposeful sampling until saturation. The interviews were recorded and transcribed integrally. They were coded using QDA Miner 5.0 (Provalis 2016). Thematic analysis was undertaken to elucidate emerging themes using qualitative methodology. Results : Five themes emerged from the results. Certain students were more inclined to be interested in social justice and participate in voluntary community-based activities. There were gaps in current teaching methods including a lack of exposure to certain alternative treatment plans. Some barriers to teaching were identified, the most important being a lack of time. Desired teaching of social justice would include increased awareness and active student participation, and taking responsibility to motivate action to produce social change. The application of social justice in dentistry involves accessible and adapted care for patients. Conclusion : The results of this study provide insight for the development of a social justice education curriculum in dentistry that can be evaluated and validated in order to form socially competent dentists who can provide patient-centered care to the community.

Thèse ou mémoire avec insertion d'articles. / Cette thèse s'inscrit dans une perspective de développement local tout en mettant l'entrepreneuriat local au cœur de la croissance économique endogène. Ainsi, l'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les trajectoires de développement des entreprises, en région non métropolitaine, afin de déterminer le rôle des caractéristiques individuelles et locales dans le choix de localisation et la performance (croissance et survie) des nouvelles entreprises. Pour ce faire, des microdonnées d'établissements d'entreprises (2008 à 2014) ont été utilisées. Le paysage économique de chaque établissement est défini dans un rayon de 1 250 mètres dans la région non métropolitaine du Bas-Saint-Laurent dans la province du Québec. Les résultats du modèle logit multinomial (chapitre 1) révèlent que les décisions de localisation des établissements d'entreprises dans le secteur primaire sont liées à la présence des avantages provenant de l'existence des ressources naturelles ainsi qu'aux avantages associés à la présence de grands espaces (comme dans les villes rurales). Les nouveaux établissements dans le secteur de la fabrication recherchent principalement une colocalisation (spécialisation) avec une légère préférence de localisation dans des villes de petites tailles. Finalement, la décision de localisation des établissements du secteur des services est fortement dépendante de la demande intermédiaire et de la distance aux principaux marchés. Les résultats du chapitre 2, montrent d'une part, à travers un modèle probit de correction du biais de sélection, que les caractéristiques individuelles et locales influencent la survie des établissements. D'autre part, à travers un modèle qui corrige pour un possible biais de sélection (modèle SDM-Spatial Durbin Model), les résultats montrent que c'est durant une période de récession que le milieu fait la différence pour la croissance de l'emploi des nouveaux établissements. En plus d'être influencée par les caractéristiques individuelles, la spécialisation industrielle relative au secteur du commerce et du transport et la variété reliée se présentent comme des facteurs favorables à la croissance des établissements pendant la période de récession. L'étude de la survie des entreprises est approfondie dans le chapitre 3 en considérant au choc structurel à savoir de l'entrée des méga-détaillants. L'impact de l'arrivée de Walmart sur la survie des nouveaux et petits commerces de détail est donc réalisé dans deux villes non métropolitaines (Rimouski et Salaberry-de-Valleyfield) et couvre la période de 1996 à 2007. Les résultats de l'analyse de la différence-en-différences (DD) menée à travers un modèle semi-paramétrique de Cox à hasard proportionnel révèlent que l'entrée de Walmart diminue le risque de fermeture des nouveaux et petits commerces de détail. Cependant, cet effet n'est pas toujours constant au fil du temps et semble en partie lié au lieu d'implantation. Les caractéristiques locales, telles que la diversification et la dynamique entrepreneuriale locale, confirment, dans une certaine mesure, l'effet négatif de la concurrence locale sur la survie des nouveaux et petits commerces de détail. Sur le plan des politiques de développement économique local, les résultats démontrent qu'en région non métropolitaine, il existe un sentier de dépendance entrepreneuriale dans certains secteurs. Chaque localité peut posséder un avantage comparatif et les initiatives gouvernementales doivent permettre de les promouvoir. Par ailleurs, en région non métropolitaine, la recherche de la pérennité peut primer sur la recherche d'une croissance soutenue de l'emploi pour les nouvelles entreprises. Les politiques de développement du gouvernement central doivent être adaptées aux contextes locaux. Les entrepreneurs sont capables de s'adapter aux réalités changeantes pour en tirer profit, et ce particulièrement en milieu non métropolitain. / This thesis is part of a local development point of view while putting local entrepreneurship at the heart of endogenous economic growth. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to study the growth trajectory of businesses, in a nonmetropolitan area, in order to determine the role of individual and local characteristics in the location decisions and the performance (growth and survival) of new businesses. To do so, spatial establishment-level, micro-data, pooled over time (2008 to 2014) was used. The economic landscape of each establishment is described within a radius of 1,250 metres in the nonmetropolitan area of the Lower St. Lawrence region in the province of Quebec. The results of the multinomial logit model (Chapter 1) reveal that the location decisions for new primary sector businesses are related to the presence of benefits a rising from the existence of natural resources, as well as those benefits associated with having large spaces (such as in the case of rural cities). New manufacturing sector businesses are mainly looking for a co-location (specialisation) pattern, with a slight preference to locate in small-sized cities. Finally, the location decisions of service-sector firms are strongly dependent on intermediate demand and on the distance to major markets. The results of Chapter 2 show, on the one hand, through a probit model of selection bias correction, that individual and local characteristics influence the survival of establishments. On the other hand, through a model that corrects for a potential selection bias (SDM-Spatial Durbin Model), the results show that it is during a recession period that the local environment makes the difference in the employment growth in new establishments. In addition to being influenced by individual characteristics, industrial specialisation in the trade and transport sector and the related variety are favourable factors for the growth of establishments during the recession period. The study of business survival is expanded upon in Chapter 3 by considering a structural shock, namely the entry of mega-retailers. The impact of the arrival of Walmart on the survival of new and small retail businesses is therefore carried out in two non-metropolitan cities (Rimouski and Salaberry-de-Valleyfield) and covers the years 1996-2007. The results of the difference-in-differences (DID) analysis, conducted through a semi-parametric Cox proportional hazards model, reveal that the entry of Walmart decreases the risk of closure of the new and small retail businesses. However, this effect is not always consistent over time and appears to be partly related to the location. Local characteristics, especially the diversification and local entrepreneurial dynamics, in some cases confirm the negative effect of the local competition on the survival of new and small retail businesses. In terms of local economic development policies, the results show that in non-metropolitan regions, there is a path of entrepreneurial dependence in some sectors. Each area can have a comparative advantage and the government initiatives must make it possible to promote them. Moreover, in non-metropolitan regions, looking for sustainability can be more important than trying to achieve high employment growth for new businesses. Central government development policies need to be adapted to local contexts. Entrepreneurs can adapt to changes and take advantage of them, especially in non-metropolitan areas.