Thesis (M.S.)--Boise State University, 2009. / Title from t.p. of PDF file (viewed June 7, 2010). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-54).

Abstract available in the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

No description available.

Pagrindiniai trys faktoriai lemiantys bėgikų ištvermę yra: maksimalus deguonies suvartojimas (MDS), laktato slenkstis (LS), bei bėgimo ekonomiškumas. Geriausi sportininkai turi panašų MDS, LS, bėgimo ekonomiškumą, bet įrodyta, kad raumenų faktoriai gali įtakoti ištvermę labiau, nei MDS. Yra duomenų, kad sportininkų raumenų galingumą įtakoja anaerobiniai adenozintrifosforo rūgšties (ATP) resintezės procesai, kurie gali turėti įtakos ir aerobinės ištvermės sportininkų varžybų rezultatams. Nustatyta, kad nuosekliai sunkėjančio krūvio (NSK) testo pabaigoje yra didesnis anaerobinis ATP resintezės indėlis. Vadinasi, didesnė raumenų masė ir jėga gali padėti toleruoti vis didėjantį ATP pareikalavimą ir parodyti didesnį deguonies suvartojimo pastovios fazės pasireiškimą. Labai įdomu būtų sužinoti, kaip anaerobinis pajėgumas gali įtakoti ilgų nuotolių bėgikų deguonies suvartojimo pastovios fazės trukmę. Mes manome, kad mūsų gauti tyrimo duomenys, leis geriau suprasti, kokį indėlį anaerobinis pajėgumas vaidina skirtingos deguonies suvartojimo pastovios fazės trukmės pasireiškime. Tyrimo tikslas – Nustatyti deguonies suvartojimą atliekant sunkėjantį krūvį ir pastovios fazės sąsaja su anaerobiniu pajėgumu. Tyrimo objektas: anaerobinio pajėgumo poveikis deguonies suvartojimo kaitai sunkėjančio krūvio metu. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Palyginti aerobinio ir anaerobinio pajėgumo rodiklius tarp bėgikų pasiekiančių ilgesnę ir trumpesnę pastovią fazę. 2. Nustatyti koreliacinį ryšį tarp aerobinių ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Key words: aerobic capacity, anaerobic test, blood lactate concentration, long – distance runners. The three main factors determining runners endurance are: maximum oxygen consumption, lactate threshold and running economy. However, among the best sportsmen of similar maximum oxygen uptake, lactate threshold and running economy has been shown that muscular factors may influence the endurance more than the maximum oxygen consumption. There is evidence that the athletes' muscle power affects the ATP resynthesis anaerobic processes that may affect the aerobic and endurance sports events. showed that a consistent worsening at the end of the test is more anaerobic ATP contribution resynthesis, thus more muscle mass and strength can help to tolerate the increasing demand of ATP longer a burden, and to show increased oxygen consumption in stable phase of occurrence. It is interesting to learn how to influence the anaerobic capacity for long-distance runners' oxygen consumption in stable phase duaration. Therefore, our survey data to obtain a better understanding of the contribution of anaerobic capacity plays a different oxygen consumption constant phase term occurs. The study objective – identify the oxygen uptake during increasing workload constant phase interface with the anaerobic capacity. The object of the study – anaerobic capacity effects on the oxygen consumption change during increasing exercise load. Study tasks: 1. To compare the aerobicand anaerobic capacity in... [to full text]

Orientador: Claudio Alexandre Gobatto / Banca: Denise Vaz de Macedo / Banca: Miguel de Arruda / Resumo: A corrida de longa distância é considerada um fenômeno sócio-esportivo recente e de grande impacto na vida moderna. No segmento dos atletas profissionais, a busca por índices confiáveis de avaliação aeróbia, bem como programas de treinamento eficazes e de fácil aplicabilidade é contínua. O tema central desse trabalho foi fornecer uma ferramenta adequada e precisa para se determinar o atual estado da forma do atleta de fundo de alto rendimento, bem como predizer intensidades de carga confiáveis para treinamento e competição. Para tanto, foi estabelecida uma relação matemática entre dois testes de avaliação aeróbia: Máxima Fase Estável de Lactato (MFEL) e Velocidade Crítica (Vcrit). Nove atletas fundistas de alto rendimento, que participaram de seleções nacionais em competições internacionais, tomaram parte no experimento. As melhores marcas pessoais desses atletas correspondem à média ± erro padrão de 91,54 ± 0,93 % da velocidade de corrida do recorde mundial (considerados até o ano de 2007) de sua prova específica. Os testes foram realizados na fase final do período de treinamento de preparação geral. Inicialmente foi aplicado o teste de Vcrit nas distâncias de 800m, 1500m, 3.000m e 5.000m, realizadas aleatoriamente e em dias subseqüentes. A seguir, foi aplicado o teste clássico de MFEL, com duração de 30 min de corrida contínua e coleta de amostras de sangue (25μL) a cada 5 min, para determinação das concentrações de lactato (YSI 1500 sport). Para oito atletas a MFEL ocorreu na intensidade correspondente a 98% da Vcrit, sendo o restante obtido a 90% da Vcrit. A Vcrit (19,1±0,1 km/h) superestimou (p=0,005) os valores de MFEL (18,7±0,2 km/h). Houve correlação significativa entre Vcrit e MFEL (p=0,002, r=0,88). A equação obtida pela regressão foi MFEL=0,9673*Vcrit+0,2061, com erro padrão da estimativa de 0,236...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The purpose of this study was to establish a mathematical relationship between the MLSS and the critical speed (CS) in high performance distance runners. Nine male high performance athletes were tested (28±2years), with personal bests of their specific events corresponding a mean ± ESE of 91,54 ± 0,93 % of world record running speed (updated 2007). The athletes were submitted to the CS test, which is the linear regression of the distances (800, 1.500, 3.000 and 5.000m) and their respective time. The CS was determined by the angular coefficient of the linear regression. For all athletes, the regression coefficient (R2) was equal to 1,0. The predicted workloads for the MLSS determination were: 100, 98, 95 and 90% of the CS, randomized and in a continuous way in subsequent days. In this test, the athletes run for 30 min, and it was collected blood samples (25μL) at each 5 min, to determine the lactate concentration (YSI 1500 sport). It was determined stable the non lactate variation higher than 1,0 mmol/L between the 10th and 30th minute. The MLSS has occurred for 8 athletes on the 98% intensity of CS and for 1 athlete on the 90%. The CS (19,1±0,1 km/h) overestimated (p=0,005) the MLSS values (18,7±0,2 km/h). There was significant correlation between CS and MLSS (p=0,002, r=0,88). The regression equation was MLSS=0,9673*CS+0,2061, with estimated standard error of 0,236. There was excellent application of distances to determine the CS in elite distance runners, as well as the parameter accuracy to the "gold standard" intensity verified with the MLSS test. These responses, associated with the low standard estimated error, suggest safety at the MLSS determination through the predicted equation proposed. / Mestre

Orientador: Miguel de Arruda / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T10:37:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 D'Angelo_RicardoAntonio_D.pdf: 1858507 bytes, checksum: fd2ab649ea19c5c6dd6b7111fc2615d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi relacionar testes de desempenho aeróbio utilizados para estimar o limiar anaeróbio (LAn) com intensidades de corrida em treinamento e competição. Os testes aplicados foram velocidade crítica (Vcrit) e máxima fase estável de lactato (MFEL) e a amostra do estudo fundistas de alto rendimento. Estudos preliminares foram desenvolvidos para avaliar a confiabilidade e aplicabilidade da ferramenta utilizada na determinação de um parâmetro fisiológico de carga confiável (LAn). A metodologia utilizada foi descrita apresentando as técnicas e procedimentos para coletar os dados, assim como a seleção da amostra e o tratamento estatístico. O protocolo de teste de Vcrit para estimar o LAn, quando aplicado no modelo distância vs tempo e com tomada de tempo para 4 distâncias e 3 distâncias se mostrou eficaz e confiável, uma vez que não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos valores dessas variáveis. A aplicação dos instrumentos de monitoramento de carga, percepção subjetiva de intensidade (PSI) e percepção subjetiva de cansaço (PSC) se mostraram eficazes na escolha dos métodos, meios de treinamento e vias metabólicas trabalhadas quando relacionados à dinâmica de carga do microciclo-tipo, entretanto, não foram suficientemente sensíveis para identificar diferenças na acurácia entre as equações de predição de MFELmc e MFELms. Houve boa correlação entre as melhores marcas dos atletas na Meia Maratona vs Distância Limite e Meia Maratona vs Tempo Limite ( r= -0,8 e r= -0,6, respectivamente). As intensidades de corrida em competições oficiais de Meia Maratona, a Vcrit real e a MFELms mostraram importante relação na determinação de velocidades de treinamento e competições. Os métodos e meios de treinamento de fundistas de alto rendimento foram identificados e caracterizados, concluindo que o treinamento organizado contendo intensidades de corrida preditas através de parâmetros confiáveis deve prevalecer na busca do melhor desempenho possível. Os resultados atléticos conhecidos até o presente momento indicam a relevância de estudos fundamentados em respostas fisiológicas diretas para aplicação de intensidades de corrida em fundistas de elevado rendimento / Abstract: The purpose of this study was to relate aerobic performance tests used to estimate the anaerobic threshold (AT) to running intensities in training and competition. The tests applied were critical speed (CS) and maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) and study sample high performance distance runners. Preliminary studies were developed as part of the literature review to support the tool that was used to determine a reliable load physiological parameter (AT), easily applicable and highly replicable. The methodology was described presenting the techniques and procedures for collecting data, as well as sample selection and statistical analysis. The CS test protocol to estimate the AT showed to be effective and reliable when applied to the distance vs time model by collecting the time for 4 distances and 3 distances, once no significant differences were found in the values of these variables. The application of the subjective perception of intensity (SPI) and subjective perception of fatigue (SPF) load tools for monitoring showed to be effective on the choice of methods, means training and metabolic pathways when related to microcycle-type dynamic loading, however, were not sufficiently sensitive to identify differences in accuracy between MLSScm and MLSSsm prediction equations. There was a good correlation between athletes personal bests Half Marathon vs Distance Limit and Half Marathon vs Time Limit (r = -0.8 and r = -0.6, respectively). The running intensities at Half Marathon official competitions, the real CS and MLSSsm, showed an important relation to determine the speed on training and competitions. The methods and means of training for high performance distance runners were identified and characterized, concluding that the organized training that contains predicted running intensities through reliable parameters should prevail in pursuit the best performance. The athletics results known so far indicate the relevance of studies based on direct physiological responses to application of intensities on high performance distance runners / Doutorado / Ciencia do Desporto / Doutor em Educação Física

Thesis (MSpor)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Various types of post-exercise recovery strategies have become part of the modern athlete’s daily routine. It is a well known that inadequate recovery will prolong the time it takes for the runner’s body to adequately adapt between training sessions and competitions. Anecdotal claims have been made about compression garments as a beneficial method to assist recovery after training sessions and competitions. Until now limited scientific research has addressed the influence that compression garments have on the recovery process after sporting activities. The benefits of compression garments, as a possible recovery modality, are that it is costeffective, practical and easily obtainable. This study endeavored to investigate the possible influence that compression garments may have on middle-aged long distance runners’ recovery rate after a prolonged run. This is the first study that has focused on compression garments as a post-exercise recovery modality for experienced middle-aged long distance runners. The other unique aspect of this study is the prolonged two-hour treadmill protocol that was used to induce muscle soreness. In addressing the aims, a randomized, crossover study design was used to investigate the possible benefits that the high pressure (CCL II 23-32 mmHg (mercury millimeter)) graduated compression garments may bring about. Seven competitive male long distance runners (height: 176.0 ± 8.6 cm; body mass: 92.5 ± 11.8 kg; VO2max: 45.7 ± 5.0 mL.kg-1.min-1) between the ages of 36 to 51 years volunteered for the study. The runners had to complete a two-hour treadmill run at 70 % of their predetermined maximum aerobic capacity, followed by a monitored 72-hour recovery period. The first part of the prolonged run was a 90–minute variant gradient run, followed by a 30-minute downhill run. Each subject acted as his own control and visited the Stellenbosch University’s Sport Physiology Laboratory (South Africa) on two occasions, separated by 7 to 28 days. One test was done with a compression garment (23 to 32 mmHg) and the other without. Testing included the measurement of lower limb circumferences (ankle, calf, mid- and proximal thigh), plasma lactate, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase concentrations and the completion of subjective questionnaires on perceived muscle soreness (visual analog scale (VAS)). The lower extremities’ functional ability was determined with a time to exhaustion (TTE) step test, a vertical jump test (VJ) and modified sit-and-reach flexibility test. Preexercise measurements were taken and immediately after and during the 72 hour after the treadmill run and repeated for the second bout. The main outcomes of this study showed that the two-hour treadmill run induced delayed onset of muscle soreness, with and without the compression garment. Evidence of this was a significant rise in plasma creatine kinase (CKp) over the duration of both trials (P < 0.05). The compression garment significantly reduced swelling in the calf muscle (41.0 ± 0.2 vs. 41.5 ± 0.5 mm; P < 0.002). Runners showed a lower perceived muscular pain and discomfort while performing functional knee movements at 24 and 48-hours after the two-hour run with the compression garment (1.2 ± 1.6 vs. 3.8 ± 2.4 cm and 0.9 ± 1.8 vs. 3.0 ± 2.6 cm on VAS, respectively; P < 0.05). Significant differences in perceived muscle soreness between the WCG and WOCG trials were observed at 24-hours after the run during rest (0.1 ± 0.2 vs. 0.4 ± 0.8 cm; P = 0.02) and with stretching (1.9 ± 1.2 vs. 3.5 ± 2.5 cm on VAS P = 0.02). The perceived pain associated with pressure was significantly lower with the compression garment at 24 (307 %) and 48-hours (237 %) after the run (P < 0.05). Blood lactate levels were reduced during the acute phase of recovery at 10 (1.8 ± 0.5 vs. 2.2 ± 0.9 mmol.L-1; P = 0.05) and 30 minutes (1.8 ± 0.5 vs. 2.4 ± 0.4 mmol.L-1; P = 0.01) after the run, as well as plasma creatine kinase concentrations were statistically significantly lower at 24-hours (238.3 ± 81.3 vs. 413.3 ± 250.8 units.L-1; P = 0.005) after exercise with the compression garment. The two-hour treadmill run and the compression garment had no significant influence on the runners’ lower limb strength, power, endurance or flexibility (P > 0.05). Compression garments demonstrated the potential to enhance recovery after prolonged strenuous exercise in well trained middle-aged runners. In addition, runners did not experience additional fatigue from the moderate to high pressure garments. The effect of higher pressure compression garments on athletic performance and the psychological influence of the garment need further investigation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskillende tipes naoefening herstelstrategië, vorm deel van die moderne atleet se daaglikse routine. Dit is wel bekend dat onvoldoende herstel sal beteken dat die atleet se liggaam langer sal neen om aan te pas tussen inoefen sessies en kompetisies. Sekere bewerings word al gemaak omtrent die voordeligheid van kompressiesokkies tydens die herstelperiode na oefening sessies en kompetisies. Tot nou toe was daar beperkte wetenskaplike navorsing oor die invloed van kompressie sokkies of die herstel proses van sport aktiwiteite. Die voordeel van kompressie sokkies as ‘n moontlike herstelmetode, is dat dit koste-effektief, prakties en maklik verkrybaar is. Hierdie studie poog om ‘n ondersoek in te stel na die moontlike invloed wat kompressie sokkies op middeljarige lang-aftstandatlete se herstelperiode sal hê na ‘n verlengde hardloopsessie. Hierdie is die eerste studie wat konsentreer op kompressie sokkies as ‘n naoefenings hersteltegniek vir ervare middeljarige lang-afstandatlete. Die ander unieke aspek van die ondersoek is die langdurige tweeuur trapmeul protokol wat gebruik word om spierpyn te veroorsaak. Om die doel te bereik, is ’n lukrake oorkruis studie gebruik om ondersoek in te stel na die moontlike voordele van die hoë druk (CCL II 23-32 mmHg) kompressie sokkies. Hierdie sokkies toon ’n progressiewe verhooging van druk vanaf die enkle tot onder die knieskyf. Sewe mededingende langafstand atlete (lengte : 176.0 ± 8.6 cm; liggaams massa: 92.5 ± 11.8 kg; VO2maks: 45.7 ± 5.0 mL.kg-1.min-1) tussen die ouderdomme van 36 en 51 jaar, het aan die studie deel geneem. Die wedlopers moes ‘n twee-uur lange trapmeul toets voltooi, teen 70% van hul vooraf bepaalde maksimum aerobiese kapasiteit. Dit is gevolg deur ‘n gemonitorde 72-uur herstel periode. Die eerste deel van die twee-uur hardloop sessie was ‘n 90-minuut afwisselende opdraende en afdraende hardloop stel, wat gevolg is deur a 30-minuut afdraande deel. Elke deelnemer was sy eie kontrole en het op twee geleenthede die Stellenbosch Universiteit se Sport Fisiologiese Laboratorium (Suid Afrika) besoek. Die twee besoeke is tussen 7 en 28 dae geskei. Een toets is met kompressie sokkies gedoen (23 – 32 mmHg) en die ander sonder. Die toetse het die volgende behels: laer been omtrekke (enkel, kuit, middel- and bo dy), die versameling en ontleding van bloed monsters vir plasma laktaat, laktaat dehydrogenase and kreatine kinase konsentrasies en die voltooing van subjektiewe vraelyste oor die graad van spierpyn ervaaring (“visual analog scale” (VAS)). Die onderlyf funksionele vermoëns is bepaal met ’n tyd tot uitputtings traptoets, ‘n vertikale sprong toets en ‘n gewysige sit-en-strek soepelheids toets. Data is voor die oefeninge in gevorder asook direk daarna, en gedurende die 72 uur na die trapmeul draf. Die metings vir die tweede sessie is herhaal. Die hoof uitkomste van die studie het gewys dat die twee-uur trapmeulsessie het spierpyn veroorsaak, met en sonder die kompressie sokkies. Die bewys hiervan was ‘n betekensvolle toename in plasma kreatien kinase (CKp) oor die tydperk van albei oefening toetse (P<0.05). Die kompressie sokkies het die swelling in die kuitspiere verminder, in vergelyking met die toetse sonder kompressie sokkies (41.0 ± 0.2 vs. 41.5 ± 0.5 mm; P < 0.002). Wedlopers met die kompressie sokkies het minder spierseerheid en ongerief aangeteken toe hulle knie beweegings gedoen het op 24 en 48-uur na die twee-ure trapmeul toets (1.2 ± 1.6 vs. 3.8 ± 2.4 cm op VAS en 0.9 ± 1.8 vs. 3.0 ± 2.6 cm op VAS, onderskeidelik; P < 0.05). Betekenisvolle verskille is waargeneem tussen die toetse met en sonder kompressie sokkies, op 24-uur na die twee-ure toets gedurende rus (0.1 ± 0.2 vs. 0.4 ± 0.8 cm op VAS; P = 0.02) en met strek oefeninge (1.9 ± 1.2 vs. 3.5 ± 2.5 cm op VAS P = 0.02). Die pyn wat ervaar was met drukking, was betekenisvol minder met die kompressie sokkies op 24 (307 %) en 48-uur (237 %) na die trapmeul sessie (P < 0.05). Bloed laktaat konsentrasie in die sirkulasie was verlaag gedurende die akute fase van die herstelings periode op 10 (1.8 ± 0.5 vs. 2.2 ± 0.9 mmol.L-1; P = 0.05) en 30 minute (1.8 ± 0.5 vs. 2.4 ± 0.4 mmol.L-1; P = 0.01) na die hardloop sessie, sowel as die plasma kreatine kinase konsentrasie was statisties betekenisvol laer by 24 uur (238.3 ± 81.3 vs 413.3 ± 250.8 eenhede L-1; P = 0.005) na die hardloop sessie met die kompressie sokkies. Die twee-ure trapmeul toets en die kompressie sokkies het geen betekenisvolle invloed gehad op die wedlopers se onderlyf ledemate se plofkrag, uithouvermoë of soepelheid (P > 0.05) nie. Kompressie sokkies het gewys dat dit potensiaal het om met herstel te help na lang en harde oefening in geoefende middeljarige atlete. Nietemin is daar verdere wetenskaplike navorsing nodig om dit te bevestig. Wedlopers het nie addisionele vermoeienis van die drukking van kompressie sokkies ervaar nie. Sterker drukkende kompressie sokkies sowel as die sielkundige invloed van die sokkies benodig verdere navorsing.spierpyn ervaaring (“visual analog scale” (VAS)). Die onderlyf funksionele vermoëns is bepaal met ’n tyd tot uitputtings traptoets, ‘n vertikale sprong toets en ‘n gewysige sit-en-strek soepelheids toets. Data is voor die oefeninge in gevorder asook direk daarna, en gedurende die 72 uur na die trapmeul draf. Die metings vir die tweede sessie is herhaal. Die hoof uitkomste van die studie het gewys dat die twee-uur trapmeulsessie het spierpyn veroorsaak, met en sonder die kompressie sokkies. Die bewys hiervan was ‘n betekensvolle toename in plasma kreatien kinase (CKp) oor die tydperk van albei oefening toetse (P<0.05). Die kompressie sokkies het die swelling in die kuitspiere verminder, in vergelyking met die toetse sonder kompressie sokkies (41.0 ± 0.2 vs. 41.5 ± 0.5 mm; P < 0.002). Wedlopers met die kompressie sokkies het minder spierseerheid en ongerief aangeteken toe hulle knie beweegings gedoen het op 24 en 48-uur na die twee-ure trapmeul toets (1.2 ± 1.6 vs. 3.8 ± 2.4 cm op VAS en 0.9 ± 1.8 vs. 3.0 ± 2.6 cm op VAS, onderskeidelik; P < 0.05). Betekenisvolle verskille is waargeneem tussen die toetse met en sonder kompressie sokkies, op 24-uur na die twee-ure toets gedurende rus (0.1 ± 0.2 vs. 0.4 ± 0.8 cm op VAS; P = 0.02) en met strek oefeninge (1.9 ± 1.2 vs. 3.5 ± 2.5 cm op VAS P = 0.02). Die pyn wat ervaar was met drukking, was betekenisvol minder met die kompressie sokkies op 24 (307 %) en 48-uur (237 %) na die trapmeul sessie (P < 0.05). Bloed laktaat konsentrasie in die sirkulasie was verlaag gedurende die akute fase van die herstelings periode op 10 (1.8 ± 0.5 vs. 2.2 ± 0.9 mmol.L-1; P = 0.05) en 30 minute (1.8 ± 0.5 vs. 2.4 ± 0.4 mmol.L-1; P = 0.01) na die hardloop sessie, sowel as die plasma kreatine kinase konsentrasie was statisties betekenisvol laer by 24 uur (238.3 ± 81.3 vs 413.3 ± 250.8 eenhede L-1; P = 0.005) na die hardloop sessie met die kompressie sokkies. Die twee-ure trapmeul toets en die kompressie sokkies het geen betekenisvolle invloed gehad op die wedlopers se onderlyf ledemate se plofkrag, uithouvermoë of soepelheid (P > 0.05) nie. Kompressie sokkies het gewys dat dit potensiaal het om met herstel te help na lang en harde oefening in geoefende middeljarige atlete. Nietemin is daar verdere wetenskaplike navorsing nodig om dit te bevestig. Wedlopers het nie addisionele vermoeienis van die drukking van kompressie sokkies ervaar nie. Sterker drukkende kompressie sokkies sowel as die sielkundige invloed van die sokkies benodig verdere navorsing.

Thesis (M Sport Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Limited data exists on a transition process of minimalist shoe running, warranting longitudinally designed studies. The primary aim of this study was thus to determine whether lower limb kinematics can be adapted, whether vertical average loading rate (VALR) can be attenuated, and whether lower limb joint moments can be altered by either novice or short-term (seven-week) minimalist shoe training. Ten experimental (EXP) habitually shod male endurance runners (age 24.10 ± 1.74; weekly training mileage 29.36 ± 8.51 km; BMI: 22.83 ± 8.55 kg/m2) volunteered to participate in a seven-week minimalist shoe transition programme. Eleven age and training matched control participants (CONT) (age 24.00 ± 2.18; weekly training mileage 24.90 ± 3.30 km; BMI: 23.78 ± 6.12) continued to run in their usual running shoes during the intervention period. All participants were provided with a pair of Vibram Fivefingers ® (VF). The VF intervention started at ~ 11% to 22% and ended at ~ 52% to 132% of the participants‘ usual shod training distance, determined by subjective lower limb comfort ratings. Lower limb biomechanics for barefoot: BF, minimalist: VF, and shod: SH were recorded with an eight-camera Vicon ® motion capture system, synchronized with a Bertec ® force plate, both prior to and after the transition programme. Twelve running trials at self-selected speeds were recorded bilaterally for each shoe condition. An inverse dynamic approach was used to calculate lower extremity joint moments. Primary parameters of interest were kinematic: step frequency (steps/min), step length (m), footstrike angles (FSA, degrees), strike index (SI,%); average vertical loading rate (VALR, BW/S) and sagittal and frontal plane peak joint moments (Nm/kg.m) of the ankle, knee and hip. At pre-testing, the results showed that for VALR, VF running was significantly higher than SH running but significantly lower than BF running (P < 0.05). Statistically significant shorter step lengths, higher step frequencies, greater plantar-flexion FSA, higher strike index, greater knee flexion FSA, and greater ankle inversion FSA were seen in BF and VF conditions compared to SH (P < 0.05). Statistically higher plantarflexion moment peak (PFM) while lower ankle dorsiflexion moment peak (DFM) and knee abduction moment peak (KAM) was found while BF and VF than SH running. The only statistically significant effect of the VF training intervention on kinematics was that of higher step frequency for the SH condition (P < 0.05), and greater inversion FSA in the BF condition. A trend was seen for the EXP group to increase VALR (P > 0.05). Ankle PFM peak significantly increased, while knee extensor moment peak (KEM) peak significantly decreased for the EXP group only (P < 0.05). Contrary to the initial hypothesis, novice or short-term VF training did not result in significantly attenuated VALR. However, alterations in joint moments suggest a shift in the distribution of external loads due to the VF training. Insufficient kinematic adaptation with VF training could be attributed to inability to sense higher VALR or due to greater perceived ratings of calf-Achilles discomfort, and may indicate that more than seven-weeks are required to transition and adapt to VF running. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Beperkte data is beskikbaar oor die oorgangs fase van hardloop met minimalistiese skoene, langtermyn studies is dus nodig. Die primêre doel van die studie is om te bepaal of gemiddelde vertikale ladingstempo (VALR) verminder kan word en onderste-ledemaat gewrigsmomente aangepas kan word deur ‗n korttermyn oefenprogram in minimalistiese skoene. Tien experimentaal (EXP) manlike uithouvermoë hardlopers (ouderdom 24.10 ± 1.74; weeklikse oefen afstand 29.36 ± 8.51; BMI: 22.83 ± 8.55) wat gewoonlik in skoene hardloop het vrywillig ingestem om aan die sewe week minimalistiese-skoen oorgangsprogram deel te neem. Elf kontrole deelnemers wat gepas is volgens ouderdom en oefening, (ouderdom 24.00 ± 2.18; weeklikse oefening 24.90 ± 3.30 km; BMI: 23.78 ± 6.12 kg/m2) het in hulle gewone oefenskoene bly hardloop. Alle deelnemers het ‗n paar Vibram Fivefingers ®-skoene ontvang. Die VF intervensie het begin met ~ 11% tot 22% en geeinde met ~ 52% tot 132% van die deelnemers gewone afstande in SH. Biomeganiese aspekte van die onderste ledemate vir kaalvoet: BF, minimalisties: VF, en skoene: SH is deur middel van ‗n agt-kamera Vicon ® bewegingsisteem gesinkroniseer met ‗n Bertec ® kragplatform, voor en na die oorgangsprogram bepaal. Twaalf hardloop-pogings teen ‘n self-bepaalde spoed is bilateraal vir elke skoenkondisie gemeet. ‗n Omgekeerde dinamiese benadering is gebruik om die gewrigsmomente van die onderste ledemate te bepaal. Die primêre parameters van belang was kinematies: treefrekwensie, treelengte, voettrefhoeke (FSA), tree-indeks (SI); gemiddelde vertikale ladingstempo (VALR), en sagittale en frontale vlak piek gewrigsmomente van die enkel, knie en heup. By voor-toetsing, die resultate toon aan dat vir VALR, VF-hardloop betekenisvol hoër was in vergelyking met SH-hardloop, maar betekenisvol laer was in vergelyking met BF-hardloop (P < 0.05). Statisties beduidende korter tree, hoër treefrekwnesie, meer plantaarfleksie FSA, hoer ―strike index‖, meer kniefleksie FSA, en meer enkel inversie FSA is gevind in die BF en VF kondisie in vergelyking met SH (P < 0.05). Statistiese betekenisvol hoër plantaarfleksiemoment pieke (PFM), en minder enkel dorsiefleksiemoment pieke (DFM) en knie abduksiemoment pieke (KAD) was gevind by BF- en VF- hardloop in vergelyking met SH-hardloop (P < 0.05) Die enigste statistiese betekenisvolle verskil in die kinematika van die VF intervensie was ‗n hoër tree frekwensie vir die SH kondisie (P < 0.05), en groter enkel inversie FSA in die BF kondisie. Die EXP groep neig om ‗n verhoging in VALR te hê (P > 0.05). ‗n Aansienlike verhoging is gevind in piek enkel PFM, terwyl piek knie KEM statisties wesenlik verlaag het in die EXP groep (P < 0.05). In teenstelling met die oorspronklike hipotese het onmiddellike en 'n korttermyn VF oefenprogram nie 'n bekenisvolle effek op VALR vermindering nie. Sommige veranderings in gewrigsmomente suggereer dat 'n verplasing in die verspreiding van eksterne ladings plaasvind as gevolg van die VF oefening. Die onvoldoende kinematiese aanpassing kan moontlik toegeskryf word aan die onvermoë om hoër VALR waar te neem, of as gevolg van die hoër waargenome lesings in kuit-Achilles ongemak. Dit kan aandui da 'n VF oorgang proses van meer as sewe weke vereis word om aan te pas aan.

Com o objetivo de comparar os efeitos do treinamento de força rápida em parâmetros fisiológicos, mecânicos e neuromusculares de corredores de fundo, o presente trabalho contou com uma amostra de 18 atletas amadores do sexo masculino, praticantes de corrida de rua e com experiência em provas de longa distância (21km ou acima). A amostra foi selecionada para o grupo \"treinamento de força rápida\", (RPG - grupo experimental) ou \"exercícios educativos técnicos de corrida\" (RTG - grupo controle), que realizaram seis semanas de exercícios distintos. No intuito de avaliar o desempenho em variáveis-chave para o rendimento de fundistas, os sujeitos foram submetidos a uma série de testes em dois momentos distintos: após a semana de aprendizagem e adaptação aos exercícios (pré) e ao final das seis semanas dos protocolos propostos (pós). A bateria de testes foi composta por: testes de saltos verticais (Altura [H], Potência Pico [PP] e Potência Relativa [PR] do salto para as técnicas Squat Jump [SJ], Counter Movement Jump [CMJ] e Drop Jump 40cm [DJ40]); salto horizontal [SH] e salto sêxtuplo alternado [S6A] (distância saltada); uma repetição máxima no agachamento guiado (carga absoluta [1RM Abs.] e relativa à massa corporal [1RM Rel.]); teste de contração isométrica voluntária máxima (CIVM - força pico [Fpico], força pico relativa à massa corporal [Fpico R.], tempo da força pico [TFPICO] e taxa de desenvolvimento de força [TDF]); teste incremental de esteira (Velocidade Pico em Esteira [VPE] e Velocidade do Limiar de Lactato [vLL]); e tempo limite em esteira na VPE (Tlim). O tratamento estatístico foi realizado por meio do Software IBM® SPSS® Statistics v. 20.0, para Windows (IBM Corporation, Chicago, USA). A ANOVA Modelo Misto foi utilizada para as comparações das variáveis de desempenho entre momentos e entre grupos, com teste post-hoc de Bonferroni quando necessário, e o teste t de Student para amostras independentes foi realizado para comparar as variáveis relativas ao treinamento entre os grupos. Todas as variáveis foram submetidas aos testes estatísticos Cohen\'s \"d\" de Magnitude de Efeito (ES) e Probabilidade Quantitativa de Chances (QC). Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes para as variáveis Altura de Salto e Potência Relativa para a técnica de salto vertical Squat Jump entre os momentos pré e pós treinamento para o grupo RPG (HSJ: F = 6,973; p = 0,018; PRSJ: F = 8,421; p = 0,01) e Altura de Salto e Potência Relativa para a técnica de salto vertical Counter Movement Jump entre os grupos RPG e RTG, após as seis semanas de exercícios (HCMJ: F = 6,163; p = 0,025; PRCMJ: F = 4,667; p = 0,046). Foi identificada diferença significativa para a variável \'tempo da Fpico\' (F = 7,731; p = 0,013) durante o teste de CIVM para o grupo RPG entre os momentos. O grupo Controle, ainda, apresentou queda na variável VPE após as seis semanas do protocolo (F = 5,493; p = 0,032), o que não foi observado no grupo Pliometria. Ademais, o grupo experimental apresentou redução nos valores de lactato sanguíneo nos minutos 1, 3 e 5 após o teste de Tlim (F = 16,858; p = 0,001; F = 8,406; p = 0,01; F = 12,092; p = 0,003, respectivamente). É possível concluir que o treinamento pliométrico foi superior ao protocolo de exercícios educativos no intuito de melhorar o desempenho da força rápida de membros inferiores, contribuindo, ainda, para a manutenção dos níveis iniciais de desempenho em corrida e a melhora da remoção do lactato sanguíneo, o que não pode ser observado no grupo RTG. / With the purpose to compare the effects of explosive-strength training in physiologic and neuromuscular variables of endurance runners, the present study accounted with 18 male amateur athletes experienced in long distance races (21km and above). The sample was divided between explosive-strength training - RPG (running plyometrics group) and technique exercises protocol - RTG (running techniques group), which performed six weeks of distinct exercise protocols. With the aim to evaluate key-variables for endurance running performance the subjects were submitted to batteries of assessments in two different moments: after the exercises adaptation week and right before the beginning of the protocols, and at the end of the exercise protocols. The assessments battery contained vertical jump tests (Jump Height [H], Peak Power [PP] and Relative Power [RP] for the techniques Squat Jump [SJ], Counter Movement Jump [CMJ] and Drop Jump 40cm [DJ40])/ horizontal long jump (SH) and sextuple jump alternating legs (S6A), one maximum repetition for squat at Smith Machine (absolute [1RM Abs.] and relative to body mass loads [1RM Rel.]), maximum voluntary isometric contraction test (MVIC - peak force [Fpico], peak force relative to body mass [Fpico R.], time to peak force [TFPICO] and rate of force development [TDF]); maximum incremental treadmill test (treadmill peak velocity [VPE] and lactate threshold velocity [vLL]), and time limit test at treadmill peak velocity (Tlim). The statistical procedures were performed at IBM® SPSS® Statistics Software v. 20.0, para Windows (IBM Corporation, Chicago, USA) The Mixed Model ANOVA was performed with dependent variables to identify time and group interactions, using the Bonferroni post-hoc test when necessary, while the training variables were analyzed by the Student\'s t test for independent samples. All data were also analyzed with Cohen\'s \"d\" Effect Size test (ES) and Probability of Quantitative Chances (QC). There were found in RPG significant differences for H and PR for Squat Jump technique between moments pre- and post-protocol (HSJ: F = 6,973; p = 0,018; PRSJ: F = 8,421; p = 0,01), and for the same variables for Counter Movement Jump technique between RPG and RTG (HCMJ: F = 6,163; p = 0,025; PRCMJ: F = 4,667; p = 0,046) after the exercise protocols. Also, significant difference was found for \'time to peak force\' variable (F = 7,731; p = 0,013) during the MVIC test for the group RPG between moments. Yet, the control group presented significant decrease of peak treadmill velocity in the moment post- compared to the pre-training (F = 5,493; p = 0,032), which was not observed in the experimental group. Still, the experimental group presented lower values for lactate concentrations 1, 3 and 5 minutes after Tlim test (F = 16,858; p = 0,001; F = 8,406; p = 0,01; F = 12,092; p = 0,003, respectively). It is possible to conclude that the plyometric training performed by the RPG was superior to the technique exercises protocol in the objective of increasing lower-limbs explosive-strength parameters, contributing to the maintenance of running performance and a better lactate clearance capacity, which did not happen in the RTG.

There are few scientific studies, that research the problems of the high skills in the average distance runners training in Lithuania. M. Norbutas is a Lithuanian record - breaker in 800m distance running. And he was the first Lithuanian, who entered a contest in World Championship and the Olympic Games. M. Norbutas annual training cycle in the run – up to the World Championship in San Denis (the season of years 2002 – 2003) are analyzed in herein work. Also the training technique, the strain alternation in the annual training cycle and the dynamics of the contest score in the Athens Olympics (the season of years 2003 – 2004) are analyzed. And similarly, the best world runners of the average distance: the world record – breaker in 1500m distance running, the champion of Athens Olympics in 1500m and 5000m distance, the Maroccan H. El. Geurroj (preparation for the World Championship in 1997), the champion of Athens Olympics in 800m distance, the Russian Y. Borzakovskiy (preparation for the World Championship in closed accommodation in 2001), the Olympic champion of 1500m distance running in Barcelona and the European record – breaker, the Spaniard F. Cacho (preparation for the World Championship in Barcelona in 1992). The training techniques and the structure of micro cycles of those sportsmen are compared to the techniques of M. Norbutas. The physical development, the physical qualification, the functional alternation of a fitness rate in the run – up to the Olympic Games in... [to full text]