[pt] A partir de dezembro de 2019, o mundo tomou conhecimento da existência da Covid-19 (FIOCRUZ, 2020). As peculiaridades da doença, exigiram a adoção de medidas de distanciamento social (OMS, 2020). Na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, a partir de 16 de março de 2020, foi determinado o fechamento de todas as empresas que não prestassem serviços essenciais (ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2020). Nesse contexto, as empresas se viram compelidas a adaptar as rotinas organizacionais para manter suas operações. Emergiu, então, a relevância de investigar como profissionais experienciaram suas rotinas organizacionais durante o período de isolamento social imposto pela pandemia da Covid-19. A partir de uma abordagem Fenomenográfica, foram entrevistados 30 profissionais. Das análises, retornaram três categorias descritivas: i) a preservação das rotinas organizacionais; ii) a (re)organização da dimensão tempo-espaço e iii) a capacidade de inovação. Para relacioná-las, foram identificadas quatro dimensões explicativas: i) o dinamismo nos componentes operativos das rotinas; ii) os aspectos técnicos-comportamentais dos atores envolvidos; iii) os aspectos gerenciais sobre as rotinas e iv percepção de segurança. Os achados sugerem que as concepções dos profissionais evoluíram da operação mecânica da rotina para uma percepção de engajamento coletivo para manutenção da própria empresa; do objetivo de manter os padrões preestabelecidos, para uma percepção de oportunidade para inovação e diferenciação. Além disso, o estudo reforça a indissociável relação entre os aspectos ostensivo e performativos das rotinas e os artefatos. / [en] As of December 2019, the world became aware of the existence of Covid-19 (FIOCRUZ, 2020). The peculiarities of the disease required the adoption of measures of social distancing (WHO, 2020). In the city of Rio de Janeiro, as of March 16, 2020, all companies that did not provide essential services were closed (ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2020). In this context, companies found themselves compelled to adapt organizational routines to maintain their operations. The relevance of investigating how professionals experienced their organizational routines during the period of social isolation imposed by the Covid-19 pandemic emerged. From a Phenomenographic approach, 30 professionals were interviewed. From the analyses, three descriptive categories returned: i) the preservation of organizational routines; ii) the (re)organization of the time-space dimension and iii) the capacity for innovation. To relate them, four explanatory dimensions were identified: i) the dynamism in the operative components of the routines; ii) the technical-behavioral aspects of the actors involved; iii) managerial aspects of routines and iv perception of safety. The findings suggest that the professionals conceptions evolved from the mechanical operation of the routine to a perception of collective engagement to maintain the company itself; from the objective of maintaining pre-established standards, to a perception of opportunity for innovation and differentiation. Furthermore, the study reinforces the inseparable relationship between the ostensive and performative aspects of routines and artifacts.

No / As the COVID-19 pandemic unfolds, manually enhanced ad-hoc solutions have helped the physical space designers and decision makers to cope with the dynamic nature of space planning. Due to the unpredictable nature by which the pandemic is unfolding, the standard operating procedures also change, and the protocols for physical interaction require continuous reconsideration. Consequently, the development of an appropriate technological solution to address the current challenge of reconfiguring common physical environments with prescribed physical distancing measures is much needed. To do this, we propose a design optimization methodology which takes the dimensions, as well as the constraints and other necessary requirements of a given physical space to yield optimal redesign solutions on the go. The methodology we propose here utilizes the solution to the well-known mathematical circle packing problem, which we define as a constrained mathematical optimization problem. The resulting optimization problem is solved subject to a given set of parameters and constraints – corresponding to the requirements on the social distancing criteria between people and the imposed constraints on the physical spaces such as the position of doors, windows, walkways and the variables related to the indoor airflow pattern. Thus, given the dimensions of a physical space and other essential requirements, the solution resulting from the automated optimization algorithm can suggest an optimal set of redesign solutions from which a user can pick the most feasible option. We demonstrate our automated optimal design methodology by way of a number of practical examples, and we discuss how this framework can be further taken forward as a design platform that can be implemented practically. / University of Bradford's COVID-19 Response Fund, the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (Computer Science National Program) under grant #TIN2017-89275-Rof the Agencia Estatal de Investigacion and European Funds (AEI/FEDER, UE)

Bakgrund Uppskattningsvis lever cirka 20 procent av svenska befolkningen med långvarig smärta vilket kostar samhället stora summor varje år och orsakar lidande för den som är drabbad och dennes anhöriga. Enligt Association for the Study of Pain (2021) definieras smärta som en associering till faktisk eller potentiell vävnadsskada. Denna litteraturöversikt är angelägen för att ge en ökad förståelse för personer som lider av långvarig smärta och de copingstrategier som de använder för att hantera sin smärta. Syfte Att beskriva copingstrategier hos personer i arbetsför ålder som lider av långvarig smärta. Metod En strukturerad litteraturöversikt med inslag av den metodologi som används vid systematiska översikter. Sökningarna gjordes mellan 2017 och 2022 genom databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Därefter undersöktes utvalda artiklar genom en integrerad analys. Resultat Resultatet visade att personer med långvarig smärta ofta drog sig undan och isolerade sig i rädsla för att vara andra till last, trots att forskning visat på att sociala relationer var den viktigaste faktorn för att hantera smärtan. Brist på effektiva copingstrategier ökade katastrofiering och rädslor samt minskade fysisk aktivitet. Detta ledde till ökad smärta och trötthet vilket bidrog till större funktionsnedsättning, ångest och maktlöshet. Läkemedel var den vanligaste formen av smärtbehandling trots att forskning visat att kognitiv beteendeterapi har bättre effekt för att öka patienters välmående vid långvarig smärta. Slutsats Resultatet i denna litteraturöversikt visade att personer med långvarig smärta använder sig av en rad olika copingstrategier för att hantera sin smärta. / Background It is estimated that around 20 percent of the Swedish population lives with chronic pain, which costs society large sums every year and causes suffering to the person affected and their relatives. According to the Association for the Study of Pain (2021), pain is defined as an association with actual or potential tissue damage. This literature review emphasizes the importance of an increased understanding of people suffering from chronic pain and the coping strategies they use to manage their pain. Aim To describe coping strategies by people 18 to 65 years old who suffer from chronic pain. Method A structured literature review with elements of the methodology used in systematic reviews. The searches were made between 2017 and 2022 through the CINAHL and PubMed databases. Selected articles were examined through an integrated analysis. Results The results showed that people with chronic pain often withdrew and isolated themselves in fear of being a burden to others, despite research showing that social relationships were the most important factor in managing the pain. Lack of effective coping strategies increased catastrophizing and fears and reduced physical activity. This led to increased pain and fatigue which contributed to greater functional impairment, anxiety and powerlessness. Medicines were the most common form of pain treatment despite research showing that cognitive behavioral therapy is more effective in increasing patients' wellbeing concerning chronic pain. Conclusions The results of this literature review showed that people with chronic pain use a range of different coping strategies to manage their pain.

The genetic variation among extant life forms reflects the outcomes of evolution. The fodder of evolution – germline mutations – is shaped by the interplay among evolutionary forces – notably natural selection and random genetic drift. In turn, these forces leave footprints recorded in the genetic variation of extant life forms. Characterizing these footprints to understand how evolution works is at the heart of population genetics. To this end, massive datasets of genetic variation have opened new avenues of research, around how mutation rates evolve for instance, and reinvigorated long standing questions in population genetics, notably about the genetic basis of adaptation. In turn, theoretical models of evolution inform what kind of footprints we expect evolution to leave behind in such data. Two theoretical models that investigate open questions in population genetics are described in this thesis. In Chapter 1, I consider the evolution of germline mutation rates, particularly on short evolutionary timescales, and ask if recently observed variation in mutation rates among human lineages could be explained by evolution at genetic modifiers of mutation rates. Genetic modifiers of mutation rates are expected to evolve under purifying selection: mutations at modifiers that increase mutation rates (“mutator alleles”) should be selected against, because they increase the burden of deleterious mutations in individuals who carry them. The frequencies of mutator alleles are also affected by mutation, genetic drift, and demographic processes. We model the evolution of mutator alleles under the interplay of these forces and characterize the dynamics at mutation rate modifiers as a function of the efficacy of selection acting on them. We find that modifiers under intermediate selection have the greatest contribution to variation in mutation rates between distantly related populations, but only variation at strongly selected modifiers turns over fast enough to explain variation in mutation rates among human lineages. We also predict that strongly selected modifiers could be potentially identified in the contemporary datasets of human pedigrees used to study germline mutations. In Chapter 2, I consider a central and enduring question in evolutionary biology: whether adaptation typically arises from few large effect changes or from many small effect changes. Both sides are supported by ample evidence. Yet it is unclear how to translate this evidence into general answers about the genetic basis of adaptation, in part because different methodologies have different limitations and ask different questions. Theory may offer a way out of this quagmire or at least a start. To this end, we reframe the question in terms of traits and ask: how does the genetic basis of adaptation depend on the ecological and genetic attributes of a trait? To start answering this question, I model adaptation in a simple yet highly relevant setting. I consider a trait under stabilizing selection and assume the distribution of trait values in the population is initially at mutation-selection-drift-balance. I then characterize the adaptive response that is elicited by a sudden change in the environment. I find that the adaptive response, and notably the probability that adaptation arises from the fixation of large effect alleles, depends on the size of the environmental change and the genetic architecture of the trait. These attributes are measurable and can be directly related to the disparate evidence that we have about the genetic basis of adaptation. Thus, this kind of modeling may help translate such evidence into general conclusions about how traits evolve. My thesis work was interrupted by the global COVID-19 pandemic, and in response to this pandemic, governments around the world implemented shelter-in-place protocols. However, essential workers were exempt from these protocols, potentially decreasing their efficacy. In Chapter 3, we describe our epidemiological project, aimed at understanding the impact of essential workers on epidemic control. To this end, we model three different archetypes of essential workers under a reasonably realistic SEIR model of the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that the different social interactions that essential workers maintain qualitatively changes their personal risk of infection and the spread of the overall epidemic. These results highlight the utility of not considering essential workers as a monolithic group but instead distinguishing between the impact of different types of essential workers on epidemic control.

No description available.

Yes / In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing has become an essential element of our daily lives. As a result, the development of technological solutions for the design and re-design of physical spaces with the necessary physical distancing measures is an important problem that must be addressed. In this paper, we show how automatic design optimisation can be used to simulate the layout of physical spaces subject to a given social distancing requirement. We use a well known mathematical technique based on the circle packing to address this challenge. Thus, given the dimensions and the necessary constraints on the physical space, we formulate the design as a solution to a constrained nonlinear optimisation problem. We then solve the optimisation problem to arrive at a number of feasible design solutions from which the user can pick the most desirable option. By way of examples, in this paper, we show how the proposed model can be practically applied. / University of Bradford’s COVID-19 Response Fund, the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (Computer Science National Program) under grant #TIN2017-89275-R of the Agencia Estatal de Investigacion and European Funds (AEI/FEDER, UE)

The aim of the thesis is to analyze distancing effects in productions of the Komedie Theatre. As a subject of analysis I only chose such plays of the Komedie Theatre that I consider highly representative in their usage of distancing effects and principles, reason of which is the chosen analytical method is relatively detailed and the extent of the thesis is limited. The plays chosen are Kanibalové, Kvartet and Sportštyk. I separately analyzed each drama, then I analyzed its production. Each play is addressed in a separate chapter. In these chapters I focused especially on the possibilities of using distancing effects that are hinted at in the text by the author. In the chapters dedicated to production I analyzed the way how the directors worked with distancing effects utilized by the authors and how they developed and enriched them. The objective of my analysis was to identify the distancing effects used in plays of the Comedy Theatre and also to define their role in context of the overall poetry of the Komedie Theatre.

To date, little research has documented the prevalence of anti-gay behaviours on Canadian university campuses or directly explored heterosexual mens and womens self-reported reasons for holding negative attitudes toward gay men and engaging in anti-gay behaviours. Consequently, the purpose of the current study was to: (1) assess the prevalence of anti-gay attitudes and behaviours on a Canadian university campus using the Attitudes Toward Gay Men Scale (ATG) and the Self-Report Behaviour Scale Revised (SBS-R); (2) describe heterosexual mens and womens lived experiences as perpetrators of homonegativity; and (3) explore how heterosexuals find meaning in their homonegativity within personal and social contexts. A mixed-methods approach was used wherein a quantitative questionnaire was administered to 286 university students in the first phase of the study. The majority of the participants scored below the midpoint of the ATG and they most often reported engaging in subtle behaviours directed toward gay men. In the second, qualitative phase of the study, open-ended interviews were conducted with eight individuals (four men and four women) who held negative attitudes toward gay men and had engaged in anti-gay behaviours. The interviews were analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. The participants lived experiences of homonegativity were primarily characterized by their feelings of discomfort upon observing gay men display affection and their perceptions that gay men are feminine. For the most part, participants used their religious beliefs, negative affective reactions toward homosexuality, and their beliefs that homosexuality is wrong and unnatural to understand their homonegativity. Further, the participants indicated that they had only engaged in subtle anti-gay behaviours, such as joke-telling, social distancing, or avoidance. Many of the participants were concerned about being perceived as prejudiced and, consequently, monitored the behaviours they directed toward gay men. Limitations of the study and directions for future research concerning anti-gay behaviours are also presented.

To date, little research has documented the prevalence of anti-gay behaviours on Canadian university campuses or directly explored heterosexual mens and womens self-reported reasons for holding negative attitudes toward gay men and engaging in anti-gay behaviours. Consequently, the purpose of the current study was to: (1) assess the prevalence of anti-gay attitudes and behaviours on a Canadian university campus using the Attitudes Toward Gay Men Scale (ATG) and the Self-Report Behaviour Scale Revised (SBS-R); (2) describe heterosexual mens and womens lived experiences as perpetrators of homonegativity; and (3) explore how heterosexuals find meaning in their homonegativity within personal and social contexts. A mixed-methods approach was used wherein a quantitative questionnaire was administered to 286 university students in the first phase of the study. The majority of the participants scored below the midpoint of the ATG and they most often reported engaging in subtle behaviours directed toward gay men. In the second, qualitative phase of the study, open-ended interviews were conducted with eight individuals (four men and four women) who held negative attitudes toward gay men and had engaged in anti-gay behaviours. The interviews were analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. The participants lived experiences of homonegativity were primarily characterized by their feelings of discomfort upon observing gay men display affection and their perceptions that gay men are feminine. For the most part, participants used their religious beliefs, negative affective reactions toward homosexuality, and their beliefs that homosexuality is wrong and unnatural to understand their homonegativity. Further, the participants indicated that they had only engaged in subtle anti-gay behaviours, such as joke-telling, social distancing, or avoidance. Many of the participants were concerned about being perceived as prejudiced and, consequently, monitored the behaviours they directed toward gay men. Limitations of the study and directions for future research concerning anti-gay behaviours are also presented.

This qualitative study is aimed to explore the leaders’ experiences of difficult conversations in their work. We have examined if they take on a different role during the difficult conversations and how communication can affect their leadership during the conversation. We have also examined the importance of the leaders’ ability to distance themselves from the sensitive subject and situation, to maintain their role as leaders. We conducted six interviews with leaders who often convey difficult messages in their daily work. The interviews were based on a semi- structured interview guide. The interview results were analyzed with the help of George H. Mead´s role-taking theory and his concept of "I" and "Me", and Erving Goffman´s dramaturgical perspective and impression management concept. The theories and concepts contributed to a deeper understanding of leaders´ experiences regarding difficult conversations. According to the results, the leaders seem to practice Role-taking in their everyday work, to be able to distance themselves from the sensitive subject and avoid getting too emotionally involved. Impression management also appears to be a useful tool that leaders use in order to control the situation during the difficult conversation. Communication, both verbal and non-verbal communication is something that is perceived by the leaders, to have an impact on the impression that the employee gets during the difficult conversations. Adapting the leaders´ ways of communication can therefore help to influence, and regulate the experience, impression and reaction the employee will have. / I denna kvalitativa studie undersöker vi ledares erfarenheter av svåra samtal i arbetslivet, om dessa intar en annan roll vid svåra samtal samt på vilket sätt kommunikationen kan påverka ledarskapet under samtalet. Vi undersökte även vilken betydelse distansering har för att lyckas behålla sin roll som ledare. Vi har genomfört 6 intervjuer med ledare som ofta förmedlar svåra budskap i sitt arbete. Intervjuerna gjordes utifrån en semistrukturerad intervjuguide. Sedan analyserades resultatet med hjälp av George H. Meads teori om rollövertagande och begreppen den generaliserade andre, I och Me. Samt Erving Goffmans teori om den dramaturgiska handlingsmodellen och begreppet intrycksstyrning. Teorierna och begreppen bidrog till en djupare förståelse av ledares erfarenheter av svåra samtal. Rollövertagande verkar enligt resultaten vara något som ledarna utövar, för att enklare kunna utföra sitt arbete och distansera sig, för att inte bli för emotionellt engagerad. Intrycksstyrning verkar också vara ett användbart verktyg som ledare använder sig av för att styra situationen under samtalet. Kommunikation, både verbal och icke-verbal uppfattas ha en påverkan på intrycket som medarbetaren får. Anpassning av ledarens sätt att kommunicera på kan hjälpa till att styra och reglera medarbetarens intryck och reaktion.