Cette thèse porte sur la mise en place, sur un imageur clinique, de nouveaux protocoles adaptés à l'IRM de l'hélium3 hyperpolarisé et sur leur validation au cours d'études précliniques et cliniques. L’IRM de l’hélium3 hyperpolarisé étant non invasive et non ionisante, elle est bien adaptée à l'utilisation chez l'enfant, dès le plus jeune âge, et aux suivis longitudinaux. Pourtant, les protocoles d’imagerie sont le plus souvent réalisés pendant l’apnée, rendant la technique difficilement applicable chez de jeunes enfants. La première contribution de cette thèse porte sur un protocole de respiration spontanée, sa modélisation et sa validation préclinique, préalables à une application chez des patients non coopératifs. La deuxième étude traite de l'application conjointe de l'IRM proton et hélium3 hyperpolarisé à un modèle de pathologie aiguë chez le lapin, maladie jusqu’à présent non étudiée en IRM de l’hélium3 hyperpolarisé. Enfin, la troisième étude s’intéresse à l’évaluation de la sensibilité de la technique et de l'influence d'une séance de drainage bronchique, chez des enfants atteints de mucoviscidose dont la fonction pulmonaire est asymptomatique. / This work deals with the design, on a clinical scanner, of new protocols for helium3 MRI and with their application to preclinical and clinical studies. Allowing for a virtually unlimited number of acquisitions, helium3 MRI is well adapted for longitudinal or pediatric studies. Acquisitions, however, are mostly performed under breath-hold, precluding the application to non cooperative patients. The first part of this thesis addresses the use of a free-breathing protocol, validated in vivo on rabbit and optimized using a model of gas exchange. A second study tackles the joint use of helium3 and proton MRI to study acute diseases, using a rabbit model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Finally, the third study demonstrates the sensitivity of helium3 MRI and evaluates the influence of chest physical therapy on cystic fibrosis children with normal respiratory function.

The breathing pattern of preterm infants is immature and is associated with a variety of reflexes. In a patient on the ventilator these reflexes interfere with spontaneous breathing. A better understanding of the immature control of breathing could lead to further improvements in ventilatory techniques. This thesis concerns studies of pulmonary stretch receptor (PSR) and phrenic nerve activity as part of the regulation of breathing in an animal model. During assist/control ventilation with three different inspiratory pressure waveforms in animals with healthy lungs, squarewave pressure waveform strongly inhibits spontaneous inspiratory activity. During partial liquid ventilation (PLV) in animals with healthy lungs, all PSRs studied maintained their phasic character, with increased impulse frequency during inspiration. PSR activity was not higher during PLV than during gas ventilation (GV), indicating that there was no extensive stretching of the lung during PLV. During proportional assist ventilation (PAV) the applied airway pressure is servo-controlled proportionally to the ongoing breathing effort, thereby interacting with the activity of PSRs. Peak PSR activity was higher and occurred earlier during PAV than during CPAP. The regulation of breathing is maintained during PAV in surfactant-depleted animals before and early after surfactant instillation, with a higher ventilatory response and a lower breathing effort than during CPAP in both conditions. Both lung mechanics and gas exchange influence the regulation of breathing. Inhibition of inspiratory activity occurred at a lower arterial pH and a higher PaCO2 during PLV than during GV in animals with surfactant-depleted lungs, which might be related to recruitment of a larger number of pulmonary stretch receptors during PLV. In summary, selected aspects of the regulation of breathing were studied in an animal model with different ventilatory techniques under different lung conditions similar to those that can occur in infants.

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and its less severe form, acute lung injury (ALI), are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Commonly induced by conditions associated with severe pulmonary inflammation, ALI results in disruption of the lung alveolar-capillary membrane barrier and resultant pulmonary edema associated with a proteinaceous alveolar exudate. Sepsis is another frequent and often fatal clinical condition for patients in the intensive care unit. It is characterized by a combination of infection and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Current effective treatment strategies for both ALI/ARDS and sepsis are lacking. We first examined the potential therapeutic role of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) alone or together with the vasculoprotective factor, angiopoietin-1 (ANGPT1), for treatment of experimental ALI in mice. MSCs significantly reduced LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-induced pulmonary inflammation, as reflected by cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in both BAL fluid and lung parenchymal homogenates. More importantly, administration of MSCs transfected with human ANGPT1 plasmid (MSCs-pANGPT1) completely reversed LPS-induced permeability in the lung (i.e., ALI). A follow-up study showed that MSCs remained effective in rescuing mice with LPS-induced ALI; however, the additional benefit from ANGPT1 was no longer observed. To further evaluate MSC-based therapy in a more clinically relevant model of acute injury, the cecal-ligation-and-puncture (CLP) model for sepsis was employed. Our results demonstrated that MSCs can reduce both systemic and pulmonary inflammation, as well as renal and liver dysfunction/injury, as reflected by plasma urea and bilirubin levels, in septic mice. Most notably, MSCs reduced sepsis-associated mortality from 45% to 24%. Our data demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of MSC- and MSC-based gene therapy for experimental ALI and sepsis, and provide the basis for the development of an innovative approach for the prevention and treatment of clinical ALI/ARDS and sepsis.

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and its less severe form, acute lung injury (ALI), are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Commonly induced by conditions associated with severe pulmonary inflammation, ALI results in disruption of the lung alveolar-capillary membrane barrier and resultant pulmonary edema associated with a proteinaceous alveolar exudate. Sepsis is another frequent and often fatal clinical condition for patients in the intensive care unit. It is characterized by a combination of infection and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Current effective treatment strategies for both ALI/ARDS and sepsis are lacking. We first examined the potential therapeutic role of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) alone or together with the vasculoprotective factor, angiopoietin-1 (ANGPT1), for treatment of experimental ALI in mice. MSCs significantly reduced LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-induced pulmonary inflammation, as reflected by cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in both BAL fluid and lung parenchymal homogenates. More importantly, administration of MSCs transfected with human ANGPT1 plasmid (MSCs-pANGPT1) completely reversed LPS-induced permeability in the lung (i.e., ALI). A follow-up study showed that MSCs remained effective in rescuing mice with LPS-induced ALI; however, the additional benefit from ANGPT1 was no longer observed. To further evaluate MSC-based therapy in a more clinically relevant model of acute injury, the cecal-ligation-and-puncture (CLP) model for sepsis was employed. Our results demonstrated that MSCs can reduce both systemic and pulmonary inflammation, as well as renal and liver dysfunction/injury, as reflected by plasma urea and bilirubin levels, in septic mice. Most notably, MSCs reduced sepsis-associated mortality from 45% to 24%. Our data demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of MSC- and MSC-based gene therapy for experimental ALI and sepsis, and provide the basis for the development of an innovative approach for the prevention and treatment of clinical ALI/ARDS and sepsis.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Το σύνδρομο αναπνευστικής δυσχέρειας (ΣΑΔ) είναι ένα από τα συνηθέστερα προβλήματα και η κύρια αιτία θανάτου σε πρόωρα νεογνά. Παρά τη μείωση της νοσηρότητας και θνητότητας μετά την εισαγωγή της χρήσης εξωγενούς επιφανειοδραστικού παράγοντα στη θεραπεία του ΣΑΔ, υπάρχουν περιπτώσεις νεογνών που όχι μόνο δεν παρατηρείται βελτίωση, αλλά εμφανίζεται αυξημένος κίνδυνος εμφάνισης πνευμονικής αιμορραγίας. Η φλεγμονή, όχι μόνο τοπική αλλά και συστηματική, παίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στην παθογένεια του ΣΑΔ. Για να καθορίσουμε το ανοσολογικό προφίλ και την κατεύθυνση της πόλωσης της ανοσολογικής απόκρισης, μετρήσαμε με Cytometric Bead Array τις κυτταροκίνες type 1 (IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ) και type 2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10) 47 πρόωρων νεογνών με ΣΑΔ, και μιας ομάδας ελέγχου 30 υγειών, κατάλληλων για την ηλικία κύησης, τελειόμηνων νεογνών. Τα επίπεδα IL-6 και TGF-β1 ορού μετρήθηκαν με ELISA. Τα δείγματα αίματος συλλέχθηκαν κατά τη γέννηση (αίμα ομφάλιου λώρου) τόσο από τα πρόωρα νεογνά όσο κι από την ομάδα ελέγχου, και από νεογνά που έλαβαν επιφανειδραστικό παράγοντα και από εκείνα που εμφάνισαν πνευμονική αιμορραγία. Αξιοσημείωτη αύξηση στα επίπεδα όλων των κυτταροκινών παρατηρήθηκε τη στιγμή της γέννησης (p <0.05, εκτός των IL-5 και TNF-α). Η type 1 αυτή ‘’πόλωση’’ του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος δεν επηρεάστηκε από την ηλικία κύησης, και παρέμεινε η ίδια ακόμη και μετά τη χορήγηση επιφανειοδραστικού παράγοντα (ανεξαρτήτως προέλευσης). Ωστόσο, τα νεογνά που εμφάνισαν πνευμονική αιμορραγία και είχαν χειρότερη πρόγνωση, εμφάνισαν διαφορετικό ανοσολογικό προφίλ στο οποίο κυριαρχούν οι προφλεγμονώδεις κυτταροκίνες. Η type 1 ‘’πόλωση’’ διατηρήθηκε, αλλά εμφανίζεται πιο έντονη. Τα επίπεδα των IL-10 και TGF-β1 στον ορό αυτών των νεογνών είναι μειωμένα. Ο ρόλος της φλεγμονής στην εξέλιξη του ΣΑΔ είναι φανερός. Τα πρόωρα νεογνά με ΣΑΔ εμφανίζουν μια έντονη type 1 ‘’πόλωση’’ του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος, η οποία παραμένει ανεξαρτήτως της θεραπευτικής αγωγής που χορηγείται και ενισχύεται όταν οι πιθανές επιπλοκές εμφανιστούν. / Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is one of the most common problems and the leading cause of death in premature infants. Although the introduction of surfactant treatment for RDS management was beneficial lowering mortality and morbidity, some neonates do not improve, while others are at increased risk for pulmonary hemorrhage. Inflammation, not only local but also systemic, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of RDS. In order to determine the immunological profile and direction of polarization of immune response, we used Cytometric Bead Array to measure type 1 (IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ) and type 2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10) cytokines of forty-seven premature infants with established RDS, and a control group of 30 healthy, appropriate for gestational age, full-term neonates. Serum IL-6 and TGF-β1 levels were measured by ELISA. Blood samples were obtained at time of delivery (cord blood) for both premature and control group, and from neonates who received surfactant treatment and those who developed pulmonary hemorrhage. A remarkable increase to all cytokine levels was noted at time of delivery (p <0.05, except for IL-5 and TNF-α). This type 1-polarized immunological pattern was not affected by gestational age, and remained the same even after surfactant administration (irrespective of extract’s origin). However, neonates who developed pulmonary hemorrhage and had worse final outcome, presented different cytokine profile in which pro-inflammatory cytokines prevail. Type 1 polarization was maintained, though more intense; serum IL-10 and TGF-β1 levels appeared suppressed in these newborns. Overall, the role of inflammation in the progress of neonatal RDS is evident. Premature infants with established disease present a strong type 1 polarization, which persists irrespective of treatment provided, and is amplified when possible complications appear.

INTRODUÇÃO: Recentes estudos avaliam o uso da solução salina hipertônica na concentração de 3% no tratamento de pacientes com traumatismos cranioencefálicos, entretanto, poucos trabalhos têm analisado a sua eficácia no tratamento do choque hemorrágico. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar os efeitos do tratamento do choque hemorrágico com a solução salina hipertônica a 3%, analisando principalmente seus possíveis efeitos benéficos na atenuação da resposta inflamatória decorrrente do choque. Para tal, esta solução será comparada a outras duas, amplamente estudadas: a solução salina hipertônica a 7,5% e a solução de Ringer lactato. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados, neste estudo, 26 ratos Wistar. Os animais foram anestesiados com pentobarbital sódico por via intraperitoneal (50 mg/Kg) e, então, submetidos a um protocolo de choque hemorrágico controlado. Neste protocolo, os animais foram sangrados até que fosse atingida uma pressão arterial média (PAM) de 35 mmHg, em um período de 10 minutos, sendo este nível de PAM mantido por 50 minutos. Ao término deste período de choque, os animais foram randomizados em três grupos para reposição volêmica: reposição com solução de Ringer lactato (grupo RL, n=7), na dose de 33 mL/Kg; reposição com solução salina hipertônica a 3% (grupo SH3%, n=7), na dose de 10 mL/Kg; reposição com solução salina hipertônica a 7,5% (grupo SH7,5%, n=7), na dose de 4 mL/Kg. Após a infusão das soluções, metade do volume de sangue retirado foi reinfundido em todos os animais. Sangue arterial foi coletado para análise de gasometria, lactato, concentração plasmática de sódio e osmolaridade plasmática. Para avaliação da resposta inflamatória, os animais foram sacrificados quatro horas após o início do experimento, sendo obtidas amostras de sangue para determinação das concentrações plasmáticas de interleucina (IL) -6 e fator de necrose tumoral (TNF) -alfa. Amostras de tecido pulmonar e intestinal foram obtidas para avaliação histopatológica de lesão orgânica, sendo as lâminas analisadas por dois patologistas sem conhecimento prévio dos grupos, determinando-se, assim, um escore de lesão baseado em um sistema de pontuação. RESULTADOS: Todos os animais submetidos à reposição volêmica apresentaram valores adequados de PAM ao término do tratamento. Nos animais tratados com as duas concentrações de solução salina hipertônica, a concentração plasmática de sódio e o valor da osmolaridade plasmática foram significativamente maiores, quando comparados aos grupos CT e RL. A concentração plasmática de TNF-alfa foi significativamente maior nos animais tratados com a solução de Ringer lactato, não havendo, para tanto, diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos CT, SH3% e SH7,5%. Em relação a IL-6, não se observou diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos CT, SH3% e SH7,5%, sendo a concentração plasmática deste mediador inflamatório significativamente elevada no grupo RL, quando comparado ao grupo CT. O escore de lesão pulmonar foi significativamente maior no grupo RL, em comparação aos grupos SH3% e SH7,5% (5,7 ± 0,7, 2,7 ± 0,5, 2,1 ± 0,4, respectivamente). Os animais dos grupos SH3% e SH7,5% apresentaram atenuação da lesão intestinal pós-choque em comparação aos animais do grupo RL (2,3 ± 0,4, 2,0 ± 0,6, 5,9 ± 0,6, respectivamente). CONCLUSÕES: O tratamento do choque hemorrágico com as duas concentrações de solução salina hipertônica resultou em atenuação da resposta inflamatória pós-choque. A solução salina hipertônica a 3% apresentou efeitos metabólicos e imunológicos semelhantes à solução salina hipertônica a 7,5%, sendo ambas superiores em relação aos parâmetros estudados à solução de Ringer lactato. / BACKGROUND: Recent studies have been conducted examining the efficacy of 3% hypertonic saline solution (HSS) in traumatic brain injury; however, few studies have analyzed the effects of 3%HSS during hemorrhagic shock. The aim of this study was to test the potential immunomodulatory benefits of 3%HSS resuscitation over standard fluid resuscitation. METHODS: Wistar rats were bled to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 35 mmHg and then randomized in 3 groups: LR (lactated Ringer, 33mL/Kg, n=7), 3%HSS (10mL/Kg, n=7) and 7.5%HSS (4mL/Kg, n=7). Half of the shed blood was infused after fluid resuscitation. Animals who did not undergo shock served as controls (CT,n=5). Four hours after HS, blood was collected for evaluation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6 by enzyme immunoassay. Lung and intestinal samples were obtained for histopathological analysis. RESULTS: Animals in HSS groups had significantly higher MAP than LR one hour after treatment. Osmolarity and sodium levels were markedly elevated in HSS groups. TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels were similar between CT and HSS groups, but significantly higher in LR (p<0.05). Lung injury score was significantly higher in LR when compared to 7.5%HSS and 3%HSS (5.7 ± 0.7, 2.1 ± 0.4 and 2.7 ± 0.5, respectively). Intestinal injury was attenuated in the 7.5%HSS and 3%HSS groups when compared to LR (2.0 ± 0.6, 2.3 ± 0.4 and 5.9 ± 0.6, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Small volume resuscitation strategy modulates the inflammatory response and decrease the end-organ damage after HS. 3%HSS provides immunomodulatory and metabolic effects similar to those observed with conventional concentration of HSS.

Introdução: Este estudo foi desenhado para avaliar o impacto da reposição de fluidos na aeração pulmonar, oxigenação e hemodinâmica pacientes com diagnóstico de choque séptico e síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA). Métodos: Durante o período de 1 ano, um estudo prospectivo observacional foi realizado com 32 pacientes com diagnóstico de choque séptico e SDRA. Os parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios foram mensurados utilizando um cateter de Swan-Ganz (n = 29) ou um cateter de PICCO (n = 3). A aeração pulmonar e o fluxo sanguíneo regional pulmonar foram avaliados pelo exame de ultrassom pulmonar à beira-leito. As medidas foram realizadas antes (T0), ao final (T1) e 40 minutos após (T2) a infusão de fluidos, consistindo em um litro de solução salina administrado em 30 minutos nas primeiras 48 horas do início do choque séptico e SDRA. Resultados: O escore de ultrassom pulmonar aumentou em 23% em T2, de 13 no tempo basal a 16 (p < 0,001). O índice cardíaco e as pressões de enchimento cardíaco aumentaram significativamente em T1 (p < 0,001) e retornaram aos valores de base em T2. O aumento no escore de ultrassom pulmonar secundário à infusão de fluidos foi estatisticamente correlacionado com o aumento do índice cardíaco e não foi associado ao aumento do \"shunt\" pulmonar ou ao aumento do fluxo sanguíneo regional pulmonar. Em T1, PaO2/FiO2 aumentou significativamente (p < 0,005) de 144 (123 - 198) a 165 (128 - 226) e retornou aos valores de base em T2, e o escore de ultrassom pulmonar continuou a aumentar. Conclusão: A reposição de fluidos precoce melhora transitoriamente a hemodinâmica e deteriora a aeração pulmonar. As mudanças na aeração podem ser observadas à beiraleito com o auxílio do ultrassom pulmonar e podem ser úteis como medida protetora contra a reposição excessiva de fluidos / Introduction: The study was designed to assess the impact of fluid loading on lung aeration, oxygenation and hemodynamics in patients with septic shock and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Methods: During a 1-year period, a prospective observational study was performed in 32 patients with septic shock and ARDS. Cardiorespiratory parameters were measured using Swan Ganz (n=29) or PiCCO catheters (n=3). Lung aeration and regional pulmonary blood flows were measured using bedside transthoracic ultrasound. Measurements were performed before (T0), at the end of volume expansion (T1) and 40 minutes later (T2), consisting of 1-L of saline over 30 minutes during the first 48h following onset of septic shock and ARDS. Results: Lung ultrasound score increased by 23 % at T2, from 13 at baseline to 16 (p < 0.001). Cardiac index and cardiac filling pressures increased significantly at T1 (p < 0.001) and returned to control values at T2. The increase in lung ultrasound score was statistically correlated with fluid loading-induced increase in cardiac index and was not associated with increase in pulmonary shunt or regional pulmonary blood flow. At T1, PaO2/FiO2 significantly increased (p < 0.005) from 144 (123 to 198) to 165 (128 to 226) and returned to control values at T2 whereas lung ultrasound score continued to increase. Conclusions: Early fluid loading transitorily improves hemodynamics and oxygenation and worsens lung aeration. Aeration changes can be detected at the bedside by transthoracic lung ultrasound which may serve as a safeguard against excessive fluid loading

Introdução: Um dos principais objetivos na SARA é encontrar a melhor estratégia protetora de ventilação mecânica que minimize o stress pulmonar e otimize as trocas gasosas. Teoricamente, estas duas metas podem ser obtidas simultaneamente, evitando-se a hiperdistensão e colapso cíclico de unidades alveolares instáveis. Numa tentativa de radicalizar a minimização da hiperdistensão e da pressão motriz inspiratória, duas estratégias podem ser propostas: o uso da ventilação de alta freqüência oscilatória (HFOV) e o uso da insuflação intra-traqueal de gás (TGI), esta última associada à hipercapnia permissiva e baixas freqüências respiratórias. Objetivo: identificar qual (quais) entre as três estratégias de ventilação mecânica, HFOV, TGI e ventilação protetora de baixa freqüência (VP: volume corrente ~6 mL/kg), foi (foram) a (s) mais protetora (s) em um modelo de SARA em coelhos, durante seis horas de ventilação mecânica. Material e métodos: Os animais (n = 45) foram submetidos a repetidas lavagens pulmonar até uma PaO2 < 100 mmHg. Imediatamente após a injuria pulmonar, foi obtida uma curva P/V para calculo do trabalho inspiratório e energia dissipada durante insuflação pulmonar. Em seguida, os animais foram randomizados em um dos três grupos: HFOV, VP ou TGI. O PEEP ou PMEAN ideais foram obtidos através de uma curva PEEP/PaO2 (ou PMEAN/PaO2) que foi precedida por uma manobra de recrutamento. Os animais dos grupos VP e TGI foram inicialmente ventilados em PCV com um delta de pressão = 8 cmH2O e freqüência = 60 resp/min. A única diferença inicial entre os dois foi que o grupo TGI possuía um fluxo traqueal continuo = 1 L/min. Os animais do grupo HFOV foram inicialmente ventilados com uma amplitude de pressão = 45 cmH2O e freqüência = 10 Hz. Todos os animais foram ventilados com uma FiO2 = 1.0. Os deltas de pressão (ou pressão motriz) nos grupos VP e TGI foram reajustados para manter uma PaCO2 = 90-110 mmHg, enquanto no HFOV a amplitude de pressão foi reajustada para manter uma PaCO2 = 45-55 mmHg. No final do experimento, outra curva P/V foi obtida. Amostras do LBA e sangue foram coletados antes e após o período de ventilação para determinar os níveis de IL-8. Amostras do pulmão esquerdo foram processadas para análise histológica e para cálculo da relação peso-úmido/ peso-seco. Resultados: Não foi observada diferença na PaO2 entre os grupos. A PaCO2 foi significantemente menor no grupo HFOV (59 ± 3 mmHg) quando comparado aos grupos VP (99 ± 4 mmHg) e TGI (80 ± 3 mmHg). O volume corrente foi significantemente menor nos grupos TGI e HFOV quando comparado ao grupo VP. Logo após a lesão pulmonar, todos os grupos necessitaram de trabalhos similares para a insuflação pulmonar, mas o grupo VP foi o único que não apresentou melhora (diminuição) deste trabalho expiratório, a estratégia VP foi a única que apresentou aumento ao longo das 6 horas (P<0,001). Os grupos TGI e HFOV também apresentaram maiores concentrações de polimorfonucleares no tecido pulmonar (P=0,008) e tendências a favorecer um maior índice superfície/volume (P=0,14), maior gradiente IL-8 (diferença ente IL-8 no LBA e plasma - P=0,08) e menor relação peso-úmido/peso-seco (P=0,17) ao final das 6 horas de ventilação. Discussão: O menor trabalho requerido na insuflação pulmonar depois de 6 horas de ventilação refletiu uma redução nas pressões críticas de abertura e, provavelmente, uma melhora do edema pulmonar e do sistema surfactante nas estratégias HFOV e TGI. O aumento do trabalho expiratório no grupo VP sugere, inclusive, uma deterioração na qualidade do surfactante neste grupo. Nos grupos TGI e HFO, a maior concentração de polimorfonucleares no tecido pulmonar e a tendência a apresentar maior gradiente de IL8 poderiam se interpretados como uma melhor membrana alvéolo-capilar, resultando na menor liberação de mediadores compartimentalizados no interior dos alvéolos. Além de necessitar volumes correntes mais altos, a estratégia VP necessitou de pressões inspiratórias progressivamente mais altas durante as seis horas de protocolo, devido a reajustes freqüentes, necessários à manutenção das trocas gasosas. Conclusão: Uma redução mais radical das pressões motrizes demonstrou efeitos benéficos num modelo de lesão pulmonar aguda experimental, mesmo quando associada a uma estratégia que já prioriza o recrutamento pulmonar ótimo. O TGI mostrou ser uma alternativa viável à HFOV, apresentando algumas vantagens práticas de implementação e em termos de previsibilidade de resposta nas trocas gasosas. / Introduction: One of the major goals in ARDS is to find the best protective mechanical ventilation strategy, which minimizes lung stress and optimizes gas exchange. Theoretically, these two goals can be accomplished by simultaneously avoiding alveolar overdistension and cyclic collapse of unstable alveolar units. Pushing further the rationale of this strategy, two new strategies have been proposed: high frequency oscillatory mechanical ventilation (HFOV) and intra-tracheal gas insufflation (TGI) associated with permissive hypercapnia and conventional frequencies. Objective: To determine which of the three protective modalities of mechanical ventilation, HFOV, low-frequency-protective ventilation (LFV), or LFV associated with tracheal gas insufflation (TGI), was the most protective strategy in an ARDS rabbit model during six hours of mechanical ventilation. Material and methods: The animals (n = 45) were submitted to repeated saline lavage until PaO2 < 100 mmHg. Immediately after lung injury, a P/V curve was obtained to calculate inspiratory/expiratory work and energy dissipated during lung inflation. Thereafter, the animals were randomized into one of three groups: LFV, HFOV or TGI. The optimal PEEP or PMEAN was obtained during a PEEP/PaO2 (or PMEAN/PaO2) curve which was preceded by a recruiting maneuver. The animals of the LFV and TGI groups were initially ventilated in PCV with diving pressure = 8 cmH2O and frequency = 60 b/m. The only initial difference between these two arms was that the TGI group had a continuous tracheal flow = 1 L/min. The animals in the HFOV were initially ventilated with an oscillatory pressure amplitude = 45 cmH2O and frequency = 10 Hz. All animals were ventilated with FiO2 = 1.0. Driving pressure was then adjusted in LFV and TGI groups to maintain a PaCO2 = 90-110 mmHg, while in HFO the pressure amplitude was adjusted to maintain a PaCO2 = 45-55 mmHg. At the end of the experiment, after 6 hours of ventilation, another P/V curve was obtained. BAL and bloods samples were drawn before and after the period of ventilation to determine IL-8 levels. The left lung was processed for histological analysis and for wet weight/dry weight (ww/dw) ratio. Results: We observed no differences in PaO2 among the groups. PaCO2 was significantly lower at HFO (59 ± 3 mmHg) when compared with LFV (99 ± 4 mmHg) and TGI (80 ± 3 mmHg) groups. Tidal volume was significantly lower in TGI and HFO groups when compared with LFV group. Soon after injury, all groups required similar energy for lung inflation (inspiratory work), but the VP group was the only one not presenting any improvement in this parameter after 6 hours (P<0.001). Concerning the expiratory work, the VP strategy was the only one presenting an increase in the expiratory work along the 6 hours (P<0.001). The TGI and HFOV groups showed the highest polymorphonuclear cell concentration in lung tissue (P=0.008) and trends towards a higher surface/volume index (P=0.14), higher IL8 gradient (difference between IL8 in BAL and plasma) and lower ww/dw ratio at the end of 6 hours of ventilation (P=0.17). Discussion: The lower energy for lung inflation after six hours of ventilation reflected the reduction of opening pressures and better surfactant function during ventilation under TGI and HFOV strategies. The increase in expiratory work during the VP strategy further suggests that the surfactant quality deteriorated under this strategy. In the TGI and HFOV groups, the higher concentration of polymorphonuclear cells and the trend towards a higher IL8 gradient between the lung and blood may suggest a better integrity of the alveolar-capillary membrane, leading to less release of compartmentalized mediators within the alveolar space. Besides the higher tidal volumes used during VP, this strategy required inspiratory pressures progressively higher along the hours, due to frequent and necessary adjustments of tidal volumes or pressures according to the gas-exchange requirements. Conclusion: An aggressive reduction of tidal volume and driving pressures was beneficial during protective strategies, even when an optimization of lung recruitment was already in place. The TGI strategy showed to be an attractive alternative to HFOV, presenting some advantages in terms of implementation and predictability of response.

INTRODUÇÃO: A insuficiência respiratória acomete grande parte dos pacientes oncológicos levando a altos índices de mortalidade. A ventilação não invasiva (VNI) pode auxiliar seu manejo, mas seus efeitos ainda são pouco conhecidos sobre os mecanismos de defesa pulmonar. OBJETIVOS: Observar o efeito da VNI com máscara facial usando-se geradores de fluxo com pressão positiva contínua (CPAP) e ventilador microprocessado no modo pressão de suporte + pressão positiva ao final da expiração (PSV + PEEP), a fim de verificar impacto nas propriedades viscoelásticas do muco respiratório e o conforto proporcionado ao paciente. MÉTODOS: A VNI foi instalada após diagnóstico de insuficiência respiratória em dezenove pacientes, admitidos nas unidades de tratamento intensivo do Hospital A. C. Camargo, sendo nove submetidos ao CPAP e dez com PSV + PEEP. Foram colhidos antes e após uma hora de VNI: os dados clínicos, secreção nasal, gasometria, e o grau de conforto através de uma escala visual. As propriedades físicas do muco (transportabilidade in vitro, adesividade e wettabilidade ou hidrofobicidade) foram avaliadas respectivamente no palato de rã, máquina da tosse e ângulo de contato. RESULTADOS: Os grupos eram homogêneos entre si em relação à idade, sexo, tipo e estadiamento do tumor e SAPS II. Em relação às propriedades físicas do muco, houve um aumento da transportabilidade in vitro do muco nasal com o sistema PSV + PEEP (p = 0,04) e um aumento na wettabilidade no grupo CPAP (p = 0,06). Os dois sistemas foram eficazes em melhorar significativamente os sinais vitais, a PaO2/FiO2, o padrão e o conforto respiratório e em evitar a intubação traqueal nas primeiras 24 horas (p < 0,05). Entretanto, independentemente do tipo de sistema de VNI usado, foram encontrados altos índices de intubação endotraqueal e mortalidade no seguimento destes pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: As propriedades físicas do muco (transportabilidade in vitro e wettabilidade) se alteraram após uma hora de uso da VNI e parecem ser dependentes da temperatura e umidificação dentro da máscara. A VNI mostrou-se útil em reverter a insuficiência respiratória em pacientes selecionados, ou pelo menos em trazer conforto para pacientes hipoxêmicos que a princípio recusam a intubação endotraqueal / INTRODUCTION: Respiratory failure is a common situation among cancer patients leading to high rates of mortality. Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) can help its management, but its effects are still unknown regarding the pulmonary defense mechanisms. OBJECTIVES: Observe the effect of NIV with facial mask using a flow generator with continuous positive pressure (CPAP) and standard intensive care unit ventilator using pressure support ventilation + positive end expiratory pressure (PSV + PEEP), to verify impact on the physical properties of respiratory mucus and the comfort provided to the patient. METHODS: NIV was started after diagnosis of respiratory failure in nineteen patients, admitted in the intensive care unit of the A. C. Camargo Hospital. Nine patients were submitted to CPAP and ten to PSV + PEEP. Nasal mucus, blood gases, and the degree of comfort through a visual scale were accessed before and after one hour. The physical properties of nasal mucus (transportabilility in vitro, adhesivity and wettability or hydrofobicity) were evaluated respectively by frog palate, cough machine and contact angle. RESULTS: Groups had similar characteristics about age, sex, tumor and SAPS II score. Regarding the physical properties of the mucus, there was an increase in mucus transportability (by the frog palate model) with the system PSV + PEEP (p = 0.04) and an increase in the contact angle in the CPAP groupo (p = 0.06). The two systems were effective in improving the vital signs, the PaO2/FiO2, the respiratory pattern and comfort and avoiding endotracheal intubation in the first 24 hours (p < 0.05). However, regardless of the type of NIV system used, high rates of endotracheal intubation and mortality were found. CONCLUSION: The physical properties of the mucus (transportability in vitro and wettability) changed after an hour of use of the NIV as a result of temperature and humidification into the mask. NIV was useful in reversing the respiratory failure in selected patients, or at least in bringing comfort for those who refuse endotracheal intubation