As large-scale, modernist urban renewal projects advanced following World War II, residents of Boston’s historic neighborhoods pushed back, asserting the value of the existing built environment and enlisting new strategies, like local historic districts, to mediate change. Over time, these defenders of traditional urbanism changed from relatively conventional 1950s home- and business-owners to more countercultural, back-to-the-city technocrats, the advance guard of a new middle class. Employing previously unexplored government archives and public documents, extensive contemporaneous newspaper reports, and interviews with current and former neighborhood activists, “Home Rule” analyzes historic districting as a social movement, tracing how adherents of this cause mobilized resources to effect the policy changes they sought. While the growth of the historic preservation movement in the interwar South has been well documented, the adoption of preservation planning techniques in the post-war North is less well studied. The first chapter investigates the effort to create the first historic district in the urban North on Beacon Hill, a campaign that took place against the backdrop of a destructive urban-renewal project in the nearby West End. A neighborhood association spearheaded the effort, carefully building support, consistent with the consensus culture of the 1950s. The chapter also examines the expansion of the district and challenges to its authority. The highly contested movement to designate the Back Bay occupies the second chapter, pitting a powerful mayor and his deep-pocketed allies determined to insert high-rise towers in a historically low-rise area against a large and well-heeled neighborhood association. The third chapter examines the drive to create a statutory Landmarks Commission to regulate historic resources citywide. The chapter also explores two attempts to designate historic districts after the creation of the new agency, one effort on Ashmont Hill that failed and another in West Back Bay that succeeded. The movement to designate three contiguous historic districts – the St. Botolph Street area, Bay Village, and the South End – constitutes the fourth and last chapter. These efforts exemplify the rediscovery of urban life by an educated, progressive middle class who negotiated with various ethnic and racial minorities, transformed the city, and reinvented urban renewal. / 2018-08-11T00:00:00Z

Thesis advisor: Martin Scanlan / This qualitative case study explored the role of central office leaders in supporting autonomy and accountability in the Lawrence Public Schools. One of the key strategies of central office transformation is the creation of assistance relationships with principals (Honig et al., 2010), which serves as the conceptual framework for this study. Data was gathered from interviews with and observations of central office leaders and principals as well as a document review. The results of the study found that principals were granted broad autonomy in several areas of school leadership that resulted in improved student outcomes. Findings further noted that central office leaders engaged in assistance relationships and employed the key practices in their efforts to support principals. Principals reported that central office leaders employed these practices in each of the four decision-making areas of building leadership; budget, staffing, curriculum and assessment, and scheduling. While enacting autonomy for principals in building decision-making, central office leaders executed a “customer-service culture” of support. Recommendations include continual examination of assistance relationships among central office leaders in support of principals’ autonomy in the context of a turnaround district. Future researchers may continue to contribute to the growing body of literature by examining these findings and offering a longitudinal view of this practice. This strands’ findings may begin to provide insights into strategies that will add to school improvement efforts for chronically underperforming schools and districts. / Thesis (EdD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Educational Leadership and Higher Education.

Thesis advisor: Robert J. Starratt / Despite its provision of sustained, targeted, job-embedded professional development to teachers, instructional coaching, which school districts across the United States have introduced in efforts to midwife instructional improvement, has occasionally suffered the same fate as countless other attempts at school reform. While programs of instructional coaching have endured and become institutionalized in many districts, they have been discontinued in others. Additionally, while the literature reports that instructional coaching in this country originated, and has remained popular, in urban school districts, it is all-but-silent about programs in suburban settings. The present, qualitative research study examined three suburban school districts in efforts to answer the following research question: How do suburban school districts' unique contexts impact the implementation, maintenance, and success of their instructional coaching programs? Case studies of three suburban school districts in Massachusetts were assembled from data collected during semi-structured interviews with twenty-two educators from across the three districts. Resulting data were analyzed across cases through the lens of complexity science, in order that the three school districts, and their programs of instructional coaching, could be explored - if not completely understood - in all their complexity. This investigation found that, while the roll-out of a district's instructional coaching program need not have been a grand event, it was nevertheless essential for faculty members to understand the rationale for the establishment of the program and the role to be played by their schools' coaches. It confirmed assertions in the existing literature that trust is an essential ingredient in any instructional coaching program. It also served to confirm that administrators contribute to the success of instructional coaching programs when they are actively engaged in supporting them. This investigation found, further, that instructional coaching programs, and the schools in which they function, demonstrate key aspects of complex systems. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Education.

Cette thèse porte sur les tentatives de constitution d'une organisation nationale et autonome de l'immigration et des quartiers populaires entre 1982 et 1992, et ce à travers l'histoire de Résistance des banlieues et de ses fondateurs. / This thesis concerns the attempts of constitution of a national and autonomous organization of the immigration and the popular districts between 1982 and 1992, and it through the history of the Résistance des banlieues and his founders.

Da modernização agrícola brasileira até os dias atuais, percebeu-se que as políticas agrícolas em geral favoreceram o já existente desenvolvimento desigual entre as regiões do país. As políticas e programas destinados ao setor agrícola familiar reconhecem sua importância para a economia, contudo é pouco expressivo o reconhecimento das necessidades sociais enfaticamente a educação e a saúde que devem acompanhar e promover seu potencial econômico. Apesar de o Estatuto da Cidade dispor sobre a ordenação e o planejamento do município como um todo, o plano diretor, regulado pelo EC, estabelece um perímetro urbano e considera a zona rural somente para fins ambientais, sob a alegação controversa de inconstitucionalidade. Esta pesquisa acompanha a trajetória da camada intermediária de agricultores, surgida nos ciclos econômicos do Brasil Colônia e que atualmente pode ser representada pelos agricultores familiares, e suas transformações sob as regulamentações das políticas agrícolas em diferentes períodos, até o surgimento da política específica destinada ao setor, em 2006, quando então foram considerados como os principais agentes do desenvolvimento territorial rural. A partir daí, considerou-se a tese central de um redirecionamento das políticas territoriais para efetivamente capacitar esses agentes através de uma integração de políticas, em especial a educacional, de competência municipal, com a intenção de colaborar na identificação de mecanismos que possam aperfeiçoar as ações direcionadas ao desenvolvimento territorial rural. / From the Brazilian agricultural modernization to the present day, it was noticed that the current agricultural policies generally favored the already existing uneven development between the regions of the country. Policies and programs aimed at the family agricultural sector recognize its importance to the economy, but the recognition of social needs that must accompany and promote their economic potential - emphatically education and health - is not very pronounced. Although the City Statute (CS) disposes of the ordination and planning of the municipality as a whole, the Master Plan, regulated by the CS, establishes an urban perimeter and considers the rural area only for environmental purposes, under the controversial claim of unconstitutionality. This research follows the trajectory of the intermediate layer of farmers, which emerged in the economic cycles of Colonial Brazil and which can now be represented by family farmers, and their transformations under the regulations of agricultural policies in different periods until the emergence of the specific policy for the sector, in 2006, when they were considered as the main agents of rural territorial development. From that point on, it was considered the central thesis of a redirection of the territorial policies to effectively empower these agents through a policy integration, especially the educational one, of municipal competence, with the intention of collaborating in identifying the mechanisms that can improve the actions aimed at rural territorial development.

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Districts are intermediary legislative institutions that structure the relationship between constituents and legislatures. Situated between citizens and their elected representatives, districts mediate citizen-legislator interaction, and may have wide-reaching effects on the representational relationship. By creating a political community, defining its interests by delineating its scale and boundaries, and structuring interaction between constituents and their elected representatives, districts shape the representational relationship. District characteristics alter the representational experience for constituents with very real consequences for trust in government, evaluations of legislative institutions and representatives, perceptions of responsiveness, and the degree and type of constituent-legislator communication. Three district characteristics are examined: the population size of legislative districts (constituency size), the shape of district boundaries (geographical compactness, and the extent to which district boundaries follow pre-existing political subdivision boundaries (boundary coterminousness). Using Census data and GIS, measures of these characteristics are created for every state legislative and congressional district (post-2000 redistricting) in the United States. These characteristics are combined with public opinion data to test for their influence on attitudes toward government, legislative institutions, and legislators, as well as the closeness of the representational relationship. The findings suggest constituency size is an important determinant of evaluations of government, institutions, and legislators at both the state and congressional level. The geographical districting principles of compactness and coterminousness influence the amount of constituent-legislator communication, knowledge of representatives, and in-person contact with representatives, primarily at the congressional district level. For decades, legislative districts have been drawn as if they matter only for the electoral success of legislative candidates and the partisan and racial groups those candidates represent. The primary contribution of this work is to show that districts matter beyond defining the dominant partisan or racial attributes of district constituents. Districts influence how representation is experienced by constituents.

This thesis identifies and reviews problems of and the methodology for solving these same problems that confront many of the central business districts in most cities in the United States. Population. street systems, traffic control, parking, and land use as well as street appearance are considered. Problems of congested traffic , shabby, out-of -date and even dilapidated store fronts, as well as pollution, street construction, parking availability are all very real problems in city centers. Contemporary concepts, approaches, ideas of landscape architects and city planners are examined and applied to solving these problems. The commercial district of Logan, Utah is considered, the problems are identified, and the methodology for solving these problems is applied to this particular situation.

In this paper we discuss the electoral behavior of the 7th Legislator Election in single-member districts. The system impacted the election essentially. According to Median Voter Theorem by Anthony Downs, the candidates become imperious to look for support from the median voters rather than the partisans. And the candidates manipulate the elections with moderate campaign strategies. Base on Downs¡¦ theory, in this paper we extended the analysis by considering conditions such as the properties of electoral districts and candidates¡¦ status to clarify the electoral behavior in the election.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-170). Also available on the Internet.