In spite of the large amount of criticism written about T. S. Eliot, no attempt has been made to point out the great debt that Eliot owes to Dante Alighieri, and the pervasive influence of The Divine Comedy on Eliot's poetical works. This thesis endeavors to illustrate the extent of that debt and influence.

Cette thèse de doctorat analyse la valeur symbolique du feu dans la Divine Comédie de Dante, dans le but de produire une étude générale sur ce sujet. L’approche méthodologique qui a été retenue pour cette recherche est le commentaire de texte, bien que des analyses iconographiques l’enrichissent pour certains passages, et ce en lien permanent avec la théologie chrétienne et la riche exégèse dantesque existante. La première partie de ce travail fournit le contexte de l’objet d’étude : elle vise à établir une cartographie des différentes apparitions du feu et des flammes physiques au long du poème. Dans la seconde partie, divisée en trois chapitres correspondant aux trois cantiche de la Comédie, l’étude s’étend et tente de lister à la fois les occurrences du feu et des flammes physiques, mais aussi métaphoriques. Les principaux passages étudiés sont les chants des hérétiques, des luxurieux et d’Ulysse en Enfer, la barrière de feu au Purgatoire, et ensuite, au Paradis, la sphère de feu, Mars, la croix de Cacciaguida, la figure de l’aigle, le ciel des étoiles fixes et l’Empyrée. Enfin, la dernière partie est consacrée aux métaphores transversales liées au symbole du feu : d’abord, les manifestations de l’ardeur et des sentiments enflammés, puis le plus brûlant d’entre eux, l’amour, et le plus important du chef d’œuvre de Dante, la charité. Les images qui ont été sélectionnées sont certains des dessins de Sandro Botticelli, des peintures de William Blake et des gravures de Gustave Doré. / This doctoral thesis analyses the symbolic meaning of fire in Dante’s Divine Comedy, in order to generate a general study about this topic. The chosen methodology of this research is a textual analysis although an iconographic analysis enriches the poem’s study as well, with permanent connections to Christian theology and the rich existing Dante exegesis. The context of the study is provided in the first part, which aims to establish a mapping of the various occurrences of physical fire and flames throughout the poem. In the second part, which is divided into three chapters corresponding to the three poem’s cantiche, the study widens in its scope and attempts to list both physical and metaphorical occurrences of fire and flames. The key passages that are analysed are the heretics’, the luxurious’ and Ulysse’s verses in Inferno, the fire barrier in Purgatorio and then, in the Paradiso, the sphere of fire, Mars, the Cacciaguida cross, the eagle figure, the sky of the Fixed Stars and the Empyrean. Finally, the third and final part aims to identify some crosscutting metaphors related to the fire symbol: first, the expression of ardour and ignited feelings, followed by love, which is the most inflamed of them, and charity, the most significant for Dante in his masterpiece. Images that have been chosen are drawings from Sandro Botticelli, William Blake’s paintings and Gustave Doré’s engravings.

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo o estudo da Vita Nova de Dante Alighieri, onde o Amor, as musas e outros personagens surgem da mitologia grega. Esse Amor pagão é cristianizado por Dante, que o transforma na figura de Deus. Beatriz passa a ser a Musa de Dante, que é chamada pelo poeta primeiro de gentilissima, depois donna angelo, santa, filósofa e teóloga. No Convívio, pode-se constatar a aproximação de sua deusa à sabedoria filosófica e teológica. Tudo isso se passa pela elaboração da poesia, bem como a Divina Comédia, que são, segundo o autor, alegorias. Foram feitas algumas incursões na Divina Comédia para confirmar tais configurações entrou-se em trechos do Purgatório e do Paraíso. / The purpose of this research was to study Dante Alighieri\'s Vita Nova, where Love, muses, and other characters emerge from the Greek mythology. This pagan love is christianized by Dante, who transforms it into the figure of God. Beatrice becomes Dante\'s muse, who is initially called by him as very gentle lady, then as donna angelo (woman-angel), saint, philosopher and theologian. In Convivio, an approach between his goddess and a philosophical and theological wisdom can be observed. Convivio, as well as The Divine Comedy, are written in poetry and are both, according to the author, allegories.

As citações, alusões e referências à Divina comédia, de Dante Alighieri, começam a aparecer em quantidade e com vigor na obra de Machado de Assis na década de 1870. Estão em todos os gêneros, da poesia à crítica, da crônica à prosa de ficção, demonstrando a forte impressão que a obra provocou no escritor brasileiro. Esta tese trata das referências dantianas na obra de Machado de 1873 a 1881, começando em Americanas, passando por Helena e Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas, e encerrando n\' \"O alienista\". Com isso, pretende-se mostrar como Machado de Assis estava às voltas com a adequação de temas, estilos, quadros e assuntos do repertório da alta tradição literária, em especial a da Comédia, em sua obra. Experiências que exibem a oscilação que os estilos elevado e baixo, sublime e vulgar sofrem em sua obra, à força de misturas, fusões, imitações e paródias, formas que encontrou para conciliar estes opostos. / Quotations, allusions and references to Dante Alighieri\'s The Divine Comedy started to appear frequently and significantly in the works of Machado de Assis during the 1870\'s. They can be found in all genres Machado worked with, from poetry to criticism, from newspaper columns (crônicas) to prose, evidencing the strong impression that Dante\'s work left in the Brazilian writer. This thesis is about the references to Dante in Machado de Assis\'s works from 1873 to 1881, beginning with Americanas, passing through Helena and Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas, and finally \"O alienista\". It aims, accordingly, to demonstrate that Machado de Assis tailored his themes, style, sketches and repertoire to fit in the tradition of high literature, especially that of the Comedy. Such experience shows the oscillation between contrasting styles in Machado\'s work - the elevated and the low, the sublime and the vulgar -, which the author conciliates by employing combinations, fusions, imitations and parodies to bring together such opposite poles.

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo o estudo da Vita Nova de Dante Alighieri, onde o Amor, as musas e outros personagens surgem da mitologia grega. Esse Amor pagão é cristianizado por Dante, que o transforma na figura de Deus. Beatriz passa a ser a Musa de Dante, que é chamada pelo poeta primeiro de gentilissima, depois donna angelo, santa, filósofa e teóloga. No Convívio, pode-se constatar a aproximação de sua deusa à sabedoria filosófica e teológica. Tudo isso se passa pela elaboração da poesia, bem como a Divina Comédia, que são, segundo o autor, alegorias. Foram feitas algumas incursões na Divina Comédia para confirmar tais configurações entrou-se em trechos do Purgatório e do Paraíso. / The purpose of this research was to study Dante Alighieri\'s Vita Nova, where Love, muses, and other characters emerge from the Greek mythology. This pagan love is christianized by Dante, who transforms it into the figure of God. Beatrice becomes Dante\'s muse, who is initially called by him as very gentle lady, then as donna angelo (woman-angel), saint, philosopher and theologian. In Convivio, an approach between his goddess and a philosophical and theological wisdom can be observed. Convivio, as well as The Divine Comedy, are written in poetry and are both, according to the author, allegories.

This dissertation examines the spiritual poetry of Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) in light of three distinct but related contexts: Italian Evangelism of the Catholic Reformation, the Italian lauda tradition, and Renaissance Augustinianism. After reviewing the reception and critical history of Michelangelo’s poetry, chapter one presents the anthropological approach of the present study as an effective means of illuminating the poet’s spiritual verses by considering what they may have meant – collectively and individually – to the poet himself. Chapter two analyzes Michelangelo’s lyrics inspired by Vittoria Colonna with respect to the Spirituali of the Ecclesia viterbiensis in general and to the Beneficio di Cristo and personal letters of Vittoria Colonna in particular. It shows that the portrayal of Vittoria Colonna in this poetry as an instrument of grace effecting Michelangelo’s spiritual refashioning, rebirth, and renewal reflects a theology of the Holy Spirit that was dear to the Italian Evangelical community and central to their self-perception. The third chapter presents the Italian lauda tradition and its mystical verses addressing Christ and the Holy Spirit as an inspiration for Michelangelo who, in a later spiritual sonnet, borrowed directly from one of Lorenzo de’ Medici’s laude. This chapter shows how Michelangelo’s verse is informed by a long, popular Christian tradition in the vernacular. The discussion in chapter four centres on Dante’s Commedia and on the Augustinian allegoreses that permeate Landino’s Comento to the grand epic. These two works, it is argued, constitute sources as important as Petrarch’s Canzoniere for Michelangelo’s Augustinian vision of a mystico-moral ascent through conversion. This dissertation concludes that for Michelangelo poetry became an instrument of spiritual devotion. His mystical verses reveal a Catholic intellectual versant in Italian rhetoric of the Catholic Reformation and a poet inspired by Paul, Augustine, and the Italian lauda tradition.

This dissertation examines the spiritual poetry of Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) in light of three distinct but related contexts: Italian Evangelism of the Catholic Reformation, the Italian lauda tradition, and Renaissance Augustinianism. After reviewing the reception and critical history of Michelangelo’s poetry, chapter one presents the anthropological approach of the present study as an effective means of illuminating the poet’s spiritual verses by considering what they may have meant – collectively and individually – to the poet himself. Chapter two analyzes Michelangelo’s lyrics inspired by Vittoria Colonna with respect to the Spirituali of the Ecclesia viterbiensis in general and to the Beneficio di Cristo and personal letters of Vittoria Colonna in particular. It shows that the portrayal of Vittoria Colonna in this poetry as an instrument of grace effecting Michelangelo’s spiritual refashioning, rebirth, and renewal reflects a theology of the Holy Spirit that was dear to the Italian Evangelical community and central to their self-perception. The third chapter presents the Italian lauda tradition and its mystical verses addressing Christ and the Holy Spirit as an inspiration for Michelangelo who, in a later spiritual sonnet, borrowed directly from one of Lorenzo de’ Medici’s laude. This chapter shows how Michelangelo’s verse is informed by a long, popular Christian tradition in the vernacular. The discussion in chapter four centres on Dante’s Commedia and on the Augustinian allegoreses that permeate Landino’s Comento to the grand epic. These two works, it is argued, constitute sources as important as Petrarch’s Canzoniere for Michelangelo’s Augustinian vision of a mystico-moral ascent through conversion. This dissertation concludes that for Michelangelo poetry became an instrument of spiritual devotion. His mystical verses reveal a Catholic intellectual versant in Italian rhetoric of the Catholic Reformation and a poet inspired by Paul, Augustine, and the Italian lauda tradition.

Ce travail interprète les deux premières parties de la Divine Comédie de Dante Alighieri (1261-1321) à partir des valeurs symboliques associées par son auteur à la lumière. L’objectif est de démontrer que, grâce à la représentation de multiples phénomènes lumineux dans l’Enfer et dans le Purgatoire, le redressement moral conçu pour le lecteur est comparable à une véritable conversion, un cheminement de l’esprit qui fuit l’erreur (ténèbres) pour se rapprocher par étapes successives du salut (lumière).Dans la première partie, la nécessité pour l’auteur de placer ces deux espaces eschatologiques chrétiens sur terre est mise en relation avec les vicissitudes rencontrées par Dante qui le conduisent à s’interroger sur le destin d’une humanité en perdition. L’égarement de l’âme ayant perdu le bien de l’intellect, de même que son rachat, sont évoqués dans le monde des vivants par la présence du royaume de la damnation éternelle, l’abîme infernal, et d’un espace de pénitence temporaire, une montagne élevée. En traversant ces deux lieux de l’au-delà, le protagoniste échappe à la forêt obscure et s’apprête à atteindre le colle illuminé ; il suggère ainsi au lecteur un modèle de conduite morale à travers l’interprétation symbolique des phénomènes lumineux.Dans la deuxième et dans la troisième partie, l’exemplarité attribuée à la représentation de la lumière se précise à travers l’expérience exceptionnelle du pèlerin, viator dans le monde des morts : dans l’Enfer, la « poétique du feu » met en scène l’évolution d’une conscience en train de constater les conséquences désastreuses d’un usage malsain de l’intellect (ingegno) ; dans le Purgatoire, la « poésie du ciel » relate la libération progressive d’un esprit à qui sont annoncés les signes de son élection au privilège de la grâce. / This work is an interpretation of the first two parts of The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri (1261-1321) from the symbolic meanings associated to light by the author. The objective is to demonstrate that through the representation of multiple light phenomena in Hell and in Purgatory , moral recovery designed for the reader is similar to a true conversion, a journey of the mind fleeing its error (darkness) in order to approach salvation (light) by stages.In the first part, the necessity to place part of the Christian eschatological space on earth is related to Dante’s vicissitudes that make him question the destiny of a humanity in distress. The error of the soul which has lost the good of the intellect, as well as its redemption, are evoked in the world of the living by the presence of the realm of eternal damnation (the infernal abyss) and a space for temporary penance (a high mountain). By crossing those two places of the afterlife, the protagonist escapes the dark forest and prepares to reach the illuminated colle. Thus he suggests a model of moral behavior through a symbolic interpretation of the luminous phenomena.In the second and third parts, the exemplarity attributed to the representation of light is made clear through the exceptional experience of the pilgrim, viator in the world of the dead : in Hell, the "poetics of fire " stages the evolution of consciousness : an awareness of the disastrous consequences of an unhealthy use of the intellect (ingegno) ; in Purgatory , the "poetry of heaven " traces the gradual release of a mind to which the signs of its election to the privilege of grace are revealed.

No description available.

As citações, alusões e referências à Divina comédia, de Dante Alighieri, começam a aparecer em quantidade e com vigor na obra de Machado de Assis na década de 1870. Estão em todos os gêneros, da poesia à crítica, da crônica à prosa de ficção, demonstrando a forte impressão que a obra provocou no escritor brasileiro. Esta tese trata das referências dantianas na obra de Machado de 1873 a 1881, começando em Americanas, passando por Helena e Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas, e encerrando n\' \"O alienista\". Com isso, pretende-se mostrar como Machado de Assis estava às voltas com a adequação de temas, estilos, quadros e assuntos do repertório da alta tradição literária, em especial a da Comédia, em sua obra. Experiências que exibem a oscilação que os estilos elevado e baixo, sublime e vulgar sofrem em sua obra, à força de misturas, fusões, imitações e paródias, formas que encontrou para conciliar estes opostos. / Quotations, allusions and references to Dante Alighieri\'s The Divine Comedy started to appear frequently and significantly in the works of Machado de Assis during the 1870\'s. They can be found in all genres Machado worked with, from poetry to criticism, from newspaper columns (crônicas) to prose, evidencing the strong impression that Dante\'s work left in the Brazilian writer. This thesis is about the references to Dante in Machado de Assis\'s works from 1873 to 1881, beginning with Americanas, passing through Helena and Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas, and finally \"O alienista\". It aims, accordingly, to demonstrate that Machado de Assis tailored his themes, style, sketches and repertoire to fit in the tradition of high literature, especially that of the Comedy. Such experience shows the oscillation between contrasting styles in Machado\'s work - the elevated and the low, the sublime and the vulgar -, which the author conciliates by employing combinations, fusions, imitations and parodies to bring together such opposite poles.