This bachelor thesis looks at the organization of the production of chainsaws in three different Husqvarna AB plants; one in Sweden, one in Brazil and one in the USA. The field of production organization carries the mark of men like Adam Smith, Frederick Taylor and Henry Ford, and it is with reference to the approaches of these men, and others, that we ask how Husqvarna AB organizes its production of chainsaws. We found that production in the Swedish plant consisted of a worker philosophy influenced by the “group thinking” that was prominent in Sweden in the 1970s, coupled with a production philosophy sharing many traits with Ford’s mass production while incorporating elements of lean production. The production lines in Brazil are identical to the newer lines in the Swedish plant. The differences are fewer influences from “group” approaches such as the socio-technical view. The US plant provides a sharp contrast to the other two. It produces saws for the consumer market and not the professional market. Quality and longevity demands are radically different, which enables for another production approach to be used. With simple operations and very short times at each work station, the US plant is not many steps away from Ford’s mass production approach. / Denna kandidatuppsats studerar produktionsorganisationen inom Husqvarna AB:s motorsågstillverkning i tre olika fabriker; en i Sverige, en i Brasilien och en i USA. Området produktionsorganisation är influerat av män som Adam Smith, Frederick Taylor och Henry Ford, och det är i ljuset av bland annat dessas bidrag som vi frågar oss hur Huskvarna organiserar sin produktion. Vi fann att den svenska fabriken var en kombination mellan ”grupptänkandet” som aktualiserades i Sverige på 1970-talet, särskilt med avseende på arbetarna, och ett produktionssätt som i många delar är massproduktion av Fordiskt snitt som allt mer går emot lean production. De brasilianska produktionsbanorna är identiska med de nyare svenska. Skillnaderna ligger i arbetarnas roller, då den brasilianska fabriken bär färre tecken på att vara inspirerat av grupptänkandet i till exempel det socio-tekniska synsättet. Den amerikanska fabriken står i skarp kontrast till de övriga två. Den producerar för konsumentmarknaden och inte för den professionella marknaden. Lägre kvalitets- och livslängdskrav tillåter ett annat produktionssätt. Den amerikanska fabriken har många likheter med Fordisk massproduktion, med enkla handgrepp och mycket korta tider vid varje station.

This dissertation is a study of the changing living conditions for the Sami in Swedish Såpmi (Samiland) throughout the twentieth century with an analysis based on a gender and ethnic perspective. At the turn of the century, the Sami lived as nomadic reindeer herders and were primarily self- sufficient. This changed as the reindeer herders shifted from a self-sufficient lifestyle to a money economy tor a variety of reasons. Over time they became more integrated in the dominant Swedish society and even more dependent on it. Reindeer herding has become increasingly mechanized since the I960's with rationalizations as a result. Even in to the 1990's the industry was the object of streamlining ettorts. A process of masculinization has also occurred and today's reindeer herding is a distinctly male coded profession. Women do not regularly participate in the daily work of reindeer breeding and their ability to have any direct influence on the herding districts (sameby) is limited. This is also largely true in terms of the Sami Parliament, the Sami popularly elected body. The Sami population has experienced unfavorable special legislation and regulation from the State. The population was divided into several different categories with different rights. Sami women were marginalized two-fold and subordinated, partly because of their ethnic affiliation (as Sami) and partly because of their sex (as women). This continues to be true today. The analysis of gender division of labor shows that a married couple had their own autonomous areas of power within the household. The wife was however still subordinate to her husband in his role as master of the family. The older reindeer herding society was not noted for its equality. There was a distinct hierarchy based on sex, age, and social status. Division of labor in modern reindeer breeding is in principle based on the same normative system as the older nomadic society. The study of the ethnic processes in Såpmi shows among other things that from a Sami perspective, a person is Sami who is related to other Sami and whose actions are based on a Sami identity. It is also clear today that there are many different Sami identities, that an individual person draws from a number of such identities and that it is the context that determines which of these are active in any given situation. The Sami identity is sex-based, i.e. there is a difference between a "male Sami" and a "female Sami." Sami women, unlike Sami men, cannot be politically active while also being active based on their sexual identity. Were they to do so, they would be excluded by definition from their ethnic group. Sami women must therefore subordinate themselves as women to be "genuine" Sami. They thereby contribute to their own marginalization and help maintain their own subordinated position in the Sami society. / digitalisering@umu

<p>This bachelor thesis looks at the organization of the production of chainsaws in three different Husqvarna AB plants; one in Sweden, one in Brazil and one in the USA. The field of production organization carries the mark of men like Adam Smith, Frederick Taylor and Henry Ford, and it is with reference to the approaches of these men, and others, that we ask how Husqvarna AB organizes its production of chainsaws.</p><p>We found that production in the Swedish plant consisted of a worker philosophy influenced by the “group thinking” that was prominent in Sweden in the 1970s, coupled with a production philosophy sharing many traits with Ford’s mass production while incorporating elements of lean production. The production lines in Brazil are identical to the newer lines in the Swedish plant. The differences are fewer influences from “group” approaches such as the socio-technical view. The US plant provides a sharp contrast to the other two. It produces saws for the consumer market and not the professional market. Quality and longevity demands are radically different, which enables for another production approach to be used. With simple operations and very short times at each work station, the US plant is not many steps away from Ford’s mass production approach.</p> / <p>Denna kandidatuppsats studerar produktionsorganisationen inom Husqvarna AB:s motorsågstillverkning i tre olika fabriker; en i Sverige, en i Brasilien och en i USA. Området produktionsorganisation är influerat av män som Adam Smith, Frederick Taylor och Henry Ford, och det är i ljuset av bland annat dessas bidrag som vi frågar oss hur Huskvarna organiserar sin produktion.</p><p>Vi fann att den svenska fabriken var en kombination mellan ”grupptänkandet” som aktualiserades i Sverige på 1970-talet, särskilt med avseende på arbetarna, och ett produktionssätt som i många delar är massproduktion av Fordiskt snitt som allt mer går emot lean production. De brasilianska produktionsbanorna är identiska med de nyare svenska. Skillnaderna ligger i arbetarnas roller, då den brasilianska fabriken bär färre tecken på att vara inspirerat av grupptänkandet i till exempel det socio-tekniska synsättet. Den amerikanska fabriken står i skarp kontrast till de övriga två. Den producerar för konsumentmarknaden och inte för den professionella marknaden. Lägre kvalitets- och livslängdskrav tillåter ett annat produktionssätt. Den amerikanska fabriken har många likheter med Fordisk massproduktion, med enkla handgrepp och mycket korta tider vid varje station.</p>

The purpose of the study was to examine: (a) the influence communication strategies Mexican men and women reported using when negotiating household work with their partners; (b) the influence communication strategies perceived their partners use when negotiating with them; (c) whether spouses considered the reported strategies as being effective to make their partners do what they need/want, and (d) whether spouses perceived the influence communication strategies used by their partners effective. This dissertation consisted of two inter-related studies performed in Monterrey, Nuevo León, México. The first study was an interview project, where 24 males and females were questioned about how they influence and are influenced by their partners in regard to participating in household tasks. The population consisted of married dual-income Mexicans with at least one child. The second study used the results of Study I to probe, via questionnaire, how couples influence and are influenced by their partners in regard to participating in household tasks, the relative reported frequency of use of the different strategies, and their perceived effectiveness when using them. 92 couples participated in this study: 46 males and 46 females who live in a double-income marriage. Mexican couples perceived equity about how the household tasks are distributed within their homes. Moreover, the degree of happiness about the contribution each partner makes to the household is high, and participants reported being very satisfied with their relationship. The influence communication strategy men and women reported using most often to make their partners participate in household tasks, and the one they perceive their partners used most often is positive affect. The reported strategies that are rarely or never used or perceived are: humor, sarcasm, ignore, and threat. Positive affect was perceived by husbands and wives to be the most effective influence, while the least effective was threat and ignore. The most significant correlation between strategies reported used by husbands and perceived by wives were positive affect, delegate and ignore. The most significant correlation between strategies reported used by wives and perceived by husbands were: suggest, avoid, and reciprocation. This study found a negative and significant relationship between using the strategy ignore and marital satisfaction, and a negative and significant relationship between perceived partners’ use of the strategy threat and marital satisfaction. / text

This thesis seeks to identify the mosaic, rather than the monolithic, nature of culture contact by integrating historical and archaeological sources relating to the concept of gender roles, as they influence response within a contact situation. Specifically, I examine how the Inuit gender system structured artifact patterning in Inuit-European contact situations through the investigation of three Inuit sites in Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island. These date from the 16th, 19th and early 20th centuries and represent a variety of seasonal occupations and dwelling forms. / The ethnographic data suggest that Inuit gender relations were egalitarian and complementary. On this basis I hypothesize that European goods and materials were used equally by men and women. Within each gendered set of tasks, European goods and materials were differently used, according to empirically functional criteria such as the nature of the tasks. / Opportunities for and responses to European contact differed depending on the types of tasks in which Inuit women and men engaged and the social roles they played. Seasonality of occupation bears upon the archaeological visibility of gender activities. / Sixteenth-century Elizabethan contact did not alter Nugumiut gender roles, tasks, authority or status but served primarily as a source of raw material, namely wood and iron. Based on the analysis of slotted tools I suggest a refinement to take account of the overlap in blade thickness that occurs for metal and slate, and which depends on the function of the tool. I conclude that there was much more metal use by Thule Inuit than previously believed. However, during Elizabethan contact and shortly afterwards there was actually less metal use by the Nugumiut than in the prehistoric era. / Little archaeological evidence was recovered for 19th-century commercial whaling contact, (suggesting geographic marginality to European influence), or for 19th century Inuit occupation in the area. This is partly because of immigration to Cumberland Sound and because of subsequent structural remodelling of the dwellings by later occupants. / By the early 20th century, the archaeological record showed not only equal use of European material across gender but a near-ubiquitous distribution across most activity classes, even though commercial trapping never replaced traditional subsistence pursuits but only supplemented them.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Murdoch University, 1998. / Thesis submitted to the Division of Social Sciences, Humanities and Education. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [275]-290).

Thesis (doctoral)--Technische Universität, Darmstadt, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 220-241).

Thèse (M.E.I.R.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2004. / Bibliogr.: f. [151]-155. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Thesis (M.L.S.)--Eastern Michigan University, 2000. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-40).

Thesis (M.L.S.)--Eastern Michigan University, 2000. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-40).