Drawing on a critical realist approach and especially Derek Layder’s ‘Domain Theory’ (Layder 1997; 2006) this thesis explores the richness and complexity of young people’s social capital. The study used a mixed methods design which incorporated sequential and concurrent data collection and analysis comprising 16 in-depth interviews, 17 discussion groups and a survey questionnaire (n=500). Twenty one organisations participated in this study, accessed through youth groups, the youth justice system, one school and one college from the Midlands area, in the 13-19 age range. The total sample using all research methods was 574 young people. Young people’s maintenance and enhancement of social capital is seen as a process which has to be negotiated in a continuous interaction between self, situated activity, social settings and contexts. Within this, critical creative agency, a positive outlook on life and being able to make the leap of trust become agentic mediating factors which help young people to navigate life situations and take the necessary risks to develop a more dynamic social capital. The study challenges some common discourses on diversity, especially those referring to bonding and bridging social capital (Putnam 2000). Contexts of privilege but also of gender and ethnicity are important mechanisms that have a strong impact on the access to social capital resources and points towards the resiliency young people are able to build. Policy and practice need to build on the situated activity of young people and not erode it. Enhancing young people’s existing social capital is achieved by building on their existing resourcefulness, strengthening their existing support networks, opening up new horizons and creating access to new resources within a strength perspective. Institutions need to enhance resiliency and positive risk taking, nurture trusting relationships with significant others and enhance young people’s outlook on life.

Lagen (1993:387) om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade, LSS, är den svenska lag som skall tillförsäkra samhällsmedborgare med vissa specificerade funktionsnedsättningar stöd och service i syfte att uppnå goda levnadsvillkor och ges möjligheten att få leva som alla andra samhällsmedborgare genom delaktighet i utformandet av sitt egna liv. Det sker varje år en ökning i antal beviljade insatser utifrån lagen och år 2015 var det 117 200 st beviljade och verkställda LSS-insatser genomförda det året. Tidigare forskning belyser problematiska omständigheter gällande såväl geografiska som bedömningsskillnader i såväl utformande som bedömning av rätt till insatserna. Syftet med den här studien är att analysera hur offentliga dokument på tre nivåer i samhället konstruerar och reproducerar bärande begrepp och benämningar inom LSS (1993:387). Metoden för genomförandet är en kritisk diskursanalys av sex normerande texter i bedömning och utformandet av insatserna för att synliggöra vilka diskurser som används i skapandet av innehållet. Resultatet har analyserats utifrån en egenkonstruerad analysmodell utifrån Faircloughs tredimensionella analysmodell och domänteoretiska tankar. Resultatet tyder på att det finns flera nivåer i skapandet och reproduceringen av begreppsinnehållet och analysen innehåller tre huvuddiskurser som kan utläsas i materialet: diskursen av goda levnadsvillkor, få leva som alla andra och delaktighet. Detta exemplifieras och diskuteras i analys- och resultatkapitlet och studien avslutas med en slutdiskussion kring studiens upptäckter. / LSS (1993:387) the Act Concerning Support and Service for Persons with Certain Functional Impairments is the Swedish law to assure citizens with certain specified disabilities support and service in order to achieve good living conditions and be given the opportunity to live like any other citizen. Every year there is an increase in the number of approved actions of support under the Act. In year 2015 117 200 actions of support were granted and executed under the Act. Previous research highlights the problematic circumstances concerning geographical as well as differences in assessing the right to support from the Act. The purpose of this study is to analyze how public documents on three levels in society constructs and reproduces the guiding concepts and terms in the LSS (1993: 387). The method of implementation is a critical discourse analysis of six normative texts in the evaluation and design of efforts to visible the discourses used in the creation of the content. The results are analyzed on the basis of a self-constructed analysis model based of Faircloughs three dimensional analytic model and domain theoretical thoughts. The results suggest that there are three levels in the creation and reproduction of concepts and content analysis contains three main discourses that can be seen in the material: the discourse of good living, to live like everyone else and participation. This is exemplified in the discussion of the analysis and the results chapter and the study concludes with a final discussion on the study's findings.

Dale Jamieson defende em seu livro Ética & meio ambiente: uma introdução a possibilidade de uma relação ética com o ambiente, e discute situações do cotidiano em que a ação individual importa para alterar o status quo, sendo uma dessas questões o uso de animais para consumo. Aliado a esse contexto, a participação da pecuária no desmatamento e degradação ambiental no Brasil torna relevante estudar como pessoas recebem e processam informações sobre o consumo de carne, bem como seus juízos sobre o assunto. Com base na Teoria dos Domínios Sociais, a pesquisa alia as necessidades do cenário socioambiental atual à necessidade de estudos sobre julgamentos de situações complexas com os objetivos de: 1) investigar quais os fatores e os pressupostos informacionais envolvidos na escolha dietética dos brasileiros, e 2) investigar se os julgamentos sobre consumo de carne de vegetarianos brasileiros estão mais focados em justificativas morais quando comparados aos julgamentos sobre consumo de carne de onívoros brasileiros. O delineamento do estudo é exploratório descritivo. Os dados foram levantados por meio de um survey de divulgação online, e a análise foi feita utilizando a análise de conteúdo de Bardin, com base na Teoria dos Domínios Sociais, e utilizando técnicas de estatística descritiva. Participaram da pesquisa 657 brasileiros, com média de idade de 28,5 anos, maioria feminina e residente do estado de São Paulo / Coordinated and collective actions, ranging from national to individual levels, will be necessary to adapt to climate changes. Dale Jamieson defends in his book Ethics and the Environment: An Introduction an ethical relationship with the environment and discusses daily individual actions that matter to change the status quo, and one of these actions is the use of animals for consumption. The cattle raisings significant share in Brazils deforestation and environmental degradation in that context makes it needed to study how people receive and process information involving meat consumption, as well as their judgment about this issue. Using the Social Domain Theory, the present research joins todays pressing social and environmental needs with the absence of studies about peoples judgments in complex situations. The study is exploratory and descriptive in nature, and used an online survey as instrument, with the purpose of 1) to investigate which factors and informational assumptions are involved in Brazilians dietary choices, and 2) to investigate if Brazilian vegetarians judgments are more focused in moral justifications than Brazilian omnivores judgment about meat consumption. Data analysis used Bardins Content Analysis based on Social Domain Theory and descriptive statistics. There were 657 respondents, with mean age of 28,5 years, mostly females and residents in the state of São Paulo

Les comportement épistémiques, mobiles et spatiaux sont omniprésent dans les systèmes distribués aujourd’hui. La nature intrinsèque épistémique de ces types de systèmes provient des interactions des éleménts qui en font parties. La plupart des gens sont familiarisés avec des systèmes numériques où les utilisateurs peuvent partager ses croyances, opinions et même des mensonges intentionnels (des canulars). Aussi, les modèles de ces systèmes doivent tenir compte des interactions avec d’autres de même que leur nature distribués. Ces comportements spatiaux et mobiles font part d’applications où les données se déplacent dans des espaces (peut-être imbriqués) qui sont définis par, par exemple, cercles d’amis, des groupes, ou des dossiers partagés. Nous pensons donc qu’une solide compréhension des notion d’espaces, de mobilité spatial ainsi que le flux d’information épistémique est cruciale dans la plupart des modèles de systèmes distribués de nos jours.Les systèmes de contrainte (sc) fournissent les domaines et les opérations de base pour les fondements sémantiques de la famille de modèles déclaratifs formels de la théorie de la concurrence connu sous le nom de programmation concurrent par contraintes (pcc). Les systèmes des contraintes spatiales (scs) représentent des structures algébriques qui étendent sc pour raisonner sur les comportement spatiaux et épistémiques de base tel que croyance et l’extrusion. Les assertions spatiales et épistémiques peuvent être vues comme des modalités spécifiques. D’autres modalités peuvent être utilisées pour les assertions concernant le temps, les connaissances et même pour l’analyse des groupes entre autres concepts utilisés dans la spécification et la vérification des systèmes concurrents.Dans cette thèse nous étudions l’expressivité des systèmes de contraintes spatiales dans la perspective générale du comportement modal et épistémique. Nous montrerons que les systèmes de contraintes spatiales sont assez robustes pour capturer des modalités inverses et pour obtenir de nouveaux résultats pour les logiques modales. Également, nous montrerons que nous pouvons utiliser les scs pour exprimer un comportement épistémique fondamental comme connaissance. Finalement, nous donnerons une caractérisation algébrique de la notion de l’information distribuée au moyen de constructions sur scs. / Epistemic, mobile and spatial behaviour are common place in today’s distributed systems. The intrinsic epistemic nature of these systems arises from the interactions of the elements taking part of them. Most people are familiar with digital systems where users share their beliefs, opinions and even intentional lies (hoaxes). Models of those systems must take into account the interactions with others as well as the distributed quality these systems present. Spatial and mobile behaviour are exhibited by applications and data moving across (possibly nested) spaces defined by, for example, friend circles, groups, and shared folders. We therefore believe that a solid understanding of the notion of space and spatial mobility as well as the flow of epistemic information is relevant in many models of today’s distributed systems.Constraint systems (cs’s) provide the basic domains and opera- tions for the semantic foundations of the family of formal declarative models from concurrency theory known as concurrent constraint programming (ccp). Spatial constraint systems (scs’s) are algebraic structures that extend cs’s for reasoning about basic spatial and epistemic behaviour such as belief and extrusion. Both spatial and epistemic assertions can be viewed as specific modalities. Other modalities can be used for assertions about time, knowledge and even the analysis of groups among other concepts used in the specification and verification of concurrent systems.In this thesis we study the expressiveness of spatial constraint systems in the broader perspective of modal and epistemic behaviour. We shall show that spatial constraint systems are sufficiently robust to capture inverse modalities and to derive new results for modal logics. We shall show that we can use scs’s to express a fundamental epistemic behaviour such as knowledge. Finally we shall give an algebraic characterization of the notion of distributed information by means of constructors over scs’s.

<p>In the first part of this thesis, we contribute to the semantics of typed object calculus by giving (a) a category-theoretic denotational semantics using partial maps making use of an algebraic compactness assumption, (b) a notion of "wrappers'' by which algebraic datatypes can be represented as object types, and (c) proofs of computational soundness and adequacy of typed object calculus via Plotkin's FPC (with lazy operational semantics), thus making models of FPC suitable also for first-order typed object calculus (with recursive objects supporting method update, but not subtyping). It follows that a valid equation in the model induces operationally congruent terms in the language, so that program algebras can be studied. For (c), we also develop an extended first-order typed object calculus, and prove subject reduction. The second part of the thesis concerns recursion principles on datatypes including the untyped lambda calculus as a special case. Freyd showed that in certain domain theoretic categories, locally continuous functors have minimal invariants, which possess a structure that he termed dialgebra. This gives rise to a category of dialgebras and homomorphisms, where the minimal invariants are initial, inducing a powerful recursion scheme (direcursion) on a complete partial order. We identify a problem that appears when we translate (co)iterative functions to direcursion, and as a solution to this problem we develop a recursion scheme (primitive direcursion). This immediately gives a number of examples of direcursive functions, improving on the situation in the literature where only a few examples have appeared. By means of a case study, this line of work is connected to object calculus models.</p> / Delarbete II är även publicerad som Teknisk rapport, 2007, Oct, No2.

In the first part of this thesis, we contribute to the semantics of typed object calculus by giving (a) a category-theoretic denotational semantics using partial maps making use of an algebraic compactness assumption, (b) a notion of "wrappers'' by which algebraic datatypes can be represented as object types, and (c) proofs of computational soundness and adequacy of typed object calculus via Plotkin's FPC (with lazy operational semantics), thus making models of FPC suitable also for first-order typed object calculus (with recursive objects supporting method update, but not subtyping). It follows that a valid equation in the model induces operationally congruent terms in the language, so that program algebras can be studied. For (c), we also develop an extended first-order typed object calculus, and prove subject reduction. The second part of the thesis concerns recursion principles on datatypes including the untyped lambda calculus as a special case. Freyd showed that in certain domain theoretic categories, locally continuous functors have minimal invariants, which possess a structure that he termed dialgebra. This gives rise to a category of dialgebras and homomorphisms, where the minimal invariants are initial, inducing a powerful recursion scheme (direcursion) on a complete partial order. We identify a problem that appears when we translate (co)iterative functions to direcursion, and as a solution to this problem we develop a recursion scheme (primitive direcursion). This immediately gives a number of examples of direcursive functions, improving on the situation in the literature where only a few examples have appeared. By means of a case study, this line of work is connected to object calculus models. / Delarbete II är även publicerad som Teknisk rapport, 2007, Oct, No2.

The group of elderly people in Sweden will increase significantly in the future and science point out that the future elderly people will not accept today’s standards and offers of assistance in today’s public elderly care. Therefore public elderly care stands before a significant challenge in terms of development that has to be sustainable. New research also points out that middle managers can be a great strategic resource, and a founder of success, in the challenge of sustainable development. The aim of the report was to increase the knowledge about what middle managers in public elderly care think sustainable development has to embrace, when it comes to quality and personnel administration, in order to meet the needs of the future elderly people. The aim was also to deepen the knowledge of how formal and informal organizational factors facilitate or limit middle managers possibilities to work with development in general and sustainable development in specific in their units. Interviews, as a qualitative method, were used to gather empirical data and the result was analyzed with theories as Domain theory, New Public Management and Situational leadership. Our findings showed that middle managers have little possibilities to work with sustainable development in their units and that formal factors as budget had a great impact of the middle managers overall possibilities in their work. According to the result it seemed that development and long term planning in this particular organization were tasks mainly for the management and political domain. According to our findings it seemed as if the introduction of New Public Management increased the underlying initial problems of human service organizations. According to Domain theory these problems consists of disjunction, discordance and conflicts due to the differences between the three domains when it comes to principles, success measures, structure and work modes.

<p>The group of elderly people in Sweden will increase significantly in the future and science point out that the future elderly people will not accept today’s standards and offers of assistance in today’s public elderly care. Therefore public elderly care stands before a significant challenge in terms of development that has to be sustainable. New research also points out that middle managers can be a great strategic resource, and a founder of success, in the challenge of sustainable development. The aim of the report was to increase the knowledge about what middle managers in public elderly care think sustainable development has to embrace, when it comes to quality and personnel administration, in order to meet the needs of the future elderly people. The aim was also to deepen the knowledge of how formal and informal organizational factors facilitate or limit middle managers possibilities to work with development in general and sustainable development in specific in their units. Interviews, as a qualitative method, were used to gather empirical data and the result was analyzed with theories as Domain theory, New Public Management and Situational leadership. Our findings showed that middle managers have little possibilities to work with sustainable development in their units and that formal factors as budget had a great impact of the middle managers overall possibilities in their work. According to the result it seemed that development and long term planning in this particular organization were tasks mainly for the management and political domain. According to our findings it seemed as if the introduction of New Public Management increased the underlying initial problems of human service organizations. According to Domain theory these problems consists of disjunction, discordance and conflicts due to the differences between the three domains when it comes to principles, success measures, structure and work modes.</p>

Tvångsvården av missbrukare är ett av samhällets sista verktyg för att vårda missbrukare som lever ett väldigt destruktivt och farligt liv. Tvångsvårdslagstiftningen har kritiserats för att vara svårtolkad, och det finns stöd för att lagstiftningen tillämpas olika i landets socialnämnder. Genom att intervjua socialtjänstens enhetschefer om deras tolkning och tillämpning av tvångsvårdslagstiftningen syftar uppsatsen till att belysa skillnader och likheter i tolkning och tillämpning av lagstiftningen samt att bidra med kunskap om vilka faktorer som kan försvåra arbetet. Resultaten visar på att det finns skillnader i hur tvångsvårdslagstiftningen tolkas, vilket även verkar resultera i skillnader i hur lagstiftningen tillämpas. Enhetscheferna verkar vara klämda mellan å ena sidan den lagstiftning och de krav som finns från politikerna, och å andra sidan det behov av individualiserad behandling som finns hos klienterna. Enhetschefernas dubbla kravbild stämmer väl överens med den konfliktsituation som domänteorin beskriver. Lagstiftningen har inte genomgått speciellt stora förändringar sedan den rädde i kraft. En översyn av lagstiftningen föreslås, där behovet av sex månaders vårdtid ifrågasätts och där vikten av att socialtjänsten som ansvarig utförare får komma till tals betonas.

O trabalho constitui-se numa investigação teórica da estrutura ordenada e intuitiva dos espaços coerentes, introduzidos por Girard [GIR 86], na definição do modelo de máquina geométrica para construção e interpretação de estados e processos computacionais rotulados por posições de um espaço geométrico. Esta interpretação poderá ser aplicada às construções determinísticas, incluindo dois tipos especiais de paralelismo - o espacial, com memória e processos infinitos definidos por estruturas matriciais, que operam sobre dimensões independentes, de forma sincronizada; e o temporal, na versão genérica do modelo, com memória global transfinita e processos distribuídos num conjunto enumerável de máquinas geométricas, sincronizadas no tempo. O modelo contempla interpretação para computações não-determinísticas e prevê a aplicação de operadores exponenciais na interpretação do espaço funcional. A noção mais intuitiva deste trabalho está na definição da relação de coerência, que define o grafo sobre o qual se constrói este domínio semántico. Sobre o conjunto de pontos compatíveis de tais grafos, a coerência estrita interpreta a condição implícita para modelar o paralelismo - a concorrência entre posições de memória. Na construção dual, justificada pela presença da negação involutiva no grafo complementar, a incoerência interpreta a condição para o não-determinismo - o conflito de acesso à memória. Para os demais construtores, o produto sequencial e a soma determinística, consideram-se os endofunctores produto e soma direta da categoria CospLin dos espaços coerentes e funções lineares. A estrutura ordenada deste modelo é formalizada pelo espaço coerente D∞ de todos os processos, construído em níveis a partir do espaço coerente D∞ dos processos elementares, seguindo a metodologia proposta por Scott [SCO 76]. Neste sentido, cada nível da construção está identificado por um subespaço Dn que reconstrói todos os objetos do nível anterior, preservando suas propriedades e relações, além de construir os novos objetos. Compatível com a abordagem algébrica, o relacionamento entre os níveis é expresso por funções lineares denominadas imersões e projeções, interpretanto os construtores de processos e seus destrutores, respectivamente. Pelo procedimento de completação, assegura-se a existência do menor ponto fixo para equações recursivas definidas pela composição infinita destes morfismos. Além disso, as interpretações para processos infinitos, construídos por prefixação, apresentadas em D→∞ comprovam que este modelo é compatível com a diversidade dos construtores. O espa¸co coerente D∞2 dos processos transfinitos generaliza a construção e define a estrutura ordenada do modelo de máquina geométrica distribuída. Seus objetos são subconjuntos coerentes de tokens rotulados por posições do espaço geométrico e indexados por subconjuntos isomorfos aos ordinais transfinitos. O espaço coerente S S dos traços lineares de funções definidas sobre o espaço coerente S dos estados computacionais constitui-se no modelo semântico para análise do comportamento associado a cada processo interpretado em D∞. A definição da função de representação introduz um domínio de expressões que formaliza uma linguagem capaz de expressar, de forma mais operacional, as interpretações obtidas neste modelo de m´aquina. Cada uma das expressões válidas na linguagem é compatível com uma expressão gráfica. / This work presents a theoretical investigation of the constructive, intuitive and ordered structure of the coherence spaces, introduced by Girard, in order to define the geometric machine model for interpretation of computational states and processes labelled by positions of a geometric space. This interpretation can be applied to deterministic process constructions, including two special types of parallelism - the temporal parallelism, with infinite memory and infinite processes defined over array structures, that operate over independent dimensions in a synchronized way; and the spatial parallelism, in a generic version of the model, with a transfinite global memory shared by transfinite processes distributed in a enumerable set of geometric machines, synchronized in the time. The work also provides interpretation to the non-deterministic computations and applies the exponential operators in the interpretation of the functional space. The most basic notion of this work is the definition of the coherence relation as the admissibility of parallelism between basic operations (elementary processes). That relation defines the web over which the coherence space of the whole set of deterministic and non-deterministic processes is step-wise and systematically build. Over the set of the compatible points of such graph, the strict coherence interprets the implicity condition to model parallelism - the true concurrence. In the dual construction, justified by the presence of involutive negation in the complementary graph, the incoherence interprets the condition that models non-determinism - the conflict of memory accesses. The other constructors, the sequential product and the deterministic sum, are defined by the endofunctors in the CospLin category of the coherence spaces and linear functions. The ordered structure of this model is formalized by the coherence space D∞ of all processes, constructed by levels from the coherence space D0 of the elementary processes, following the Scott’s methodology [SCO 76]. In this sense, each level is identified by a subspace Dn, which reconstructs all the objects from the level before, preserving their properties and relations, and drives the construction of the new objects. Compatible with the algebraic-theoretic approach to computational processes, the relationship between the levels is expressed by linear functions called embedding and projection-functions, which interpret constructors and destructors of processes, respectively. The completion procedure guarantees the existence of the least fixed point to the recursive equations, defined by infinite composition of these morphisms. In addition, the interpretation for infinite processes constructed by prefix is presented in D→∞ , confirms that the ordered structure of these model is compatible with the diversity of constructors. The coherence space D∞2 of transfinite processes generalizes the construction and defines the ordered structure of the distributed geometric machine model. Its objects are coherent subsets of tokens labelled by the positions of a geometric space and indexed by isomorphic subsets related to the transfinite ordinal numbers. In order to analyze the behavior related to the interpretations in D∞, the coherence space S S of the linear traces of functions, defined over the coherence space S of the computational states, is introduced. The definition of the representation-function induces the construction of the domain Ω of valid expressions and formalizes a (graphic) language which is able to express, in an more operational way, the interpretations obtained in the geometric machine model.