Imarat Yaqubyan is a contemporary Arabic novel that encompasses an intensive and variable Arabic culture; this study contains a survey in tables of cultural words, according to Newmark’s categories, “material culture”, “social culture”, “originations”, and  “gestures and habits”, as well as their correspondences in the English and the Swedish translated novel versions. In this tripled language study, Arabic, English and Swedish, I undertake a qualitative comparison between the translation strategies used by each translator of the English and Swedish versions. For this purpose I apply the taxonomy of translation strategies established by Pedersen, which is divided first into SL-oriented strategies categorized into “Retention”, “Specification” and “Direct Translation”, and secondly the TL-oriented that includes “Generalization”, “Substitution” and “Omission”, as well as the “Official Equivalent”. Through my analyses process, I link Newmark’s metaphors types, terminology and the seven procedures of translating metaphors with Pedersen’s strategies.  In this study, Pedersen’s SL and TL-oriented translation strategies are considered to correspond to Venuti’s terminology of domestication and foreignization. Conclusions are drawn about the use of domesticating strategies in certain cultural words categories of both English and Swedish versions. The study devises the term “False Domestication”. / Imarat Yaqubyan är en modern arabisk roman som omfattar en intensiv och dynamisk arabisk kultur. Denna studie innehåller en undersökning, enligt Newmarks kategorier “materiell kultur”, “social kultur”, “uppkomst” och “gester och vanor”, strukturerad i översiktstabeller av kulturella ord förankrade i den arabiska kulturen, samt deras motsvarigheter på engelska och svenska i de översatta romanerna.  I denna trespråkiga studie – arabiska, engelska och svenska – åtar jag mig en kvalitativ jämförelse mellan översättningsstrategierna som används av respektive den svenska och engelska översättaren av romanen. För detta ändamål tillämpar jag Pedersens taxonomi, vilken har delats upp i översättningsstrategier gällande källkultur/text (SL-oriented), nämligen överföring (retention), specificering (specification) och direktöversättning (direct Translation), samt målkultur/text (TL-oriented), vilka inkluderar generalisering (generalization), ersättning (substitution) och utelämning (omission). Därutöver tillämpas strategin officiell motsvarighet (official equivalent). Genom min analys länkar jag samman Newmarks metafortyper, den gällande terminologin och de sju förfaranden Newmark nämner rörande översättningar av metaforer med Pedersens strategier. I denna studie motsvarar Pedersens SL och TL-översättningsstrategier Venutis begrepp domesticering (domestication) och exotisering (foreignization). Slutsatser dras sedermera angående de strategier som avser domesticeringen av vissa specifika kulturella ord i både den engelska och den svenska versionen. I studien lanseras även begreppet falsk domesticering “False Domestication”.

Cette thèse est organisée en trois parties principales. La première partie de cette thèse a permis de mettre en évidence l’existence de coping style chez le bar, révélant des liens entre réponses comportementales et physiologiques suite à un stress. Les individus proactifs montraient une plus faible activation de l’axe HPI, résultant en une moindre augmentation des taux de cortisol plasmatique après un stress que les individus réactifs. Cependant, les liens entre traits de personnalité et activation des systèmes dopaminergiques et sérotoninergiques n’ont pas pu être clairement mis en évidence. Les tests individuels se sont révélés discriminants de la personnalité, mais n’ont pas permis d’observer des réponses cohérentes dans le temps en raison du caractère stressant de l’isolement chez cette espèce sociale. L’utilisation de tests en groupe est apparue mieux adaptée et a permis de caractériser un nombre important d’individus, étape nécessaire à toutes études visant à caractériser la variabilité génétique des traits comportementaux. La variabilité observée met en avant d’importantes capacités d’adaptation chez cette espèce. La seconde partie a mis en avant l’existence de liens entre traits de personnalité et stratégies d’approvisionnement en nourriture. L’analyse de la structure sociale chez cette espèce a mis en évidence une stratégie coopérative concernant l’acquisition de la nourriture avec une spécialisation de certains individus dans le groupe. Enfin, la troisième partie a permis l’observation de liens génétiques entre traits de personnalité et caractères phénotypiques, laissant entrevoir une possible sélection des caractères de personnalité dans un contexte de production piscicole. Le niveau de domestication s’est révélé avoir une influence sur les liens entre personnalité et potentiel de croissance. L’utilisation de ces coping styles et traits de personnalité pourrait être un outil supplémentaire pour améliorer le processus de domestication, permettant par exemple la sélection de coping styles divergents qui pourraient correspondre à des individus plus résistants aux maladies, ou mieux adaptés à leur environnement. / This thesis is organized in three principal parts. The first part of this thesis highlights the existence of coping style in seabass, revealing links between behavioral and physiological responses following a stress. The proactive individuals showed a weaker activation of the HPI axis, resulting in a lesser increase of plasmatic cortisol levels after a stress compared to reactive fish. However, the links between personality traits and activation of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems could not be clearly demonstrated. The individual tests appeared discriminating personality, but did not allow observing coherent responses in time likely because of the stressing character of the isolated situation in this social species. The use of tests in group appeared better adapted and made it possible to characterize a significant number of individual, a necessary step when one aims at characterizing the genetic variability of the behavioural traits. Finally, variability observed underlined important adaptation capacities of this species. The second part demonstrated the existence of links between personality traits and feeding strategies. The analysis of the social structure highlighted a cooperative strategy concerning the acquisition of food with a specialization of certain individuals in the group. Lastly, the third part showed genetic correlations between coping styles, personality traits and phenotypes, letting foresee a possible selection of the personality traits in a production context. The level of domestication proved to have an influence on the links between personality and growth potential. The use of all these coping style and personality traits could be an additional tool to improve the process of domestication, allowing for example the selection of divergent coping styles which could correspond to individuals more resistant to diseases, or better adapted to their environment.

Les oliviers cultivés et leurs parents sauvages (oléastres), représentent deux variétés botaniques de l'espèce Olea europaea, subsp. var. europaea et var. sylvestris, respectivement. Selon des études génétiques et archéobotaniques antérieures, l'existence de populations d'oléastres dans l'est et l'ouest du bassin méditerranéen remonte à avant le néolithique. La domestication de l'olivier aurait eu lieu au moins dans ces deux zones. Néanmoins, la lignée maternelle qui caractérise les oléastres de l'est de la Méditerranée est majoritaire au sein des variétés méditerranéennes. Une telle signature génétique est probablement le résultat de migrations humaines essentiellement d'est en ouest. En dépit de ces travaux, les origines et les processus de diversification à l'ouest de la méditerranée demeurent méconnus. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les origines et les processus de diversification chez l'olivier à l'ouest de la Méditerranée. Deux hypothèses sont formulées: (i) une co-existence entre variétés sélectionnées localement et variétés introduites à partir de l'est de la Méditerranée et maintenues par clonage, (ii) une sélection à partir des formes de l'est introgressées par les populations locales à l'ouest de la Méditerranée. Dans une première partie, nous avons examiné les processus de diversification par une analyse des pratiques paysannes à une échelle localisée et dans une zone d'extrême diffusion : le Maroc. Il s'agissait de comprendre comment les paysans traitent la diversité variétale dans un contexte fortement impacté par une seule et même variété, la ‘Picholine marocaine'. Sur la base d'enquêtes semi-dirigées menées auprès des paysans dans les agro-écosystèmes traditionnels et selon une approche d'ethnobiologie, nous avons mis en évidence l'importance des logiques de classifications locales (usage, origine, âge, conservation de l'huile, méthode de propagation…) dans le traitement, le maintien et la gestion de la diversité variétale. Nos résultats montrent la présence d'un système de dénomination basée sur des catégories englobantes où les types d'oliviers sont regroupés sous des noms génériques en fonction des critères socioculturels et techniques plutôt que sur des critères morphologiques. Nous avons montré que ces catégories sont définies par des contours permissifs permettant aux types d'oliviers d'être classées dans plusieurs catégories. Nous soutenons l'hypothèse que ce système de classification permet de maintenir la diversité et est une force motrice pour la diversification variétale dans ces agro-écosystèmes caractérisés par une faible diversité d'oliviers. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons examiné les processus de diversification variétale par une approche basée sur la phylogéographie à l'échelle de la Méditerranée. Les analyses génétiques des variétés méditerranéennes d'olivier basées sur l'utilisation des marqueurs microsatellites nucléaires et chloroplastiques selon une approche bayésienne montrent une structure génétique est-ouest. La plupart des variétés de l'ouest de la méditerranée ont une lignée maternelle de l'est mais un génome nucléaire proche du "pool" génétique de l'ouest de la Méditerranée, ce qui indique une sélection à partir des formes de l'est introgressées par le "pool" génétique ouest et suggère que la sélection des oliviers à partir du semis n'a pas cessé aux premières étapes de domestication. Nos analyses sur les pratiques paysannes montrant que l'oléastre issu de semis fait partie intégrante de l'agro-écosystème et fait l'objet de sélection et d'usage (greffage sur oléastre, utilisation de l'huile de l'oléastre), ce qui plaide en faveur de l'hypothèse de l'introgression. En adoptant l'approche ABC (Approximative Bayesianne Computation), nous montrons que le scénario basé sur l'introgression des oliviers de l'est par les oléastres de l'ouest est le plus probable avec une introgression. / Olive cultivars and their wild relatives (also named oleasters) represent two botanical varieties of Olea europaea subsp. europaea, respectively var. europaea and var. sylvestris. Archaeobotanical and genetic studies showed the occurrence of Oleasters populations in east and west Mediterranean areas before the Neolithic. The domestication of the olive tree has taken place at least in these two areas. However, the maternal lineage that characterizes the eastern Mediterranean oleasters predominates among Mediterranean olive varieties. Such genetic signature is probably the result of human migrations mainly from east to west. Nevertheless, the origins and processes of olive diversification in the western Mediterranean remain unknown. The objective of this thesis is to study the origins and processes of olive diversification in the western Mediterranean areas. Two assumptions are formulated: (i) a co-existence between locally selected and introduced olive varieties from the eastern Mediterranean and maintained by cloning, (ii) a selection from the eastern olive varieties and their introgression by local populations of the western Mediterranean pool. Firstly, we examined the process of olive diversification through analysis of farming practices on a localized scale and in an area of extreme diffusion, in Morocco. Our aim is to understand how farmers treat the olive varietal diversity in a highly impacted context by a single variety, the ‘Picholine marocaine'. Based on semi-structured surveys conducted with farmers in traditional agro-ecosystems and using an approach of ethnobiology, we highlighted the importance of local classification logic (use, origin, age, conservation oil, propagation methods ...) in the treatment, maintenance and management of the varietal diversity. Our results show the presence of a naming system based on inclusive categories which olives types are grouped under generic names based on cultural and technical criteria rather than morphological criteria. We have shown that these categories are defined by permissive contours allowing the olive types to be classified in several categories. We support the hypothesis that this classification system helps to maintain diversity and is a driving force for varietal diversification in these agro-ecosystems characterized by a low diversity of olive trees. Secondly, we examined the varietal olive diversification process by an approach based on a phylogeographic study at a Mediterranean scale. Genetic analyses of Mediterranean olive varieties based on the nuclear and chloroplast microsatellites markers and a Bayesian approach show an east-west genetic structure. Most of western olive varieties have a maternal lineage of the oleasters Mediterranean east, but a nuclear genome close to the gene pool of western Mediterranean, indicating a selection from the eastern forms that were introgressed by the western Mediterranean gene pool and suggests that selection from seedling has not ceased in the early stages of domestication. Our analyzes on the farmers' practices show that oleasters from seedling is an integral part of the agroecosystem and are subject to selection and use (grafting, use of oil oleasters), which argues in favor of the introgression hypothesis. By adopting the ABC approach (Approximate Computation Bayesianne), we show that the scenario based on the introgression of olive varieties of the east by the western oleasters is the most likely scenario. We enrich the knowledge about the domestication process in the western Mediterranean by crossing analysis of farmers' practices and phylogeographic study of olive trees in the Mediterranean basin. Results were discussed with respect to ex-situ versus in-situ conservation and with the questions raised by the evolution of plant diversity involving clonal and sexual propagation.

La domestication est un modèle idéal pour étudier les processus évolutifs car elle implique des événements d'adaptation récents avec une sélection forte. Les champignons sont de bons organismes modèles pour étudier la domestication et plus généralement l’adaptation, grâce à leurs petits génomes et leur facilité de manipulation. Ils sont utilisés depuis longtemps pour la transformation alimentaire, par exemple P. camemberti et P. roqueforti pour la fabrication du fromage, et la levure Saccharomyces pour la fermentation du vin et de la bière. Chez ces champignons, des caractéristiques bénéfiques ont été acquises pour la transformation alimentaire, et les transferts horizontaux de gènes se sont révélés être un moyen essentiel d’adaptation rapide dans l’environnement alimentaire. Ici, j’ai étudié principalement l’adaptation de deux espèces de Penicillium relativement distantes phylogénétiquement - P. nalgiovense et P. salamii, toutes deux utilisées pour la maturation de la viande séchée. J’ai étudié si ces champignons ont été domestiqués, c’est-à-dire si les populations alimentaires se sont adaptées à l’environnement de la viande séchée, et s’il y a eu une différenciation génétique par rapport à d’autres populations; j’ai aussi recherché si des traces génomiques d’adaptation pouvaient être détectées. En analysant des génomes complets, j’ai trouvé peu de diversité génétique et de structure de population chez P. salamii et encore moins chez P. nalgiovense. Des expériences ont montré que les populations de P. salamii et P. nalgiovense provenant de viande séchée présentaient des taux de protéolyse et de lipolyse plus faibles et des couleurs différentes de celles des populations de viande non séchée. De plus, nous avons trouvé des transferts de gènes horizontaux partagés par P. salamii et P. nalgiovense et absents chez d’autres espèces de Penicillium. En résumé, ces résultats indiquent une évolution convergente et une adaptation des populations de P. salamii et P. nalgiovense à la viande séchée. J'ai également étudié les conséquences de la domestication chez le champignon utilisé pour la production de fromages bleus, P. roqueforti, montrant une faible fertilité des souches fromagères par rapport aux souches non fromagères. Les résultats de la thèse soulignent donc l'importance des transferts de gènes horizontaux pour une adaptation rapide chez les champignons et renforcent l'idée que les champignons domestiqués pour la production de nourriture sont de bons modèles pour étudier l'adaptation et l'évolution. / Domestication is an ideal model to study evolutionary processes due to the recent adaptation events and strong selection it implies. Fungi in particular are good model organisms to study domestication and more generally adaptation, with their small genomes and experimental tractability. Fungi have been used for food production, e.g., P. camemberti and P. roqueforti for cheesemaking, and Saccharomyces yeast for wine and beer fermentation. In these fungi, beneficial traits have been acquired for food production, and horizontal gene transfers (HGTs) have been shown to be a major way to rapid adaptation in food environment. Here, I mainly studied the adaptation of food Penicillium fungi using two distantly related Penicillium species - P. nalgiovense and P. salamii, both used for dry-cured meat maturation, to assess whether these fungi have been domesticated, i.e., whether food populations adapted to the dry-cured meat environment, whether were genetically differentiated from other populations, and whether we could find genomic footprints of adaptive events. Using genome sequencing, we found little diversity and population structure in P. salamii and even less in P. nalgiovense. Experiments showed that both P. salamii and P. nalgiovense dry-cured meat populations had lower proteolysis and lipolysis rates and different colors from non-dry-cured meat populations. Furthermore, we found HGTs shared by P. salamii and P. nalgiovense while lacking in other Penicillium species. Altogether, these results indicate convergence evolution and adaptation in P. salamii and P. nalgiovense dry-cured meat populations, as was previously found in cheese Penicillium fungi. I also studied the consequences of domestication in the blue cheese fungus P. roqueforti, showing lower fertility of cheese strains compared to non-cheese strains. The results of the thesis thus point out the importance of HGTs for rapid adaptation in fungi and reinforce the view that fungi are ideal models to study adaptation and evolution.

This research examines the current recognition and implementation of children’s socio-economic rights in Ethiopian law. Ethiopia has ratified international instruments of children’s rights, to wit, the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the International Convention on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights as well as regional instruments such as the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child and these instruments are made to be part of the Ethiopian law. However, there is neither a translation nor publication of these instruments and these facts obstruct their implementation, as the working language of domestic courts is different from the language of the instruments. Ethiopia also does not incorporate children’s socio-economic rights in its Constitution. Neither does it have separate legislation on children’s rights. Despite the commitment shown by its ratification of international children’s rights instruments, Ethiopia has not yet done anything meaningful towards the realisation of children’s socio-economic rights. Mere ratification of international instruments cannot rectify the lifelong hardship of Ethiopian children without actual implementation. Hence, this dissertation discusses the incorporation of children’s socio-economic rights in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia’s Constitution, domestication of international children’s rights instruments and the lack of a separate act outlining children’s rights in the Ethiopian legal system in order to establish why current child law in Ethiopia does not solve the suffering of Ethiopian children. The current reality with regard to children’s socio-economic rights in Ethiopia is not an insurmountable hurdle. This dissertation recommends translation into the domestic working language of Ethiopian courts and publication of international children’s rights instruments in order to ease the problem regarding awareness of the laws, as well as their status and validity. Ethiopia could enact a separate act for children’s rights, as well as enshrine the socio-economic entitlements of children in its Constitution. The South African experience is also worthy of consideration. Ethiopian courts should interpret domesticated international instruments by relying on the FDRE Constitution as a legal ground. / LLM (Comparative Child Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Drama translation is an area in the discipline of Translation Studies that has been neglected compared with the translation of other literary texts, especially in the South African context. This dissertation contributes to this neglected area by exploring to what extent and how the principles associated with foreignisation, dynamic equivalence and shift theory can aid in the process of translating a literary text, specifically a dramatic text, from Afrikaans into English. This dissertation also discusses translation challenges specific to the translation of the source text, Deon Opperman’s Kaburu, from Afrikaans into English. The source text, Kaburu, was selected because of the playwright’s interesting use of the Afrikaans language and the numerous culture-specific references in the text. In addition, it was theorised that a larger global audience would be able to relate to the international themes of identity and migration while being exposed to themes pertaining to socio-political issues that are prevalent in contemporary South Africa, such as crime, land disownment, name changes and political programs to redress the injustices of the past. In order to retain the culture-specific nature of the text, the decision was made to produce a foreignised translation of the source text. Numerous examples of challenges encountered during the production of the target text are provided and discussed. The examples and discussions provided demonstrates that the theoretical concepts of equivalence, domestication and foreignisation and shift theory can be useful tools in analysing and producing solutions for dealing with challenging translation in a literary translation between Afrikaans and English. / MA (English), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This research examines the current recognition and implementation of children’s socio-economic rights in Ethiopian law. Ethiopia has ratified international instruments of children’s rights, to wit, the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the International Convention on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights as well as regional instruments such as the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child and these instruments are made to be part of the Ethiopian law. However, there is neither a translation nor publication of these instruments and these facts obstruct their implementation, as the working language of domestic courts is different from the language of the instruments. Ethiopia also does not incorporate children’s socio-economic rights in its Constitution. Neither does it have separate legislation on children’s rights. Despite the commitment shown by its ratification of international children’s rights instruments, Ethiopia has not yet done anything meaningful towards the realisation of children’s socio-economic rights. Mere ratification of international instruments cannot rectify the lifelong hardship of Ethiopian children without actual implementation. Hence, this dissertation discusses the incorporation of children’s socio-economic rights in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia’s Constitution, domestication of international children’s rights instruments and the lack of a separate act outlining children’s rights in the Ethiopian legal system in order to establish why current child law in Ethiopia does not solve the suffering of Ethiopian children. The current reality with regard to children’s socio-economic rights in Ethiopia is not an insurmountable hurdle. This dissertation recommends translation into the domestic working language of Ethiopian courts and publication of international children’s rights instruments in order to ease the problem regarding awareness of the laws, as well as their status and validity. Ethiopia could enact a separate act for children’s rights, as well as enshrine the socio-economic entitlements of children in its Constitution. The South African experience is also worthy of consideration. Ethiopian courts should interpret domesticated international instruments by relying on the FDRE Constitution as a legal ground. / LLM (Comparative Child Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Drama translation is an area in the discipline of Translation Studies that has been neglected compared with the translation of other literary texts, especially in the South African context. This dissertation contributes to this neglected area by exploring to what extent and how the principles associated with foreignisation, dynamic equivalence and shift theory can aid in the process of translating a literary text, specifically a dramatic text, from Afrikaans into English. This dissertation also discusses translation challenges specific to the translation of the source text, Deon Opperman’s Kaburu, from Afrikaans into English. The source text, Kaburu, was selected because of the playwright’s interesting use of the Afrikaans language and the numerous culture-specific references in the text. In addition, it was theorised that a larger global audience would be able to relate to the international themes of identity and migration while being exposed to themes pertaining to socio-political issues that are prevalent in contemporary South Africa, such as crime, land disownment, name changes and political programs to redress the injustices of the past. In order to retain the culture-specific nature of the text, the decision was made to produce a foreignised translation of the source text. Numerous examples of challenges encountered during the production of the target text are provided and discussed. The examples and discussions provided demonstrates that the theoretical concepts of equivalence, domestication and foreignisation and shift theory can be useful tools in analysing and producing solutions for dealing with challenging translation in a literary translation between Afrikaans and English. / MA (English), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

In 1994 a brutal genocide took place in Rwanda were one part of the population killed over 800 000 of their own people over a period of one hundred days. Rwandan radio, the biggest and most influential medium in the country, played a crucial part in the tragedy and today, almost 22 years after the genocide, Rwanda is trying to rebuild the media system as well as the trust between the public and the journalists. Over recent years Rwanda has made a huge development within the media sector and keeps moving forward from its dark history. This study aims to examine how radio journalist at the government owned radio channel RBA, Rwanda Broadcasting Agency, experiences the changes in the media climate and focus will mainly lie on the period after the introduction of new media laws in 2013. This study also examines how journalists have experienced different international collaborations, especially between Western countries and Rwanda, that are aiming to develop the media system. In total eleven radio journalist from RBA were interviewed and our research questions were as follows; How do Rwandan radio journalists within the RBA experience the media situation in the country today? How do Rwandan radio journalists within the RBA regard their role within their profession? How can Rwanda’s media climate be interpreted through different normative media systems? To understand the media climate at RBA three theoretical perspectives were used as a base; Agenda Setting Theory, globalisation and domestication. To study the media situation an ethnographic method was applied and put into the context of Rwanda's history and culture. During our interviews we have talked about how the journalists regard their role in the society, how it has changed, what may still change, how they value their independency as journalists and what they think the future holds for Rwandan media development. The informants all agreed that Rwandan journalism is constantly developing and journalists are learning how to work in a society where the media's biggest aim is to be trusted by the public. Rwandan journalists and international journalists, the latter group also partly represented in the study, regard Rwanda's media situation differently but both parts agree upon the fact that the country has a long way to go to reach an open media climate. Our result leads up to a cultural conclusion; it is difficult to make a fair judgement of the media situation in Rwanda only by measuring the country's development and the journalistic competence according to Western ideals.

Domestication in chickens has made feed-restriction a necessity if broiler breeder hens should reach sexual maturity and be fertile. This is claimed to cause chronic hunger. To measure hunger the gene expression of the appetite regulators agouti-related peptide (AgRP), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) of the melanocortin system was quantified with qPCR. This was done in feed-restricted Red Junglefowl and compared with the gene expression of two strains of feed-restricted broilers, Ross 308 and Rowan Ranger, to detect possible effects on domestication on appetite regulation. POMC-expression was upregulated 2-fold in the feed-restricted Red Junglefowl. POMC-expression was downregulated by half in the feed-restricted Ross 308. AgRP/NPY-expression was upregulated 4-fold in feed-restricted Rowan Rangers. A comparison between the control groups (ad libitum fed) of the breeds showed that the NPY-expression was lower in Ross 308 and Rowan Ranger compared with the ancestor. Results show no difference in body weight of ad libitum fed and feed-restricted Red Junglefowl. Conclusions were that the feed-restricted Red Junglefowl was not properly restricted in food supply since no difference in body weight between the treatment groups was detected. The upregulation of POMC in the feed-restricted Red Junglefowl could be stress-linked influenced by the feeding type (scattering of food in litter). No conclusions of the impact of domestication on chicken’s appetite could be drawn. Domestication has probably had its impact by altering other signaling pathways of the melanocortin system than in the arcuate nucleus.