This thesis focuses upon a significant body of contemporary French political thought which takes as its starting point a contention that both the monist and doctrinaire political precepts dating from the Revolution and the consequent Hegelian, Marxist and structuralist thinking linked to these precepts have become anachronistic and hence have little relevance in present-day France. The originality of this doctoral thesis lies in the analysis of the work of seven political thinkers. All of these thinkers, recognizing a break in the continuity of French political thought consequent upon the claim of François Furet that the "Revolution is complete", have sought to rationalize and reconcile the values of individualism, humanism and modernity in contemporary France. In contrast to the political thinkers of the Sartrean generation, whose work took little account of the actual practice of politics, in the seven thinkers seek to relate the philosophical problems inherent in considerations of individual and communal rights and values to the present-day political environment. Each of the seven has sought to rationalize a political situation, novel in France, of an acceptance of the concept of agreeing to differ on matters of substance and of a recognition that a modern democratic state is heteronomous and may contain a substantial range of incommensurable values . This amounts to an acceptance of agonistic value pluralism, that is, of the idea of political conflict which is constructive (by contrast with the destructive conflict of revolutionary-inspired doctrines) and which leads to the evolution of arguments broadly acceptable to a majority in situations in which there is a clash of values. Thus the practice of politics has become a succession of endeavours to arrive at optimum solutions to conflictual problems, rather than a search after chimerical, maxirnalist answers . Each of the seven has sought to rationalize a political situation, novel in France, of an acceptance of the concept of agreeing to differ on matters of substance and of a recognition that a modern democratic state is heteronomous and may contain a substantial range of incommensurable values. This amounts to an acceptance of agonistic value pluralism, that is, of the idea of political conflict which is constructive (by contrast with the destructive conflict of revolutionary-inspired doctrines) and which leads to the evolution of arguments broadly acceptable to a majority in situations in which there is a clash of values. Thus the practice of politics has become a succession of endeavours to arrive at optimum solutions to conflictual problems, rather than a search after chimerical, maxirnalist answers.

This research examines the current recognition and implementation of children’s socio-economic rights in Ethiopian law. Ethiopia has ratified international instruments of children’s rights, to wit, the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the International Convention on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights as well as regional instruments such as the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child and these instruments are made to be part of the Ethiopian law. However, there is neither a translation nor publication of these instruments and these facts obstruct their implementation, as the working language of domestic courts is different from the language of the instruments. Ethiopia also does not incorporate children’s socio-economic rights in its Constitution. Neither does it have separate legislation on children’s rights. Despite the commitment shown by its ratification of international children’s rights instruments, Ethiopia has not yet done anything meaningful towards the realisation of children’s socio-economic rights. Mere ratification of international instruments cannot rectify the lifelong hardship of Ethiopian children without actual implementation. Hence, this dissertation discusses the incorporation of children’s socio-economic rights in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia’s Constitution, domestication of international children’s rights instruments and the lack of a separate act outlining children’s rights in the Ethiopian legal system in order to establish why current child law in Ethiopia does not solve the suffering of Ethiopian children. The current reality with regard to children’s socio-economic rights in Ethiopia is not an insurmountable hurdle. This dissertation recommends translation into the domestic working language of Ethiopian courts and publication of international children’s rights instruments in order to ease the problem regarding awareness of the laws, as well as their status and validity. Ethiopia could enact a separate act for children’s rights, as well as enshrine the socio-economic entitlements of children in its Constitution. The South African experience is also worthy of consideration. Ethiopian courts should interpret domesticated international instruments by relying on the FDRE Constitution as a legal ground. / LLM (Comparative Child Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This research examines the current recognition and implementation of children’s socio-economic rights in Ethiopian law. Ethiopia has ratified international instruments of children’s rights, to wit, the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the International Convention on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights as well as regional instruments such as the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child and these instruments are made to be part of the Ethiopian law. However, there is neither a translation nor publication of these instruments and these facts obstruct their implementation, as the working language of domestic courts is different from the language of the instruments. Ethiopia also does not incorporate children’s socio-economic rights in its Constitution. Neither does it have separate legislation on children’s rights. Despite the commitment shown by its ratification of international children’s rights instruments, Ethiopia has not yet done anything meaningful towards the realisation of children’s socio-economic rights. Mere ratification of international instruments cannot rectify the lifelong hardship of Ethiopian children without actual implementation. Hence, this dissertation discusses the incorporation of children’s socio-economic rights in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia’s Constitution, domestication of international children’s rights instruments and the lack of a separate act outlining children’s rights in the Ethiopian legal system in order to establish why current child law in Ethiopia does not solve the suffering of Ethiopian children. The current reality with regard to children’s socio-economic rights in Ethiopia is not an insurmountable hurdle. This dissertation recommends translation into the domestic working language of Ethiopian courts and publication of international children’s rights instruments in order to ease the problem regarding awareness of the laws, as well as their status and validity. Ethiopia could enact a separate act for children’s rights, as well as enshrine the socio-economic entitlements of children in its Constitution. The South African experience is also worthy of consideration. Ethiopian courts should interpret domesticated international instruments by relying on the FDRE Constitution as a legal ground. / LLM (Comparative Child Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

[pt] Na presente tese realizamos uma análise crítica acerca da presença de ontologias idealistas no Campo do Design que, até onde pudemos observar, é legitimada e reproduzida nos meios de consagração do saber (os bancos escolares) que se propõem a ensinar teorias e fundamentos do design, especialmente sobre o uso das cores. Oferecemos a exame, em primeiro lugar, o que denominamos de individualismo carismático, i.e., indagando se o designer possuiria a capacidade inata de criar algo completamente diferente do que já existe conforme obscuros dons que são dados por alguma entidade inexplicável e ideal. Depois, propomos a abordagem do que chamamos de funcionalismo monista, qual seja o ensino de ideais calcados em princípios ou fundamentos fixos, como se fossem verdadeiros em todos os lugares e em todos tempos históricos. Afirmamos que as duas noções são larga e amplamente divulgadas no Campo do Design por meio de suas ditas teorias, com pouco ou nenhum exame crítico, e que contribuem para a alienação dos estudantes e profissionais do campo, tanto os que trabalham no meio acadêmico quanto os que exercem a profissão no mercado de trabalho. Ademais, defendemos que ao propor o aprendizado destas teorias, é muito raro uma instrução do contraditório que acate e analise o movimento histórico concreto como parte fundamental do estudo, de forma a apagar as razões socioculturais que determinam de fato os porquês de empregarmos a configuração desta ou daquela maneira. Para tanto, utilizaremos exemplos históricos concretos, tanto na História da Filosofia quanto na História do Design. / [en] In this thesis we carry out a critical analysis of the presence of idealistic ontologies in the Field of Design which, as far as we have been able to observe, is legitimized and reproduced in the means of consecration of knowledge (school benches) that propose to teach theories and foundations of design, especially on the use of colors. We offer for examination, firstly, what we call charismatic individualism, i.e., asking whether the designer would possess the innate ability to create something completely different from what already exists according to obscure gifts that are given by some inexplicable and ideal entity. Then, we propose the approach of what we call monist functionalism, which is the teaching of ideals based on fixed principles or foundations, as if they were true in all places and at all historical times. We affirm that the two notions are widely and widely disseminated in the Field of Design through their so-called theories, with little or no critical examination, and that they contribute to the alienation of students and professionals in the field, both those who work in academia and who exercise their profession in the labor market. Furthermore, we argue that when proposing the learning of these theories, it is very rare for a contradictory instruction that accepts and analyzes the concrete historical movement as a fundamental part of the study, in order to erase the sociocultural reasons that actually determine why we employ the configuration of this or that way. To do so, we will use concrete historical examples, both in the History of Philosophy and in the History of Design.