No / Leishmania donovani are the causative agents of visceral leishmaniasis worldwide. Lack of vaccines and emergence of drug resistance warrants the need for improved drug therapy and newer therapeutic intervention strategies against leishmaniasis. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of the natural indoloquinoline alkaloid cryptolepine on L. donovani AG83 promastigotes. Our results show that cryptolepine induces cellular dysfunction in L. donovani promastigotes, which leads to the death of this unicellular parasite. Interestingly, our study suggest that cryptolepine-induced cell death of L. donovani is counteracted by initial autophagic features elicited by the cells. For the first time, we show that autophagy serves as a survival mechanism in response to cryptolepine treatment in L. donovani promastigotes and inhibition of autophagy causes an early increase in the amount of cell death. This study can be exploited for designing better drugs and better therapeutic strategies against leishmaniasis in future.

This thesis focuses on the development of protozoan parasites from Leishmania donovani complex in their insect vectors and summarizes results of five parts of the project I participated in during my Ph.D. studies. Sand flies of genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia are the only proven vectors of leishmaniasis, however, the role of alternative vectors, like ticks, fleas and biting midges is frequently discussed in the literature. In this work, we showed that Eurasian species of biting midge Culicoides nubeculosus does not support late stage infections of L. major and L. infantum. We also demonstrated that microscopical observation of Leishmania promastigotes in the digestive tract of bloodfeeding arthropods remains a crucial method for any conclusion about the vector competence of the suspected insect. In the second part of our study were compared the life-cycle parameters and vector competence of two Ethiopian P. orientalis colonies for L. donovani. Marked differences between colonies were found in life-cycle parametes, however, molecular analyses did not reveal any genetic differences. Experimental infections showed that both P. orientalis colonies are very susceptible to L. donovani infection and even the lowest infective dose tested (2 × 103 promastigotes/ml; corresponding to 1-2 promastigotes) was...

La leishmaniose viscérale est une maladie tropicale négligée et létale en l’absence de traitement. L’Amphotéricine B (AmB) est une molécule efficace mais sa forme conventionnelle, Fungizone®, conduit à une toxicité limitant les doses tandis que les formulations lipidiques moins toxiques telles que l’Ambisome® sont très coûteuses. Ainsi, le besoin de nouvelles formes thérapeutiques à la fois non toxiques et peu coûteuses subsiste actuellement. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié deux solutions possibles : la Fungizone® chauffée (H-AmB) et une microémulsion chargée en AmB (MEAmB). En ce qui concerne la microémulsion, une forme lyophilisée est souhaitable afin de s’affranchir des risques d’hydrolyse et de contamination microbienne. Les objectifs de la thèse étaient de développer les deux nouvelles formes, d’évaluer la toxicité et l’efficacité de H-AmB et MEAmB contre Leishmania donovani (souche LV9) in-vitro et in-vivo et également d’optimiser la lyophilisation de la microémulsion.La microémulsion MEAmB est composée de gouttelettes sphériques dont le diamètre moyen est proche de 35 nm et a montré un comportement rhéologique de type newtonien. L’analyse spectroscopique de H-AmB a révélé la formation de super-agrégats qui sont moins toxiques que d’autres états d’agrégation. La MeAmB ainsi que l’H-AmB ont montré une activité antiparasitaire équivalente à celle d’AmBisome® sur les formes axénique et intramacrophagique de L. donovani. L’indice de sélectivité pour ces deux formulations est élevé, en contraste avec celui de la Fungizone® native. De plus, à la différence d’AmBisome®, elles ont montré une activité importante sur des souches résistantes à l’AmB. L’activité anti-leishmanienne in-vivo des nouvelles formulations est comparable aux formulations de référence. De même, aucune différence significative des marqueurs de toxicité rénale et hépatique n’a pu être observée. Ainsi, l’H-AmB et la MEAmB pourraient être considérées comme des traitements alternatifs de la leishmaniose viscérale, avec l’avantage d’être moins onéreuses à produire que l’Ambisome®.Afin d’optimiser le procédé de lyophilisation de la MEAmB, un plan d’expérience a été mis en œuvre. Ainsi, la taille des gouttelettes est minimisée par l’utilisation de 5% de maltose comme cryoprotectant, avec une température de congélation de -80°C et un temps total de lyophilisation de 24h. Par ailleurs, aucune modification significative de la teneur en AmB n’a été observée après la lyophilisation. Ainsi, la MEAmB lyophilisée est stable et pourrait éviter la dégradation due à la présence d’eau. / Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that can be fatal if left untreated. Amphotericin B (AmB) is effective in the treatment of this disease, but the conventional formulation, Fungizone® has dose-limiting toxicity while the less toxic lipid-based forms such as Ambisome® are expensive. Therefore, the need for new therapeutic systems remains. In this respect, the heating of the Fungizone® formulation (H-AmB), and the development of a microemulsion (ME) containing AmB (MEAmB) are possible solutions. In addition, it is desirable to remove water from microemulsion systems in order to reduce instability due to microbiological contamination and hydrolysis. Therefore, the objective of this work was to develop and to evaluate the activity and toxicity in vitro and in vivo of H-AmB and MEAmB against Leishmania donovani (strain LV9) and, furthermore, to optimize a lyophilized microemulsion system containing AmB. Rheological, size and morphology studies showed that MEAmB presented average droplet sizes of 35 nm, a Newtonian behavior and spherical morphology. Spectroscopic characterization of H-AmB showed the formation of superaggregates, which are less toxic than the other states of aggregation. In-vitro evaluation on both the axenic and intramacrophagic amastigote forms showed that H-AmB and MEAmB showed similar activity to Ambisome®. A high selectivity index of H-AmB and MEAmB was observed compared with unheated Fungizone®. Furthermore, both new formulations showed high activity against AmB-resistant strains compared with Ambisome®. In-vivo experiments designed to evaluate their activity and toxicity did not reveal significant differences in activity between the new and reference formulations. There were no significant differences either in indicators of renal and hepatic toxicity. Therefore, both H-AmB and MEAmB can be used as an alternative for the treatment of LV9, presenting an advantage over Ambisome® in their lower costs of production. Therefore, a complete experimental design was performed in order to optimize the lyophilisation of the microemulsion system. It was observed that microemulsions with smaller droplet sizes were obtained using maltose as a cryoprotectant at a concentration of 5%, with freezing at -80 ° C, and a lyophilization process period of 24 h. Furthermore, it was observed that ME containing AmB showed no significant changes in drug content before and after the lyophilization process. Therefore, in its lyophilized form, the ME can remain stable and avoid degradation due to the presence of water.

Há uma simbiose quadripartida no ecossistema das formigas cultivadoras de fungos entre três mutualistas (Formiga da tribo Attini, jardim fúngico e actinomicetos simbiontes) e um parasita (fungo patogênico especializado Escovopsis sp). As actinobactérias associadas à formiga hospedeira produzem metabólitos secundários para inibir este patógeno, mas não o fungo mutualista. Produtos naturais interessantes foram relatados a partir destas bactérias com um amplo espectro de atividades biológicas. Portanto, várias actinobactérias foram isoladas do exoesqueleto e do jardim das formigas agricultoras para isolar compostos ativos contra diferentes alvos como Leishmania donovani e Escovopsis. Os antibióticos e compostos citotóxicos conhecidos griseorhodina A (1), griseorhodina C (2), griseorhodina G (3) e a dinactina (4) foram produzidos em cultivo sólido de ISP-2 por Streptomyces puniceus AB10, que foi isolada da formiga cortadeira Acromyrmex rugosus rugosus. As configurações absolutas de 1 e 2 foram inequivocamente estabelecidas como 6S,6aS,7S,8S e 6R,6aS,7S,8R, respectivamente, usando dicroísmo circular vibracional (VCD) e cálculos da Teoria do Funcional de Densidade (DFT). A bactéria Streptomyces puniceus AB10 produziu em meio-A líquido apenas uma familia de antibióticos como a dinactina (4). O composto 4 mostrou inibição contra Escovopsis e uma atividade maior contra L. donovani em promastigota e amastigota intracelular que a miltefosina. Dois estereoisômeros, strepchazolina A (5) e strepchazolina B (6), os antibióticos streptazolina (7), seu isômero-E (8), e o composto inorgânico octa-enxofre (9) foram produzidos em cultivo sólido de ISP-2 por Streptomyces chartreusis AC70, que foi isolada do jardim fúngico da formiga cortadeira Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus. O composto 9 mostrou atividade antagonista contra o fungo patogênico especializado Escovopsis sp. Este é o primeiro relato de 8 como produto natural. As configurações absolutas de 5 e 6 foram inequivocamente estabelecida como 5S,6S,9R e 5S,6S,9S, respectivamente, usando dicroísmo circular vibracional (VCD) e cálculos da Teoria do Funcional de Densidade (DFT). A bactéria Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi ICBG292, isolada do exoesqueleto de operária de colônia de formiga Cyphomyrmex, produziu os antibióticos Mer-A2026B (10), piericidina-A1 (11) e nigericina (12). Os compostos 10-12 mostraram atividade contra Escovopsis sp e contra L. donovani. O composto 12 mostrou uma atividade maior contra L. donovani em promastigota e amastigota intracelular que a miltefosina. O composto 10 também foi ativo contra o fungo Trichoderma sp. Streptomyces sioyaensis ICBG311, isolada de machos alados de colônia de formiga Cyphomyrmex, produziu uma nova naftoquinona chamada cyphoquinona (13), dois novos compostos antifúngicos denominados cyphomycina (14) e epoxicyphomycina (15), e o antifúngico conhecido GT-35 (16). Os compostos 14-16 mostraram atividade contra diferentes linhagens de Escovopsis sp e Candida albicans K1 com MIC de 1.0, 0.5 e 0.25 ?g/mL, e uma atividade maior contra L. donovani em promastigota e amastigota intracelular que a miltefosina, enquanto 13 apresentou atividade baixa contra L. donovani. A cyphomycina (14) também mostrou uma potente atividade in vitro contra os patógenos humanos resistentes Aspergillus fumigatus 11628 (resistente à equinocandina), C. glabrata 4720 (resistente ao triazol), e C. auris B11211 (resistente à echinocandina, ao triazol, e à anfotericina B), com MIC de 0.5, 0.5 e 4 ?g/mL, respectivamente. Um estudo de dose única de cyphomycina (14) no modelo de camundongos neutropênicos de candidíase disseminada exibiu uma dose-resposta iv com um log de redução de 0.56 e 0.66 do carga infecciosa quando é tratado com 20 e 40 mg/kg da cyphomycina (14), respectivamente, e epoxicyphomycina (15) exibiu um log de redução de 0.53 com 40 mg/kg, demonstrando relevância clínica e eficácia de 14 e 15 neste modelo padrão da indústria de infecção por Candida. Por outro lado, GT-35 (16) matou os ratos 1 hora após a dose de 40 mg/kg. / There is a quadripartite symbiosis in the fungus-growing ant ecosystem between three mutualist (Attine ant, fungal garden and symbiotic actinomycetes) and one parasite (specialized pathogenic fungus Escovopsis sp). The actinobacteria associated to the ant host produce secondary metabolites to inhibit this pathogen but not the crop fungus. Interesting natural products have been reported from these bacteria with a wide spectrum of biological activities. In this thesis, several actinobacteria were isolated from the exoskeleton and garden of fungus-growing ants to isolate active compounds against different targets such as Leishmania donovani and Escovopsis. The known antibiotic and cytotoxic compounds griseorhodin A (1), griseorhodin C (2), griseorhodin G (3) and dinactin (4) were produced in solid ISP-2 culture by Streptomyces puniceus AB10, which was isolated from the leaf-cutter ant Acromyrmex rugosus rugosus. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were unambiguously established as 6S,6aS,7S,8S and 6R,6aS,7S,8R, respectively, using vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The bacterium Streptomyces puniceus AB10 produced in broth A-medium only one family of antibiotics as dinactin (4). Compound 4 showed inhibition against Escovopsis and a higher activity against L. donovani promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes than miltefosine. Two stereoisomers strepchazolin A (5) and strepchazolin B (6), the antibiotic streptazolin (7), its E-isomer (8), and the inorganic compound cyclooctasulfur (9) were produced in solid ISP-2 culture by Streptomyces chartreusis AC70, which was isolated from the fungal garden of the leaf-cutter ant Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus. Compound 9 showed antagonist activity against the specialized pathogenic fungus Escovopsis sp. This is the first report of 8 as natural product. The absolute configurations of 5 and 6 were unambiguously established as 5S,6S,9R and 5S,6S,9S, respectively, using vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The bacterium Candidatus Streptomyces philanthi ICBG292, isolated from the exoskeleton of a worker of a Cyphomyrmex colony, produced the antibiotics Mer-A2026B (10), piericidin-A1 (11) and nigericin (12). Compounds 10-12 showed activity against Escovopsis sp and against L. donovani. Compound 12 showed higher activity against L. donovani promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes than miltefosine. Compound 10 was also active against the fungus Trichoderma sp. Streptomyces sioyaensis ICBG311, isolated from winged male ants of Cyphomyrmex colonies, produced a new naphtoquinone named cyphoquinone (13), two new antifungal compounds named cyphomycin (14) and epoxycyphomycin (15), and the known antifungal GT-35 (16). Compounds 14-16 displayed activity against several strains of Escovopsis sp and Candida albicans K1 with a MIC of 1.0, 0.5 and 0.25 ?g/mL, and a higher activity against L. donovani promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes than miltefosine, while 13 a weak activity against L. donovani. Cyphomycin (14) also showed potent in vitro activity against the resistant human pathogens Aspergillus fumigatus 11628 (echinocandin resistance), C. glabrata 4720 (triazole resistance), and C. auris B11211 (echinocandin, triazole, and amphotericin B resistance), with MIC of 0.5, 0.5 and 4 ?g/mL, respectively. A single-dose study of cyphomycin (14) in a neutropenic mouse disseminated candidiasis model exhibited a dose-like response with 0.56 and 0.66 log reduction of infectious burden when treated with 20 and 40 mg/kg cyphomycin (14), respectively, and epoxycyphomycin (15) exhibited 0.53 log ii reduction with 40 mg/kg, demonstrating clinical relevance and effectiveness of 14 and 15 in this industry-standard model of Candida infection. On the other hand, GT-35 (16) killed the mice 1 hr post dose at 40 mg/kg.

Leishmania donovani is a blood-borne tropicial parasite, which infects humans through bites by Phlebotomus sandflies. The parasite survives and multiplies inside macrophages in inner organs, and causes the deadly disease visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar). Macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen-presenting cells involved in the initiation of immune responses. Immature DC are present in all tissues where they internalise and process antigen, in response to which they migrate from tissue, into draining lymphoid organs, undergo maturation and present antigens to lymphocytes. Control measures for leishmaniasis include testing of new diagnostics and development of affordable and effective vaccines for humans. Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is the major surface component of Leishmania donovani promastigotes. LPG comprises a membrane-anchoring lysophosphatidylinositol part and an extracellular chain of disaccharide phosphates. These repetitions are crucial for parasite survival inside macrophages following phagocytosis. LPG has several specific effects on the host cell including inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) activity, and inhibition of phagosomal maturation, a process requiring depolymerization of periphagosomal F-actin. Confocal microscopy and image analysis were used to follow F-actin dynamics in single macrophages during phagocytosis of L. donovani promastigotes and LPG-coated particles. F-actin did not depolymerize, but instead progressively polymerized around phagosomes with LPG-containing prey. This correlated with reduced translocation of PKCα to the phagosome and blocked phagosomal maturation. LPG also inhibited cortical actin turnover, which could be the underlying cause of the reduced uptake of LPG-containing prey. Extracellular- and intracellular calcium was necessary for phagocytosis, periphagosomal F-actin breakdown and phagosomal maturation in macrophages interacting with unopsonized prey,and for the action of LPG. We also studied F-actin turnover in macrophages overexpressing dominant-negative (DN) PKCα. DN PKCα macrophages showed increased amounts of cortical F-actin, decreased phagocytic capacity, inhibition of periphagosomal F-actin breakdown and defective phagosomal maturation. When DN PKCα macrophages interacted with LPG-containing prey, phagocytosis was almost completely blocked. Moreover, we found that Leishmania promastigotes and particularly LPG inhibit DC maturation and detachment from distinct surfaces. Thus, LPG from Leishmania donovani could directly inhibit DC migration to lymphoid organs, antigen-presentation and development of immunity.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph.D.). / Written for the Institute of parasitology. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2009/06/10). Includes bibliographical references.

Infectious diseases continue to be a major concern worldwide. They are the second leading cause of death after heart disease. Factors such as an increasing global population, travel, urbanization, global climate change and evolution of pathogens have made infectious diseases more common. Infectious diseases, particularly neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) result in many deaths worldwide. Malaria and leishmaniasis are two common (NTDs) which affect low income countries around the globe. Low cost drugs with novel mechanism of action are required to tackle the growing resistances of parasites against current drugs used in the developing world, where most of the cases occur. The first part of this manuscript (chapters 1 - 3) describes the synthesis of novel analogs active against Leishmania donovani parasite which causes leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne complex group of diseases transmitted through the bite of an infected female sand-fly. Its clinical manifestations range from the less severe (cutaneous) to fatal (visceral) forms depending upon infecting species, immunity of host and the environment. Reports have suggested the role of Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp 90) in the differentiation of the Leishmania parasite from the promastigote stage to the pathogenic amastigote stage inside the host. A series of tetrahydro-indazole, tetrahydro-pyrazolo pyridine and radicicol hybrid compounds were prepared based on known Hsp 90 inhibitors, SNX2112 and NVP-AUY922. The synthetic approach allowed us to generate a diverse library of analogs which were used to probe the hydrophobic pocket of Hsp 90 active site. The most active compound, was found to be twice more active as the clinically used drug, Miltefosine, in an infected macrophage assay with an IC50 = 0.88 µM. The second part of this manuscript (chapters 4 - 5) describes the synthesis of xanthurenic acid analogs as antimalarial drugs. Xanthurenic acid (XA) is a vital component for the gametogenesis of the Plasmodium inside the mosquito’s gut. Gametogenesis plays an important part in the continuation of the parasite’s life cycle. A series of xanthurenic acid analogs were synthesized with the aim of inducing premature exflagellation of the microgametes, thus blocking the key step required for the transmission of parasites from humans to the mosquito. A biotinylated xanthurenic acid analog and a clickable xanthurenic acid analog were also synthesized which will help us investigate the mechanism of action of xanthurenic acid in inducing gametogenesis in mosquito. In the preliminary screening efforts in an exflagellation assay, analog 4.40 showed promising activity and was more active in inducing exflagellation than xanthurenic acid. An exflagellation assay of other analogs is currently being pursued. Further investigations into the molecular target and mechanism of action are underway with the biotinylated xanthurenic acid analog.

Submitted by Nuzia Santos (nuzia@cpqrr.fiocruz.br) on 2013-08-14T17:17:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação Fernanda Alvarenga Cardoso 1.pdf: 1458584 bytes, checksum: a3070865cab7509b6900f5f36ab2b623 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-14T17:17:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação Fernanda Alvarenga Cardoso 1.pdf: 1458584 bytes, checksum: a3070865cab7509b6900f5f36ab2b623 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Nas últimas décadas, a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) vem sendo utilizada para o diagnóstico da leishmaniose visceral (LV) com diferentes objetivos: o diagnóstico da infecção, da doença e o controle de cura. Para utilização em larga escala, a etapa de eletroforese para detecção dos produtos amplificados na PCR, torna a técnica complexa e onerosa. A PCR-ELISA representa uma alternativa de detecção do produto amplificado por PCR através de um ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA). Esta técnica é capaz de conferir maior sensibilidade e rapidez para a análise de grandes números de amostras clínicas com o uso de equipamentos utilizados para processamento de ELISA e, portanto, permite realizar PCR para fins de diagnóstico em laboratórios de média complexidade. Assim, este estudo objetivou desenvolver e validar o método de detecção colorimétrica dos produtos de amplificação gerados pela reação de PCR para o diagnóstico da LV em amostras de sangue periférico.O método de PCR-ELISA foi desenvolvido para detecção de fragmento de DNA do cinetoplasto (kDNA), complexo Donovani-específico. Utilizando-se cepas referências de Leishmania em cultivo e de painel de amostras de sangue periférico humano de 11 indivíduos não infectados, moradores de área endêmica e 14 casos de LV, caracterizadas clínica e parasitologicamente, determinou-se o limite de detecção da reação, medidas de precisão (repetibilidade e reprodutibilidade) e limite entre positivo e negativo (cut-off). A avaliação do desempenho do ensaio foi realizada com amostras de sangue periférico de 105 pacientes portadores de LV, 25 pacientes portadores da co-infecção Leishmania/HIV e de 73 indivíduos moradores de área endêmica para a LV. Foi desenvolvido ainda um ensaio de PCR-ELISA para detecção do DNA amplificado do gene humano ACTB, para uso como controle do processo de extração de DNA e amplificação por PCR das amostras clínicas. O ensaio PCR-ELISA kDNA desenvolvido apresentou limite de detecção de 1 parasito/mL de sangue e 0,07fg/µL de DNA de L. (L.) infantum, sensibilidade de 100% (IC 95%: 97,1 a 100%) e especificidade de 95% (IC 95%: 83,5 a 98,6%). Todos os indivíduos assintomáticos de área endêmica, com positividade por outras técnicas diagnósticas, foram também positivos pela PCR-ELISA. Todas as amostras foram testadas satisfatoriamente para o ensaio de PCR-ELISA ACTB. O ensaio de PCR-ELISA kDNA, desenvolvido e validado neste estudo, apresenta simplicidade metodológica e operacional, permite interpretação objetiva da amplificação por PCR do DNA de Leishmania do complexo Donovani e desempenho adequado no diagnóstico da LV em laboratórios de referência. / In recent decades, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) with different goals: diagnosis of infection, disease control and cure. For large-scale use, the step of electrophoresis to detect amplified products of PCR makes this technique more complex and costly. The PCR-ELISA is an alternative for the detection of the amplified PCR product through an immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA). This technique offers higher sensitivity and speed for the analysis of large numbers of clinical specimens, using equipment widely used for processing sets of ELISA and therefore allows performing PCR for diagnostic purposes in laboratory of medium complexity. Thus, this study aimed to develop and validate the colorimetric detection method (ELISA) for amplification products generated by PCR targeting the diagnosis of VL.The method of PCR-ELISA was developed to detect a fragment of DNA of kinetoplast (kDNA) specific from Leishmania donovani complex. Using reference strains of Leishmania in cultivation and a panel of human peripheral blood samples of 11 non-infected individuals, residents of endemic area and 14 cases of VL with clinical and parasitological characterization, we determined the detection limit of the reaction, precision measurements (repeatability and reproducibility) and limit between positive and negative (cut-off). The performance of the assay was evaluated with peripheral blood samples of 105 patients with VL, 25 patients showing the co-infection Leishmania/HIV and 73 individuals living in endemic areas for VL. A PCR-ELISA assay for detection of DNA from the human ACTB gene was also developed for use as control for the process of DNA extraction and amplification by PCR of clinical samples. The PCR-ELISA kDNA assay developed showed a detection limit of 1 parasite/ml blood and 0.07 fg/µL of DNA from L. (L.) infantum. The assay showed a sensitivity of 100% (IC 95%: 97.1 to 100%) and specificity of 95% (IC 95%: 83.5 to 98.6%). All asymptomatic individuals from an endemic area, who were diagnosed for LV by other techniques, were also positive by PCR-ELISA kDNA. All samples were tested satisfactorily by PCR-ELISA ACTB assay. The PCR-ELISA kDNA assay was developed and validated in this study. It presents methodological and operational simplicity; enables objective interpretation of PCR amplification of DNA from Leishmania donovani complex and have sufficient performance for diagnosis of VL in reference laboratories.

Submitted by Nuzia Santos (nuzia@cpqrr.fiocruz.br) on 2013-10-08T12:26:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Jacqueline Fiuza.pdf: 10186945 bytes, checksum: ad5d72f0c0040b9985453d0f8d1b7116 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-08T12:26:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Jacqueline Fiuza.pdf: 10186945 bytes, checksum: ad5d72f0c0040b9985453d0f8d1b7116 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou. Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular / A leishmaniose visceral zoonótica (LVZ), causada pelo parasito intracelular Leishmania infantum, é uma doença tropical negligenciada que pode ser fatal quando não tratada. Os cães são considerados os principais reservatórios domésticos de L. infantum na LVZ, já que a presença de cães infectados pode aumentar o risco de infecção humana. A leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) representa um dos maiores problemas veterinários e de saúde pública no sul da Europa, Oriente Médio e América do Sul. O controle de reservatórios animais é baseado na eliminação de cães soropositivos em áreas endêmicas. Contudo, o tratamento de cães infectados não é indicado no Brasil, pois esse procedimento pode levar a seleção de parasitos resistentes já que as mesmas drogas são usadas no tratamento de infecções em humanos. Sendo assim, o uso de vacinas contra a LVC continua sendo a melhor alternativa no controle de parasitos. Nesse trabalho, nós apresentamos dados de perfil de imunogenicidade e proteção conferido pelo uso de parasitos vivos atenuados LdCen -/-em modelo canino, comparando com Leishmune ® , uma vacina disponível comercialmente. A imunogenicidade e proteção foram avaliadas através da produção de anticorpos, proliferação e ativação celular, expressão de receptores TLR, produção de citocinas intracitoplasmáticas e secretadas no sobrenadante, e carga parasitária por Real Time PCR. A vacinação com LdCen -/-resultou em alta imunogenicidade e proteção, observado pela maior produção de IgG Total, IgG1, e IgG2, e maior linfoproliferação em resposta a antígenos solúveis. Além disso, cães vacinados com LdCen -/-apresentaram maior frequência de células T CD4 + e CD8 + ativadas, maior produção de IFN-γ e menor produção de IL-4 por essas células, secreção aumentada de TNF-α e IL-12/IL-23p40 e menor secreção de IL-4 em sobrenandante de culturas estimuladas. Também podemos observar alta expressão de receptores TLR2, 4 e 9 por linfócitos T CD4 +, maior expressão de TLR4 por células T CD8 +, e menor carga parasitária em cães vacinados. Os dados sugerem que a vacinação com parasitos LdCen -/-induz a produção de anticorpos, proliferação e ativação celular, expressão de receptores Toll e produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, sendo que esse conjunto de fatores permitiu a indução de proteção contra o desafio com L. infantum. Baseando nesses dados, a imunização com esses parasitos se mostrou segura e imunogênica, conferindo proteção em cães. / Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis, caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum, is a neglected tropical disease that is often fatal when untreated. Dogs are considered the main reservoir of L. infantum in zoonotic VL as the presence of infected dogs may increase the risk for human infection. Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a major veterinary and public health problem in Southern Europe, Middle East and South America. Control of animal reservoirs relies on elimination of seropositive dogs in endemic areas. However, treatment of infected dogs is not allowed in Brazil as this approach can lead to emergence of drug resistance since the same drugs are used to treat human infections. Therefore, vaccination against CVL remains the best alternative in control of the animal reservoirs. In this study, we present data on the immunogenicity and protection profile of a live attenuated parasite LdCen -/-in a canine infection model and compared it to that of Leishmune ®, a commercially available recombinant vaccine. The immunogenicity and protection of the LdCen -/-parasites was evaluated by antibody secretion, activation and proliferation of T cells, production of intracytoplasmic and secreted cytokines, TLR expression and parasite load by Real Time PCR. Vaccination with LdCen -/-resulted in high immunogenicity and protection as revealed by the higher IgG Total, IgG1, and IgG2 production and higher lymphoproliferative response. Further, LdCen -/-vaccinated dogs showed higher frequencies of activated CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, IFN-γ production by CD4 + and CD8 + T cells and decreased production of IL-4 by theses cells, increased secretion of TNF-α and IL-12/IL-23p40 and decreased secretion of IL-4 in supernatant of stimulated cultures. We also observed higher expression of TLR2, 4 and 9 by CD4 + T cells, higher expression of TLR4 by CD8 + T cells, and lower parasite load in vaccinated dogs. These data suggest the vaccination using LdCen -/-can induce antibodies secrection, cell activation, lymph proliferative response, TLR expression, proinflammatory cytokines production, and all these factors together induced protection against challenge with L. infantum. Based on that, the immunization with these parasites shown to be safe and immunogenic, conferring protection in dogs.