Die studie is uitgevoer om die fisieke vermoensprofiel van atlete met intellektuele gestremdheid (lG) en Downsindroom (DS) tussen die ouderdom van 10 en 17 jaar te bepaal. Die Brockport Physical Fitness Test (BPFT) is gebruik om die fisieke vermoens van die atlete te bepaal. Geslagsgebaseerde verskille vir hierdie populasiegroepe is ook ontleed. Die populasie het bestaan uit 75 proefpersone waarvan 66 intellektueel gestremd was en 9 in die Downsindoom subgroep geval het. Dit is duidelik uit hierdie twee gestremde groepe dat Downsindroomkinders, asook kinders met intellektuele gestremdheid, minimaal aan atletiek deelneem. Hoofstuk 2 fokus op die literatuuroorsig van die fisieke vermoens en oefenkapasiteit van die intellektueel gestremde en Downsindroomkinders. Data ingesamel oor die laasgenoemde is gebruik vir die samestelling van die artikels en kan apart gelees word in die verhandeling. In artikels 1 en 2 is data eerstens vir beskrywingsdoeleindes aan die hand van rekenkundige gemiddeldes (x), standaardafwykings (sa) en minimum en maksimum waardes ontleed. 'n Tweerigting variansie analise is gebruik om te bepaal hoeveel van die atlete in watter gesondheidsone val. Verder is van 'n onafhanklike t-toets gebruik gemaak om betekenisvolheid van verskille tussen die geslagte aan te dui. Die resultate dui daarop dat seuns en dogters met IG en DS oor swak aerobiese kapasiteit beskik. Hierdie atlete word aan min fisieke aktiwiteit blootgestel en gesondheidsrisiko's neem toe as gevolg van oorgewig en obesiteit. Atlete met IG beskik oor redelike goeie abdominale spieruithouvermoe en hampese soepelheid. Hierteenoor het hulle oor swakker abdominale soepelheid, skouersoepelheid, armspieruithouvermoe en handgreepkrag beskik. Atlete met DS aan die anderkant beskik oor goeie hampese soepelheid, maar swak abdominale spieruithouvermoe, abdominale soepelheid, skouersoepelheid, armspieruithouvermoe en handgreepkrag. Wat geslagsgebasseerde verskille bet ref dui die resultate daarop dat dogters by beide IG- en DS-groepe 'n groter persentasie liggaamsvet het as seuns. Verder blyk dit dat seuns met IG oor beter fisieke vermoens beskik as dogters met IG, net soos by normaal ontwikkelde kinders. Seuns met IG beskik oor beter aerobiese kapasiteit asook fisieke vermoens, vera! spierkrag en spieruithouvermoe, as dogters. Dogters met DS het verder meer liggaamsvet en toon beter soepelheid as seuns, a!hoewel dit nie betekenisvol is nie. Na aanleiding van hierdie bevindinge word aanbeveel dat intervensieprogramme in Suid-Afrika ontwikkel word vir kinders met IG en DS om sodoende hul fisieke vermoens te verbeter. / The study was done to determine the fitness abilities profile of the intellectually disabled and Down's syndrome athletes aged 10 to 17 years. The Brockport Physical Fitness Test (BPFT) is used to determine the fitness abilities of these athletes. Gender-based differences in both population groups were also investigated. The research group consisted of 75 children of which 66 were intellectually disabled and 9 diagnosed with Down's syndrome (DS). It is clear from these two disabled groups that Down's syndrome children as well as children with intellectual disabilities (ID) participate minimally in athletics. Chapter 2 is based on a literature review of the fitness abilities and training capacity of intellectually disabled and Down's syndrome children. Information gathered on the latter aspects was used in the two articles, which can be read independently in this dissertation. For articles 1 and 2, data was analysed by means of mean values (M), standard deviations as well as minimum and maximum values. The two way table of variances was used to determine the amount of athletes that needs to be placed in each of the healthy fitness zones. Furthermore an independent T-Test is used to prove the gender-based significance of differences. The results indicated that boys and girls with IG and DS had poor aerobic capacity. These athletes are exposed to inadequate physical activity, which exposes them to increased health risk due to their being overweight. Athletes with IG had good abdominal muscle endurance performance and hamstring flexibility, although they also showed poor abdominal flexibility, shoulder flexibility, upper strength endurance and handgrip strength. Athletes with DS on the other hand showed good hamstring flexibility but poor abdominal muscle endurance performance, abdominal flexibility, shoulder flexibility, upper strength endurance and hand grip strength. For the gender-based differences results show that boys with IG had better physical performance than girls with IG. Boys with IG consist of a better aerobic capacity as well as physical performance than girls, especially muscle strength and muscle endurance. The girls with DS have more body fat and shows better flexibility than the boys, although not significantly. Given the outcomes of this study it is recommended that intervention programmes be developed for children with IG and DS in South Africa in order to enhance their physical fitness performance profile and their quality of life. / Thesis (M.A. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Die studie is uitgevoer om die fisieke vermoensprofiel van atlete met intellektuele gestremdheid (lG) en Downsindroom (DS) tussen die ouderdom van 10 en 17 jaar te bepaal. Die Brockport Physical Fitness Test (BPFT) is gebruik om die fisieke vermoens van die atlete te bepaal. Geslagsgebaseerde verskille vir hierdie populasiegroepe is ook ontleed. Die populasie het bestaan uit 75 proefpersone waarvan 66 intellektueel gestremd was en 9 in die Downsindoom subgroep geval het. Dit is duidelik uit hierdie twee gestremde groepe dat Downsindroomkinders, asook kinders met intellektuele gestremdheid, minimaal aan atletiek deelneem. Hoofstuk 2 fokus op die literatuuroorsig van die fisieke vermoens en oefenkapasiteit van die intellektueel gestremde en Downsindroomkinders. Data ingesamel oor die laasgenoemde is gebruik vir die samestelling van die artikels en kan apart gelees word in die verhandeling. In artikels 1 en 2 is data eerstens vir beskrywingsdoeleindes aan die hand van rekenkundige gemiddeldes (x), standaardafwykings (sa) en minimum en maksimum waardes ontleed. 'n Tweerigting variansie analise is gebruik om te bepaal hoeveel van die atlete in watter gesondheidsone val. Verder is van 'n onafhanklike t-toets gebruik gemaak om betekenisvolheid van verskille tussen die geslagte aan te dui. Die resultate dui daarop dat seuns en dogters met IG en DS oor swak aerobiese kapasiteit beskik. Hierdie atlete word aan min fisieke aktiwiteit blootgestel en gesondheidsrisiko's neem toe as gevolg van oorgewig en obesiteit. Atlete met IG beskik oor redelike goeie abdominale spieruithouvermoe en hampese soepelheid. Hierteenoor het hulle oor swakker abdominale soepelheid, skouersoepelheid, armspieruithouvermoe en handgreepkrag beskik. Atlete met DS aan die anderkant beskik oor goeie hampese soepelheid, maar swak abdominale spieruithouvermoe, abdominale soepelheid, skouersoepelheid, armspieruithouvermoe en handgreepkrag. Wat geslagsgebasseerde verskille bet ref dui die resultate daarop dat dogters by beide IG- en DS-groepe 'n groter persentasie liggaamsvet het as seuns. Verder blyk dit dat seuns met IG oor beter fisieke vermoens beskik as dogters met IG, net soos by normaal ontwikkelde kinders. Seuns met IG beskik oor beter aerobiese kapasiteit asook fisieke vermoens, vera! spierkrag en spieruithouvermoe, as dogters. Dogters met DS het verder meer liggaamsvet en toon beter soepelheid as seuns, a!hoewel dit nie betekenisvol is nie. Na aanleiding van hierdie bevindinge word aanbeveel dat intervensieprogramme in Suid-Afrika ontwikkel word vir kinders met IG en DS om sodoende hul fisieke vermoens te verbeter. / The study was done to determine the fitness abilities profile of the intellectually disabled and Down's syndrome athletes aged 10 to 17 years. The Brockport Physical Fitness Test (BPFT) is used to determine the fitness abilities of these athletes. Gender-based differences in both population groups were also investigated. The research group consisted of 75 children of which 66 were intellectually disabled and 9 diagnosed with Down's syndrome (DS). It is clear from these two disabled groups that Down's syndrome children as well as children with intellectual disabilities (ID) participate minimally in athletics. Chapter 2 is based on a literature review of the fitness abilities and training capacity of intellectually disabled and Down's syndrome children. Information gathered on the latter aspects was used in the two articles, which can be read independently in this dissertation. For articles 1 and 2, data was analysed by means of mean values (M), standard deviations as well as minimum and maximum values. The two way table of variances was used to determine the amount of athletes that needs to be placed in each of the healthy fitness zones. Furthermore an independent T-Test is used to prove the gender-based significance of differences. The results indicated that boys and girls with IG and DS had poor aerobic capacity. These athletes are exposed to inadequate physical activity, which exposes them to increased health risk due to their being overweight. Athletes with IG had good abdominal muscle endurance performance and hamstring flexibility, although they also showed poor abdominal flexibility, shoulder flexibility, upper strength endurance and handgrip strength. Athletes with DS on the other hand showed good hamstring flexibility but poor abdominal muscle endurance performance, abdominal flexibility, shoulder flexibility, upper strength endurance and hand grip strength. For the gender-based differences results show that boys with IG had better physical performance than girls with IG. Boys with IG consist of a better aerobic capacity as well as physical performance than girls, especially muscle strength and muscle endurance. The girls with DS have more body fat and shows better flexibility than the boys, although not significantly. Given the outcomes of this study it is recommended that intervention programmes be developed for children with IG and DS in South Africa in order to enhance their physical fitness performance profile and their quality of life. / Thesis (M.A. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

This thesis focuses upon the abilities of children with severe learning difficulties to contemplate the psychological states of other people, what is often referred to in the literature as 'mindreading' (Whiten and Perner, 1991). The first section contains a review of the literature on children's developing understanding of the mind and their conceptual representational abilities. This is followed by two studies investigating non-learning disabled children's abilities to attribute first-and second-order false belief. The first of these uses an adaptation of the Sally-Anne test (Baron-Cohen, et al., 1985). The second study uses an original false belief story scenario, which involves children in drama. The researcher uses a technique called 'split-briefing' to provide children with first-hand experience of first-and second-order false belief. Simplified versions of the two false belief story scenarios are then used with children with severe learning difficulties to investigate their abilities to represent first-and second-order false belief. The relationship between children's scores on belief attribution tasks and their scores on tests of non-verbal intellectual reasoning (Ravens Coloured Matrices) and receptive language ability (TROG) is also examined in this study. The third section outlines the findings of a questionnaire-based study examining parental reports of spontaneous internal state use by two groups of children: non-learning disabled children aged 1-5 years and pupils with Down's Syndrome aged 4-19 years with severe learning difficulties. 'Internal state language' is language which refers to intentions, cognitions and feeling states (Bretherton and Beeghly, 1981). This is followed by a further investigation of internal state language among a group of students with severe learning difficulties. This study uses a series of playlets written by the author to provide students with an interactive, participatory medium in which to draw their attention to people's internal states. The thesis concludes with a final statement on research into the social-cognitive development of children with severe learning difficulties, with recommendations for future research and intervention.

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Um dos distúrbios genéticos de maior prevalência a nível mundial, sem distinção de raça, sexo ou etnia é a Síndrome de Down. Essa síndrome é causada por uma cópia extra do cromossomo 21 humano e trata-se de um distúrbio relativamente comum que afeta um entre 700 a 1000 nascidos vivos, sendo a causa mais frequente de dificuldade de aprendizagem. Indivíduos que apresentam a síndrome costumam apresentar um grau de dependência com relação aos pais/cuidadores. Atualmente, há poucos estudos remetendo a importância da saúde bucal na percepção de qualidade de vida em geral de cuidadores de indivíduos com síndrome de Down. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as condições de saúde geral e bucal de cuidadores de indivíduos com síndrome de Down e a relação com sua qualidade de vida. Métodos: O presente estudo caracterizou-se como um estudo transversal, cuja amostra foi de 55 cuidadores de indivíduos com síndrome de Down comparados com 55 indivíduos cuidadores de indivíduos sem a síndrome. Foi realizado exame clínico bucal em todos os participantes, e os mesmos responderam um questionário estruturado para avaliar dados sociodemográficos e qualidade de vida (WHOQOLBREF), que é dividido em quatro domínios: físico, psicológico, social e meio-ambiente. As variáveis foram avaliadas por meio de análise bivariada. Resultados: Com relação à saúde bucal, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos estudados, exceto nas variáveis uso de prótese e Índice de sangramento gengival. O grupo Cuidadores SD apresentou número maior de usuários de prótese, e maiores valores de ISG (p<0,05). Com relação à qualidade de vida, o uso de prótese foi associado domínio físico do WHOQOL-BREFe as variáveis doença crônica e renda foram signitivamente associadas ao domínio social para ambos os grupos. Conclusão: Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que as condições de saúde bucal de Cuidadores SD e Cuidadores C foram similares, mostrando que não houve influência do tipo de indivíduo cuidado. O mesmo foi verificado em relação à qualidade de vida. Entretanto para ambos os cuidadores, ter doença crônica, uma menor renda e não utilizar prótese foram associados com uma menor qualidade de vida. / One of the most prevalent genetic disorders worldwide, regardless of race, gender or ethnicity, is Down Syndrome. This syndrome is caused by an extra copy of human chromosome 21 and is a relatively common disorder that affects one in 700 to 1000 live births, being the most frequent cause of learning difficulty. Individuals who present the syndrome usually have a degree of dependence on parents / caregivers. Currently, there are few studies mentioning the importance of oral health in the perception of quality of life in general of caregivers of individuals with Down syndrome. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the general and oral health conditions of caregivers of individuals with Down syndrome and the relation with their quality of life. Methods: The present study was characterized as a cross-sectional study, with 55 caregivers of Down syndrome individuals compared to 55 caregivers of individuals without the syndrome. Oral examination was performed in all participants, and they answered a structured questionnaire to evaluate sociodemographic data and quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF), which is divided into four domains: physical, psychological, social and environmental. The variables were evaluated through bivariate analysis. Results: Regarding oral health, no significant differences were found between the two groups, except for the variables use of prosthesis and gingival bleeding index. The Caregivers SD group presented higher number of prosthesis users, and higher ISG values (p <0.05). With regard to quality of life, prosthesis use was associated with the physical domain of the WHOQOL-BREF. The variables chronic illness and income were significantly associated with the social domain for both groups. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that the oral health conditions of Caregivers SD and Caregivers C were similar, showing that there was no influence of the caregiver type. The same was true for quality of life. However for both caregivers, having chronic disease, lower income and not using prosthesis were associated with a lower quality of life.

Submitted by TAHENA SILVA FERREIRA null (tahena_sf@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-10T15:09:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao com correcoes apos defesa_24-07-17.pdf: 1293788 bytes, checksum: 68a919fab3a3a8499bbc31493ce8fc05 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-08-15T19:42:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_ts_me_bauru.pdf: 1293788 bytes, checksum: 68a919fab3a3a8499bbc31493ce8fc05 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-15T19:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_ts_me_bauru.pdf: 1293788 bytes, checksum: 68a919fab3a3a8499bbc31493ce8fc05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-13 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A literatura aponta que uma interação satisfatória entre mãe e filho pode ser considerada um preditor do bom desenvolvimento infantil, pois, pode atenuar os efeitos dos fatores de risco. A chegada de um bebê que apresente algum tipo de deficiência, pode se configurar em um momento de tensão para essa mãe, pois requer adaptações e apresenta desafios ainda mais intensos. Dentre as inúmeras condições que podem afetar a infância, a Síndrome de Down (SD) destaca-se por provocar alterações globais no desenvolvimento e ter uma alta incidência na população mundial e nacional. O presente trabalho objetivou descrever, comparar e correlacionar os comportamentos interativos e não-interativos infantis e maternos, considerando os grupos de mães e bebê com e sem SD, com base em grandes categorias e subcategorias comportamentais. Participaram do estudo, 50 díades mãe-bebê com idade entre quatro e seis meses, divididas em dois grupos: 25 mães e seus bebês com SD e 25 mães e seus bebês sem SD. Foi utilizado um Instrumento para Coleta de Informações Sociodemográficas (ICIS) elaborado para este estudo e para análise da interação mãe-bebê foi utilizado o Sistema de Codificação da Interação Mãe-Criança Revisado (CITMI-R), versão brasileira, adaptado de Alvarenga e Cerezzo (2013). O instrumento prevê categorias gerais, referentes aos comportamentos infantis (interativos: Aproximação Social Positiva, Negativa e Neutra e, nãointerativos: Jogo, Regulação, Choro ou Protesto, Apatia e Movimentos de Protesto) e, referentes ao comportamento materno (interativos: Sensível Positivo, Negativo e Neutro e, nãointerativos: Protetivo e não responsivo). Os resultados apontaram que embora o grupo de mães de bebês sem SD tenha apresentado maior variabilidade comportamental, os grupos não apresentaram diferenças qualitativas significativas nos comportamentos analisados. Em relação aos comportamentos infantis, ainda que tenham sido observadas diferenças, elas não foram estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos. Considerando os comportamentos maternos, as diferenças estatísticas demostraram que as mães do G1 são mais Sensíveis Positivas (utilizaram mais sorrisos, vocalizações com conteúdo positivo e brinquedos), enquanto as mães do G2 são mais Sensíveis Neutras e Negativas (utilizaram mais vocalizações com conteúdo neutro, interromperam mais o fluxo de atividade de seus filhos com toques bruscos e olharam mais para outros locais da sala). Verificou-se ainda que o comportamento positivo emitido por um dos integrantes da díade criou condições favoráveis para que o outro integrante apresentasse comportamentos dessa mesma ordem. Concluiu-se que a similaridade dos comportamentos infantis apresentados pelos grupos possa ter ocorrido em função da adaptação materna frente as dificuldades dos bebês com SD, visto que, na presente amostra, todas as mães contavam com uma rede de apoio ofertada pelas instituições nas quais seus filhos eram assistidos. Diante disso, as limitações do presente estudo estiveram se referem a faixa etária específica dos bebês que compuseram a amostra (quatro a seis meses) e a atenção especializada dirigida às mães de bebês com SD. Por fim, é reconhecida a necessidade de novos estudos, especialmente longitudinais, com a ampliação da amostra e que considerem variáveis como: contato visual, sorriso, saúde mental materna e rede de apoio. / The literature indicates that a satisfactory interaction between mother and child can be considered a predictor of child development and may attenuate the risk factors. The arrival of a baby that presents some type of disability, can be configured in a moment of tension for this mother, because it requires adaptations and presents even more intense challenges. Among the many conditions that can affect childhood, Down Syndrome (DS) stands out because it causes global changes in development and presents a high incidence in the world and national population. The present work aimed to describe, compare and correlate the interactive and noninteractive infant and maternal behaviors, considering the groups of mothers and babies with and without SD, based on behavioral categories and subcategories. Participated in the study, 50 mothers and their infants between four and six months of age, divided into two groups: 25 mothers and their babies with SD and 25 mothers and their babies without SD. An Instrument for Collecting Sociodemographic Information (ICIS), prepared for this study was used and for the analysis of the interaction, Early Mother-Child Interaction Coding System (CITMI-R), Brazilian version, adapted from Alvarenga and Cerezzo (2013). The instrument provides for general categories related to children's behaviors (interactive: Positive Social Approach, Negative and Neutral and noninteractive: Game, Regulation, Cry or Protest, Apathy and Protest Movements) and, referring to maternal behavior (interactive: Sensitive Positive, Negative and Neutral and non-interactive: Protective and non-responsive). The results showed that although the group of mothers of infants without SD had higher behavioral variability, the groups did not show marked qualitative differences in the behaviors analyzed. Regarding children's behaviors, although differences were observed, they were not statistically significant between the groups. Concerning maternal behaviors, statistical differences showed that G1 mothers are more Sensitive Positives (they used more smiles, positive containing vocalizations and toys), while G2 mothers are more Neutral and Negative Sensitive (they used more neutral vocalizations, they interrupted more the activity flow of their children with abrupt touches and looked more to other places in the room). It was also verified that positive behaviors emitted by one of the members of the dyad created favorable conditions for the other member to present behaviors of the same order. It was concluded that the similarity of the children's behaviors presented by the groups may have occurred due to the maternal adaptation to the difficulties of the infants with DS, since in the present sample all mothers had a support network offered by the institutions in which their children were assisted. Therefore, the limitations of the present study were related to the specific age range of the babies composing the sample (four to six months) and the specialized attention directed to the mothers of infants with DS. Finally, the need for further studies, especially longitudinal ones, with the widening of the sample and considering variables such as: eye contact, smile, maternal mental health and support network is recognized. / FAPESP: 2015/11205-8

Um dos distúrbios genéticos de maior prevalência a nível mundial, sem distinção de raça, sexo ou etnia é a Síndrome de Down. Essa síndrome é causada por uma cópia extra do cromossomo 21 humano e trata-se de um distúrbio relativamente comum que afeta um entre 700 a 1000 nascidos vivos, sendo a causa mais frequente de dificuldade de aprendizagem. Indivíduos que apresentam a síndrome costumam apresentar um grau de dependência com relação aos pais/cuidadores. Atualmente, há poucos estudos remetendo a importância da saúde bucal na percepção de qualidade de vida em geral de cuidadores de indivíduos com síndrome de Down. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as condições de saúde geral e bucal de cuidadores de indivíduos com síndrome de Down e a relação com sua qualidade de vida. Métodos: O presente estudo caracterizou-se como um estudo transversal, cuja amostra foi de 55 cuidadores de indivíduos com síndrome de Down comparados com 55 indivíduos cuidadores de indivíduos sem a síndrome. Foi realizado exame clínico bucal em todos os participantes, e os mesmos responderam um questionário estruturado para avaliar dados sociodemográficos e qualidade de vida (WHOQOLBREF), que é dividido em quatro domínios: físico, psicológico, social e meio-ambiente. As variáveis foram avaliadas por meio de análise bivariada. Resultados: Com relação à saúde bucal, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos estudados, exceto nas variáveis uso de prótese e Índice de sangramento gengival. O grupo Cuidadores SD apresentou número maior de usuários de prótese, e maiores valores de ISG (p<0,05). Com relação à qualidade de vida, o uso de prótese foi associado domínio físico do WHOQOL-BREFe as variáveis doença crônica e renda foram signitivamente associadas ao domínio social para ambos os grupos. Conclusão: Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que as condições de saúde bucal de Cuidadores SD e Cuidadores C foram similares, mostrando que não houve influência do tipo de indivíduo cuidado. O mesmo foi verificado em relação à qualidade de vida. Entretanto para ambos os cuidadores, ter doença crônica, uma menor renda e não utilizar prótese foram associados com uma menor qualidade de vida. / One of the most prevalent genetic disorders worldwide, regardless of race, gender or ethnicity, is Down Syndrome. This syndrome is caused by an extra copy of human chromosome 21 and is a relatively common disorder that affects one in 700 to 1000 live births, being the most frequent cause of learning difficulty. Individuals who present the syndrome usually have a degree of dependence on parents / caregivers. Currently, there are few studies mentioning the importance of oral health in the perception of quality of life in general of caregivers of individuals with Down syndrome. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the general and oral health conditions of caregivers of individuals with Down syndrome and the relation with their quality of life. Methods: The present study was characterized as a cross-sectional study, with 55 caregivers of Down syndrome individuals compared to 55 caregivers of individuals without the syndrome. Oral examination was performed in all participants, and they answered a structured questionnaire to evaluate sociodemographic data and quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF), which is divided into four domains: physical, psychological, social and environmental. The variables were evaluated through bivariate analysis. Results: Regarding oral health, no significant differences were found between the two groups, except for the variables use of prosthesis and gingival bleeding index. The Caregivers SD group presented higher number of prosthesis users, and higher ISG values (p <0.05). With regard to quality of life, prosthesis use was associated with the physical domain of the WHOQOL-BREF. The variables chronic illness and income were significantly associated with the social domain for both groups. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that the oral health conditions of Caregivers SD and Caregivers C were similar, showing that there was no influence of the caregiver type. The same was true for quality of life. However for both caregivers, having chronic disease, lower income and not using prosthesis were associated with a lower quality of life.

This research had as method a case study with qualitative approach, whose objective was to analyze the learning of the Decimal Numbering System and Elementary Mahematical Problem Solving of a student with Down syndrome, enrolled in the first year of elementary school in a private school network in the city of Aracaju. The study was divided into the following steps: bibliographical survey, interviews with teachers and legal guardian of the child, besides 36 hours of observations and 80 hours of interventions. The theoretical support for Down syndrome was elaborated from the studies of Siegfried Pueschel and José Salomão Schwartzan; the interviews, observations and interventions were based on the concepts of Heraldo Marelim Vianna and Marli Eliza D. A. de André. The pedagogical activities developed in the interventions were based on the experiences of Constance Kamii, Leo Akio Yokoyama and Jean Piaget's theory of mental development. We considered the cognitive limitations caused by trisomy on chromosome 21, which can interfere in the learning process of the mathematical contents of people with this intellectual deficiency, reason why the activities worked on the interventions had the objective of understand the student's mental development, mainly in the counting procedure and in the associotion of number of objects with the corresponding number. In this perspective, manipulable materials, calculating machines, games and the architectural structure of the school (staircase) were used in order to mobilize the student in learning of the elementary knowledge of Mathematics. The use of the materials and resources served as facilitators in the student's approximation with the mathematical contents such as quantify and in the counting procedure. The cognitive difficulties of the observed child were and are gradually being administered, with significant advances in the specifics that are peculiar to the people with this deficiency, for example: concentration, continuity and finalization of the activities. The systematization of the activities, the concrete materials associated to the social functions of Mathematics, the teacher's mediation contributed to increase the cognitive level and facilitated the understanding of the decimal number system of the child with Down syndrome in question. The studies on the subject have not been exhausted, the need for continuity of research in this area, which could guide the activities of people involved in the process of developing the mathematical learning of people with intellectual disabilities, is unquestionable. / Esta pesquisa teve como método um estudo de caso com abordagem qualitativa, cujo objetivo foi analisar a aprendizagem do Sistema de Numeração Decimal e Resolução de Problemas elementares da Matemática do dia a dia por um aluno com síndrome de Down, matriculado no primeiro ano do ensino fundamental de um colégio da rede particular de ensino na cidade de Aracaju. O estudo foi dividido nas seguintes etapas: levantamento bibliográfico, aplicação de entrevistas com professores e tutor legal da criança, além de 36 horas de observações e 80 horas de intervenções. O suporte teórico sobre a síndrome de Down foi elaborado a partir dos estudos de Siegfried Pueschel e José Salomão Schwartzan; as entrevistas, observações e intervenções basearam-se nos conceitos de Heraldo Marelim Vianna e Marli Eliza D. A. de André. As atividades pedagógicas desenvolvidas nas intervenções foram pautadas nas experiências de Constance Kamii, Leo Akio Yokoyama e teoria de desenvolvimento mental de Jean Piaget. Foram consideradas as limitações cognitivas causadas pela trissomia no cromossomo 21, as quais podem interferir no processo de aprendizagem dos conteúdos matemáticos das pessoas com essa deficiência intelectual, razão pela qual as atividades trabalhadas nas intervenções tentaram entender o desenvolvimento mental do aluno, principalmente no procedimento de contagem e na associação de quantidade dos objetos ao número correspondente. Nessa perspectiva, foram utilizados materiais manipuláveis, máquina de calcular, jogos e a estrutura arquitetônica do colégio (escadaria), com vistas a mobilizar o aluno no aprendizado dos saberes elementares da Matemática. A utilização dos materiais e recursos serviu de facilitadores na aproximação do aluno com os conteúdos matemáticos como quantificar e no procedimento de contagem. As dificuldades cognitivas da criança observada foram e estão sendo paulatinamente administradas, com avanços significantes diante das especificidades que são peculiares às pessoas com essa deficiência, a exemplo: concentração, continuidade e finalização das atividades. A sistematização das atividades, os materiais concretos associados às funções sociais da Matemática, a mediação da professora contribuiu para aumentar o nível cognitivo e facilitaram a compreensão do sistema de numeração decimal da criança com Síndrome de Down em questão. Os estudos sobre o tema não se esgotaram, é inquestionável a necessidade de prosseguir com a pesquisa, que poderá nortear as atividades das pessoas envolvidas no processo de desenvolvimento da aprendizagem dos saberes matemáticos das pessoas com deficiência intelectual. / São Cristóvão, SE

Orientador: Gil Lucio Almeida / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T18:24:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_RegianeLuz_D.pdf: 2608751 bytes, checksum: ce9d54702e5b3dae42169737d4eb3c81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o papel e a integração das informações sensoriais em indivíduos neurologicamente normais e portadores da síndrome de Down durante a manutenção do equilíbrio em condição de grande instabilidade. Métodos: Participaram deste estudo 8 sujeitos portadores da síndrome de Down (SD) pareados por sexo e idade com o grupo controle que balançaram em uma gangorra de 60cm de raio com combinação de 3 alturas (7,12 e 17cm). As informações sensoriais foram manipuladas pela oclusão da visão, aplicação da estimulação galvânica nos processos mastóideos e vibração no tendão de Aquiles. Os ângulos das articulações do quadril, joelho e tornozelo e a atividade eletromiográfica de alguns músculos da perna e do tronco foram registrados. Resultados: Na ausência de manipulação sensorial os dois grupos analisados mantiveram o equilíbrio na gangorra utilizando principalmente o deslocamento e contração dos músculos do tornozelo. Os indivíduos controle adotaram um padrão alternado de ativação muscular, sendo que a magnitude da resposta postural foi modulada com a altura da gangorra. Em contrapartida os indivíduos portadores da SD apresentaram um padrão generalizado de cocontração e não foram de capazes de modular sua resposta com a demanda mecânica da tarefa. No grupo controle a estimulação galvânica reduziu a magnitude da resposta muscular, mas não alterou o padrão alternado de contração. Já a vibração alterou este padrão de ativação, tornando-o de certa forma semelhante ao observado nos indivíduos portadores da SD. Nos indivíduos portadores da SD a estimulação galvânica reduziu significantemente a habilidade de manutenção do equilíbrio na gangorra, ao passo que a vibração não alterou nem o equilíbrio nem a estratégia postural. Discussão. Os indivíduos controle se adaptaram a redução de uma modalidade sensorial. A perda da modulação do padrão alternado com a vibração indicou a grande importância da propriocepção na elaboração de respostas coordenadas ao nível do tornozelo. Por outro lado, os indivíduos portadores da SD apresentaram déficits na elaboração das respostas posturais. A perda do equilíbrio com a estimulação galvânica e a falta de efeito da vibração nos permite sugerir que, devido a déficits proprioceptivos a importância destas informações é reduzida acarretando em um aumento da importância das informações vestibulares durante o balanço na gangorra / Abstract: Introduction: The main of this study was investigates the sensory integration and function in neurological (CG) and Down syndrome (DS) subjects during balance on unstable seesaw. Methods: Eight individuals with DS and eight CG were studied. Six balancing conditions were collected combining 3 seesaw heights and two manipulations: Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS) and Achilles tendon vibration. The angles and EMG activities of the some leg and trunk muscles were collected. Results: The CG adopted an alternated pattern of ankle muscle activation during balance and modulated the balance with the seesaw height. The individuals with DS showed the co-contraction muscle pattern during balance and were not able to modulate the muscle answer with the seesaw height. The GVS did not affect CG pattern of muscle contraction although the muscle activation has been partially inhibit. However the detriment of reciprocal pattern was observed due to vibration and under this perceptual condition the control subjects adopted a muscle pattern that remember the ones used by individuals with DS. On the other hand, individuals with DS lack the ability to keep balance during the vestibular manipulation and were no affected by vibration. Discussion: The CNS of CG rapidly assess and re-weigh available sensory inputs, assuring the balance success. On the other hand, individuals with DS showed a deficit in the mechanism responsible to elicit an appropriate postural response. They increased the postural response with GVS and decreased with vibration. This fact may indicate that because of proprioceptive dysfunctions the individuals with DS re-weigh the organization of sensory systems increasing the importance of vestibular system and decreasing the proprioceptive importance / Doutorado / Fisiologia / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Um dos distúrbios genéticos de maior prevalência a nível mundial, sem distinção de raça, sexo ou etnia é a Síndrome de Down. Essa síndrome é causada por uma cópia extra do cromossomo 21 humano e trata-se de um distúrbio relativamente comum que afeta um entre 700 a 1000 nascidos vivos, sendo a causa mais frequente de dificuldade de aprendizagem. Indivíduos que apresentam a síndrome costumam apresentar um grau de dependência com relação aos pais/cuidadores. Atualmente, há poucos estudos remetendo a importância da saúde bucal na percepção de qualidade de vida em geral de cuidadores de indivíduos com síndrome de Down. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as condições de saúde geral e bucal de cuidadores de indivíduos com síndrome de Down e a relação com sua qualidade de vida. Métodos: O presente estudo caracterizou-se como um estudo transversal, cuja amostra foi de 55 cuidadores de indivíduos com síndrome de Down comparados com 55 indivíduos cuidadores de indivíduos sem a síndrome. Foi realizado exame clínico bucal em todos os participantes, e os mesmos responderam um questionário estruturado para avaliar dados sociodemográficos e qualidade de vida (WHOQOLBREF), que é dividido em quatro domínios: físico, psicológico, social e meio-ambiente. As variáveis foram avaliadas por meio de análise bivariada. Resultados: Com relação à saúde bucal, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos estudados, exceto nas variáveis uso de prótese e Índice de sangramento gengival. O grupo Cuidadores SD apresentou número maior de usuários de prótese, e maiores valores de ISG (p<0,05). Com relação à qualidade de vida, o uso de prótese foi associado domínio físico do WHOQOL-BREFe as variáveis doença crônica e renda foram signitivamente associadas ao domínio social para ambos os grupos. Conclusão: Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que as condições de saúde bucal de Cuidadores SD e Cuidadores C foram similares, mostrando que não houve influência do tipo de indivíduo cuidado. O mesmo foi verificado em relação à qualidade de vida. Entretanto para ambos os cuidadores, ter doença crônica, uma menor renda e não utilizar prótese foram associados com uma menor qualidade de vida. / One of the most prevalent genetic disorders worldwide, regardless of race, gender or ethnicity, is Down Syndrome. This syndrome is caused by an extra copy of human chromosome 21 and is a relatively common disorder that affects one in 700 to 1000 live births, being the most frequent cause of learning difficulty. Individuals who present the syndrome usually have a degree of dependence on parents / caregivers. Currently, there are few studies mentioning the importance of oral health in the perception of quality of life in general of caregivers of individuals with Down syndrome. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the general and oral health conditions of caregivers of individuals with Down syndrome and the relation with their quality of life. Methods: The present study was characterized as a cross-sectional study, with 55 caregivers of Down syndrome individuals compared to 55 caregivers of individuals without the syndrome. Oral examination was performed in all participants, and they answered a structured questionnaire to evaluate sociodemographic data and quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF), which is divided into four domains: physical, psychological, social and environmental. The variables were evaluated through bivariate analysis. Results: Regarding oral health, no significant differences were found between the two groups, except for the variables use of prosthesis and gingival bleeding index. The Caregivers SD group presented higher number of prosthesis users, and higher ISG values (p <0.05). With regard to quality of life, prosthesis use was associated with the physical domain of the WHOQOL-BREF. The variables chronic illness and income were significantly associated with the social domain for both groups. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that the oral health conditions of Caregivers SD and Caregivers C were similar, showing that there was no influence of the caregiver type. The same was true for quality of life. However for both caregivers, having chronic disease, lower income and not using prosthesis were associated with a lower quality of life.