Real world exposures to physiologically and/or psychologically stressful environments are often multifactorial. For example, high-altitude typically combines exposure to hypobaric hypoxia, solar radiation and cold ambient temperatures, while sea level thermal stress is often combined with supplementary or transient stressors such as rain, solar radiation and wind. In such complex environments, the effect of one stressor on performance may be subject to change, simply due to the presence of another independent stressor. Such differential influences can occur in three basic forms; additive, antagonistic and synergistic, each term defining a fundamental concept of inter-parameter interactions. As well as the natural occurrence of stressors in combination, understanding interactions is fundamental to experimentally modelling how multiple physiological strains integrate in their influence on or regulation of - exercise intensity. In this thesis the current literature on neuromuscular fatigue and the influence of thermal and hypoxic stress is reviewed (Chapter 1). This is followed by an outline of the methodological developments used in the subsequent experiments (Chapter 2). In the first experimental study (Chapter 3) a novel approach was adopted to investigate the combined effect of muscle cooling and hypoxia on neuromuscular fatigue in humans. The results showed that the neuromuscular system s maximal force generating capacity declined by 8.1 and 13.9% during independent cold and hypoxic stress compared to control. Force generation decreased by 21.4% during combined hypoxic-cold compared to control, closely matching the additive value of hypoxia and cold individually (22%). This was also reflected in the measurement of mechanical fatigue (electromechanical ratio), demonstrating an additive response during combined hypoxic-cold. From this study, it was concluded that when moderate hypoxia and cold environmental temperatures are combined during low intensity exercise, the level of fatigue increases additively with no interaction between these stressors. Before conducting a more complex investigation on combined stressors, a better understanding of the role of muscle temperature on central fatigue - i.e. voluntary muscle activation via the afferent signalling pathways was sought. The focus of Chapter 4 was to quantify the relationship between muscle temperature and voluntary muscle activation (central fatigue) across a wide range of temperatures. The primary finding was that different muscle temperatures can induce significant changes in voluntary activation (0.5% reduction per-degree-centigrade increase in muscle temperature) when neural drive is sustained for a prolonged effort (e.g. 120-s); however this effect is not exhibited during efforts that are brief in duration (e.g. 3-s). To further explore this finding, Chapter 5 investigated the effect of metaboreceptive feedback at two different muscle temperatures, using post-exercise muscle ischemia, on voluntary activation of a remote muscle group. The results showed that at the same perceived mental effort, peripheral limb discomfort was significantly higher with increasing muscle temperature (2% increase per-degree-centigrade increase). However any influence of increased muscle temperature on leg muscle metaboreceptive feedback did not appear to inhibit voluntary muscle activation - i.e. central control - of a remote muscle group, as represented by an equal force output and voluntary activation in the thermoneutral, contralateral leg. In Chapter 6, the psycho-sensory effects of changes in muscle temperature on central fatigue during dynamic exercise were investigated. During sustained dynamic exercise, fatigue development appeared to occur at a faster rate in hot muscle (4% increase per-degree-centigrade increase) leading to a nullification of the beneficial effects of increased muscle temperature on peak power output after a period of ~60-s maximal exercise. In support of previous studies using isometric exercise (Chapter 4 and 6), participants reported significantly higher muscular pain and discomfort in hot muscle compared to cooler muscle during dynamic exercise (2 and 1% increase per-degree-centigrade increase respectively), however this did not result in a lower power output. From Chapters 4, 5 and 6 it was concluded that in addition to faster rates of metabolite accumulation due to cardiovascular strain, it is possible that a direct sensitisation of the metaboreceptive group III and IV muscle afferents occurs in warmer muscle. This likely contributes to the reduction in voluntary muscle activation during exercise in the heat, while it may attenuate central fatigue in the cold. It was also interpreted that muscle afferents may have a similar signalling role to cutaneous sensory afferents; the latter of which are recognised for their role in providing thermal feedback to the cognitive-behavioural centres of the brain and aiding exercise regulation under thermal stress. The impact of body core and active muscle temperature on voluntary muscle activation represented a similar ratio (5 to 1 respectively) to the temperature manipulated (single leg) to non-temperature manipulated mass (rest of body) in Chapters 4, 5 and 6. This indicates that voluntary muscle activation may also be regulated based on a central meta-representation of total body heat content i.e. the summed firing rates of all activated thermoreceptors in the brain, skin, muscle, viscera and spine. Building on the initial findings of Chapter 3, Chapter 7 investigated the causative factors behind the expression of different interaction types during exposure to multi-stressor environments. This was achieved by studying the interaction between thermal stress and hypoxia on the rate of peripheral and central fatigue development during a high intensity bout of knee extension exercise to exhaustion. The results showed that during combined exposure to moderate hypoxia and mild cold, the reductions in time to exhaustion were additive of the relative effects of hypoxia and cold independently. This differs from the findings in Chapter 3, in which fatigue was additive of the absolute effects of cold and hypoxia. In contrast, combining moderate hypoxia with severe heat stress resulted in a significant antagonistic interaction on both the absolute and relative reductions in time to exhaustion i.e. the combined effect being significantly less than the sum of the individual effects. Based on the results in Chapter 7, a quantitative paradigm for understanding of systematic integration of multifactorial stressors was proposed. This is, that the interaction type between stressors is influenced by the impact magnitude of the individual stressors effect on exercise capacity, whereby the greater the stressors impact, the greater the probability that one stressor will be cancelled out by the other. This is the first study to experimentally model the overarching principles characterising the presence of simultaneous physiological strains, suggesting multifactorial integration be subject to the worst strain takes precedence when the individual strains are severe.

Abstract: The content of this thesis is the creation of strategy of a med-sized business company. This strategy is elaborated on three time horizons: . 1. Short-term strategies - end of 2014 2. Medium-term Strategy - end 2015 ( 3 years ) 3. Long-term strategy - the end of the year 2018 ( 5 years). The primary indicator of the success of the planned strategy is : The projected sales volume Achieved market share. This thesis consists of two parts. The first part contains theoretical knowledge needed to develop this strategy. The theoretical part is followed by the practical part, which focuses on the description of the company, including corporate portfolio analysis, timing and objectives for which this strategy is intended . The strategy is based on an analysis of the market in which we operate and sell our products, existing and potential clients who are located here and competition that operate here. Follow-up action plan for each country, along with resource requirements to achieve this plan will allow to achieve the objectives set out in this strategy.

Good neighbourhood shopping streets have long been significant in their ability to provide goods and services within walking distance of neighbourhood residents, to create a rich public realm, and to foster a sense of community. Far removed from their past as streetcar strips, the neighbourhood shopping street is once again being looked at as an important element of the urban environment. The purpose of this thesis is to determine the characteristics of good neighbourhood shopping streets and to examine these characteristics in the context of two Vancouver case studies—Commercial Drive and West 41st Avenue. Based on a review of planning, urban design, and landscape architecture literature, the fundamental principles of good neighbourhood shopping streets are revealed. Specifically, a good neighbourhood shopping street is accessible, comfortable, sociable, a place, adaptable, beautiful, and diverse. Flowing from these principles, and the means to them, are the characteristics of good neighbourhood shopping streets—buildings that relate to the street, good walking facilities, pedestrian amenities, traffic management, street activity, neighbourhood goods and services, maintenance, supportive neighbourhood context, and supportive government. The research suggests that real-life neighbourhood shopping streets rarely have all the characteristics that the literature holds as ideal. Rather, some characteristics— buildings that relate to the street, street activity, neighbourhood goods and services, a supportive neighbourhood context, and supportive government—appear as fundamental to good neighbourhood shopping streets but are exhibited to varying degrees. More specifically, the case studies help illustrate what particular elements are either essential or helpful, creating a checklist that other streets can benefit from. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Inledning: Vilka drivkrafter manifesta och latenta får den blivande terapeuten att påbörja och gå vägen till att bli terapeut? Vilka drivkrafter driver vidare? Hur kan de latenta drivkrafterna nås och förstås? Syftet med studien är att utforska drivkrafterna och betydelsen av en psykoterapeutisk process.  Frågeställningar: Hur beskriver terapeuten sina drivkrafter på sin väg att bli terapeut? Bildar drivkrafterna något mönster? Vilken betydelse har en psykoterapeutisk process på vägen att bli psykoterapeut?  Metod: Studien är en hermeneutisk fenomenologisk studie ur ett narrativt perspektiv. Den har genomförts som semistrukturerade djupintervjuer med öppna grundfrågor. Det insamlade materialet har efter att ha analyserats samlats i teman.  Resultat: Under arbetets gång har ett mönster blivit allt tydligare: drivkrafterna tillsammans med den existentiella kampen mellan ratio, ett rationellt förnuft och en emotionell sanning är en psykoterapeutisk process. Diskussion: Tillsammans ger drivkrafterna bilden av kampen mellan ratio, det rationella förnuftets sanning och känslans, den emotionella sanningen. Det är också bilden av den psykoterapeutiska processen som väg och nav i utbildningen och i livet, ett personligt integrationsarbete av teori, erfarenhet och metod. Detta åskådliggörs i uppsatsens text av de i de teoretiskt logiskt resonerande avsnitten som små pilar inskjutna lyrikcitaten, ett synliggörande av den emotionella sidan i människan, inflätad i det logiska, rationella tänkandet. Denna process är en reparation, ett försonings- och läkningsarbete intrapsykiskt och interpersonellt. Det är en självgranskning och ett personligt integrationsarbete, en integration av teori, metod, erfarenhet och personlighet som blir en väg till identitetsförståelse. Den psykoterapeutiska processen med egenterapi och handledning leder vidare och djupare i ett sökande efter drivkraftens upphov, dess grund och rotfäste: en väg med ett mål, men utan ände. / Introduction: What forces, apparent and hidden drive the future psychotherapist to take the first steps on the path to become a therapist and what forces drive hir to continue?. The aim of the study is to explore these impelling/motivating forces and the relevance of psychological process on that path.  Questions: How does the therapist describe these forces on hir way to become a therapist?Do they form a pattern to analyse? What is the relevance of a psychotherapeutic process on that path? Method: The study is hermeneutic, phenomenological in a narrative perspective, based on semi structured interviews in depth with open questions. The resulting material was organized in themes.   Results: While working with the study an emerging pattern has become clearer: the impelling forces, interlaced with the existential struggle between ratio, rational reasoning and emotional truth can be interpreted as a psychotherapeutic process.   Discussion: The impelling forces in the study give together a picture of life’s fundamental struggle between ratio, intellectual reasoning and emotional truth. These forces also give the picture of the therapeutic process as a path and hub in the therapists training and life, an individual, personal labour of integrating theory, experience and method. The use of poetic citations, little arrows in the theoretical, logical texts in the study illustrate the emotional side of the human being interlaced with the logical and rational. This process is a task of mending, reconciliation and healing. It means selfexamination, a personal integration of theory, experience and personality leading to a sense of identity. The psychotherapeutic process with personal therapy and counselling leads on to a further search for the origins of the compelling forces, their foundations and roots. A path with a goal but no end.

The aim of this thesis is to collectively define and analyze new business Volvo car strategy with regard to its growth ambitions and therefore comprehensively outline its future development of the automotive industry. Under this objective, I have primarily focused on several key areas of automaker's current direction, which were crucial for Volvo in the last few years.

Orientador: Robson Pederiva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T21:11:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Chagas_ClodoaldoBorges_M.pdf: 26402874 bytes, checksum: d4bfb8b718bb540f2313823b84724082 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Os sistemas de transmissão por correntes são umas das principais formas de se transmitir torque e potência entre eixos paralelos. A confiabilidade dos sistemas de transmissão por corrente na sincronização do eixo de manivelas e do eixo de comando de válvulas nas aplicações automotivas tem permitido seu emprego durante toda a vida útil do motor. A aparente vantagem no uso dos sistemas de corrente esconde algumas características indesejáveis inerentes a esse tipo de transmissão. Alguns fenômenos físicos como a "Ação Poligonal" a qual faz com que ocorra flutuação da razão entre as velocidades angulares do eixo movido e motriz, mesmo quando o eixo motriz está em velocidade angular constante, puderam ser modelados por meio da analise cinemática e validados experimentalmente em situações "quasi-estáticas". As guias de corrente são inicialmente elementos cuja principal função é atenuar as vibrações transversais da corrente. No entanto, o estudo desenvolvido constatou a guia como sendo um importante mecanismo cuja posição e geometria podem minimizar a flutuação da razão entre as velocidades angulares. Outro importante aspecto aponta a necessidade da existência de elementos com a capacidade de permitir um auto ajuste de posicionamento durante o ciclo de engate de um elo de corrente. Compreender o carregamento aplicado pela corrente sobre a guia tensora torna possível predizer o estado de tensão deste componente bem como o coeficiente de atrito entre corrente e guia. A interação dos resultados teóricos e experimentais puderam ser introduzidos em um software comercial de elementos finitos para determinação do estado de tensão da guia. Os resultados da extensometria aplicada na guia de corrente foi confrontada aos resultados deste software a fim de obter a validação dos modelos desenvolvidos no presente trabalho. O estudo dos modelos matemáticos em paralelo aos experimentos guiam o desenvolvimento do presente trabalho / Abstract: The chain transmission systems are among the most important ways to transfer power and torque between parallel axes. The reliability of the chain transmission systems for synchronizing the crank shaft and command shaft in the automotive engines allows that this type of transmission system can be employed during the whole life of the passenger car engine. This apparent advantage in the use of the chains hides some undesirable characteristics which are inherent to this kind of discrete system. Some physical phenomena such as cinematic analysis of the "Polygonal Action" which makes the ration between angular velocity of driven and driving axis fluctuate during a chain link engagement, even when the velocity of the driving shaft is at constant angular velocity. This fluctuation was modeled and experimental tests were carried out to validate the model for "quasi-static" situations. The chain guide and chain blades are initially elements which the main function is to hold the transversal vibration of the chain. The present study identified the chain guide profile and assembly position as an important helping component to minimize the fluctuation of angular velocity ratio between sprockets. Another important feature of the transmission system picks up the necessity of at least one of the system components has to be able to self-adjust during the engagement cycle. The comprehension of the contact forces which loads the chain blade by the chain becomes possible understanding the stress state of this component and determine the friction coefficient between chain and blade. The interaction of theoretical and experimental results were introduced as incomes at commercial finite element software to determine the stress state of this component. The measurements of the extensometers were compared to the commercial software to validate the mathematical models and simplification adopted in the present work. The mathematical model in parallel to the experimental procedures drive the development of the present work / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

SAMMANFATTNING  Syfte: Att kartlägga kvinnor och partners sexuella hälsa och parrelation efter barnafödande. Metod: En webbaserad prospektiv tvärsnittsstudie med kvantitativ ansats.Resultat: Enkäten besvarades av 134 deltagare. Deltagarna ansåg att relationen hade förändrats till det bättre efter barnafödandet. Trötthet var den övervägande orsaken till förändrad sexlust. Cirka 70% av deltagarna rapporterade att sexlivet inte var lika prioriterat som tidigare. Partners önskade sex tidigare än kvinnorna efter barnafödande. Cirka 90% av deltagarna hade haft sex efter förlossningen och lusten kom vanligtvis tillbaka inom sex månader. Majoriteten rapporterade att informationen från barnmorskan angående sexuell hälsa var otillräcklig.  Slutsats: Trötthet var den främsta orsaken till förändrat sexliv för både kvinnor och partners. Sexlivet var inte lika prioriterat som tidigare dock ansåg majoriteten av deltagarna att relationen förändrats till det bättre efter barnafödande. Barnmorskans information om sexuell hälsa ansågs otillräcklig.Kliniska implikationer: Genom att informera om sexuell hälsa och hur relationen kan förändras efter barnafödande på föräldragrupper, barnmorskemottagningar och barnavårdscentraler kan både kvinnan och partnern få en ökad kunskap samt förberedelse på förändringarna som väntar. / ABSTRACT  Aim: To map women's and partners' sexual health and relationship after childbirth. Method: A web-based prospective cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. Results: The survey was answered by 134 participants. The participants felt that the relationship had changed for the better after the delivery. Fatigue was the predominant cause of altered sex drive. About 70% of the participants reported that sex life was not as prioritized as before. The partners wanted sex earlier than the women after delivery. About 90% of the participants had had sex after delivery and the desire usually returned within six months. The majority reported that the information provided by the midwife regarding sexual health was insufficient.  Conclusion: Fatigue was the main cause of altered sex life. Sex life was not as prioritized as before, however, the majority of participants felt that the relationship changed for the better after childbirth. The midwife's information about sexual health was considered insufficient. Clinical implications: By addressing about sexual health and how the relationship can change after childbirth in parent groups, midwife clinics and the childcare center, both the woman and the partner can gain increased knowledge and preparation for the changes that await.

No description available.

Vom 8.6. bis 9.6.2017 fand im Rahmen des BHT das Fachkolloquium Elektrische Antriebstechnik statt. Das Freiherger Kolloquium Elektrische Antriebstechnik umfasst den Themenkreis elektrische Maschinen, elektrische Antriebe und Energiespeicher. Dabei sind Modellierung und Simulation von elektrischen Maschinen und Antrieben, Auslegung neuer Motorenkonzepte, thermische Untersuchungen an elektrischen Maschinen und Alterung der Energiespeicher die thematischen Schwerpunkte der Veranstaltung. Der Kolloquiumsband ist Herrn Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Ulrich Beckert zu semem 75. Geburtstag gewidmet.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22070号 / 工博第4651号 / 新制||工||1725(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科電気工学専攻 / (主査)教授 引原 隆士, 教授 土居 伸二, 特定教授 中村 武恒 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM