At present the number of drug addicted women who incidentally become pregnant is increasing. The children of such woman usually end in care of their grandparents, in infantile institutions and children homes. It is important to prevent unplanned and unwanted pregnancies in drug addicted women. Institutions providing service to drug addicted should concentrate on prevention of unplanned pregnancy. Women should be informed on risks of possible pregnancy in the context of their drug addiction. If a woman becomes pregnant and pregnancy is wanted it is necessary to enable a women treatment which would take into account the stay of a mother with a child. The impossibility of treatment of a mother with a child is a very discouraging factor of treatment. Most of drug addicted women are not willing to admit their drug addiction because they are afraid of losing a child. The cooperation of treatment facilities and gynaecology-maternity departments of hospitals should be common. With regard to the insufficient treatment facilities enabling common stay, it is not easy to ensure that a mother and her child start treatment in time. The more available the treatment for a mother the more probable is the mother ´s decision for the treatment. It is necessary to build the net of treatment facilities where mothers would be enabled to undergo the treatment with their children.

The work points to the possible causes of drug addiction, and how from drug addiction can be cured. What are the centers for drug addicts and what offering.Practical part is formed by using case studies with individuals who are addicted to marijuana and methamphetamine.

Bakgrund: Drogberoende patienters upplevda förmåga att hantera sitt drogberoende, antas påverka utfallet av vården. Self-efficacy förmodas spela en framträdande roll, tillsammans med sjuksköterskans förhållningsätt och stöd för denna patientgrupp.     Syfte: Att beskriva self-efficacy och dess roll vid påverkan på patienter med drogberoende.  Metod: Genom litteraturöversikt skapa en kunskapsöversikt över self-efficacys roll och påverkan på drogberoende patienter.   Resultat: Resultatet bekräftar self-efficacy som en viktig faktor, men att andra faktorer verkar självständigt och styrande i sitt förhållande till self-efficacy, i en komplex kontext. Andra viktiga faktorer utöver self-efficacy framkommer i resultatet, är socialt stöd och social kontext, kognitiva faktorer och psykisk hälsa, interventioner och behandling.  Slutsats: Self-efficacy är som faktor viktig och ingår i ett komplext sammanhang med andra faktorer. Self-efficacy framstår som en viktig faktor i sin roll för påverkan på de drogberoende patienterna. I detta sammanhang är sjuksköterskans personcentrerade förhållningssätt viktigt, för att genom ett evidensinformerat arbete sammanföra detta med den nödvändiga kunskapen som patienten har om sig själv och för att så stötta patienten på bästa sätt. Vidare omvårdnadsforskning bör göras på drogberoende patienters olika följdsjukdomar, tidiga interventioner och negativt behandlings utfall, med ett focus på self-efficacy. / Background:  Drug dependent patients perceived ability to deal with where drug addiction, are assumed to influence the outcome of care. Self-efficacy is likely to play a prominent role, together with the nurse's attitude and support for this group of patients.  Purpose:  To describe the role of self-efficacy and its effects on patients with drug dependence.  Method:  Through literature overview create a knowledge overview of self-efficacy’s effect on drug dependent patients.  Results:  The result confirms self-efficacy as an important factor, but other factors seems to be autonomous and self-governing in its relationship with self-efficacy, in a complex context. Other important factors that emerge in the result set in addition to selfefficacy are social support and social context, cognitive factors and mental health, interventions and treatment.  Conclusion:  Self-efficacy is as a factor important and are included in a complex context with other factors. Self-efficacy is emerging as an important factor in his role for the impact on the drug dependent patients. In this context, the nurse's personcentered approach is important, because with an evidence informed work combine this with the necessary knowledge that the patient has about himself and in so support the patient in the best way. Nursing research should be done on various sequelae of drug dependent patients, early interventions and negative treatment outcome, with a focus on self-efficacy.

The diploma thesis deals with the drug addiction issue, the circumstances that lead to drug addiction and most importantly the impact the drug addiction has on an individual. It also describes the behaviour of the drug addicted in different life situations and the impact of such behaviour; specifically the impact of behaviour of the drug addicted Romany on functioning of Romany families and communities. The aim of this thesis is to present drug-related issues of the Romany ethnic group, specific aspects of the behaviour of the drug addicted and the impact of such behaviour on their communities. Terminology related to the topic is defined and further described and drug addiction related issues of the Romany ethnic group are specified. As a part of the analysis there are semi-structured interviews which aim to describe, as authentically as possible, behaviour of the drug addicted Romany and to help people understand what kind of impact the Romany community perceive as the most urgent. Among the most important there are: the negative and condemning attitude of the older generation towards the drug addicted members; financial burden of the families of the drug addicted and prevailing negative attitude of the majority society towards the Romany as a whole, which is strengthened by the behaviour of the drug addicted and by higher rate of criminality among them.

過去50年，香港媒體有關藥物成癮的主要概念主要來自對海洛因(俗稱「白粉」)吸毒者的想像。「吸毒者」通常被視為「對工作和家庭不負責任」，並且被描繪成「以犯罪獲得金錢購買毒品來紓緩嚴重的斷癮症狀。」然而，近年來，大部份青少年吸毒者吸食軟性毒品如氯胺酮和搖頭丸，而非海洛因。對青少年吸毒者而言，在道德和醫學概念上的「吸毒」定義並不符合他們的毒品經驗，原因是他們在使用藥物後並無嚴重的斷癮症狀。這種傳統毒品觀念與青少年吸毒者經驗之間的「矛盾」對戒毒和預防教育產生很大障礙。 / 本研究旨在找出現有主流媒體、戒毒機構及青少年吸毒者對「吸毒」的詮釋。本研究首先對禁毒政策進行歷史分析，以找出禁毒政策和現有的道德和醫學毒品論述之間的關係。另外，本研究對1978年至2008年的100個禁毒廣告及由1979年至2009年的26部禁毒電視新聞紀錄片進行文本及論述分析，以整合過去30年來本地媒體所運用的毒品論述。再者，本研究在一所福音戒毒中心（基督教得生團契）及一間社區戒毒輔導中心（香港路德會青欣中心）分別進行14個月及10個月民族誌考察，以檢視社工及青少年吸毒者如何運用主流媒體流行的毒品論述。 / 本研究發現主流媒體經常使用一種包含道德及醫學論述的「過來人」敘事法(go through narrative)。這種敘事法主要以吸毒「過來人」作為關鍵主體，去描述吸毒者最「真實」的「浪子回頭」故事，並且組成了主流的「浪子回頭」論述(Prodigal Son Returns Home Discourse)，為吸毒者建立了一個「浪子」身份。另外，本研究亦發現媒體中常見的「過來人」敘事法亦常被社工及戒毒過來人應用，並將吸毒定性為生活方式問題。青少年吸毒者對主流論述的「浪子」身份表現出不同程度的適應，但這種敘述自我身份的靈活性仍被局限於「過來人」敘事法及其容許的論述原素(discursive components)當中。 / 在理論層面上，本研究歸納出形成社會異類身份的主流論述所涉及的社會、組織、及互動層面的因素。而且，本研究亦歸納出在主流論述控制下，社會異類者體現自我身份自主性的策略，包括：「漠不關心」(Indifference)、「完整接受」(Adoption)、「自我適應」(Adaptation)及「自我肯定」(Affirmation)。透過靈活表述社會異類行為的性質，他們肯定個人身份及對抗主流論述。然而這種敘述自我身份的靈活性仍被局限於主流論述原素當中。 / For over 50 years, the major conception of drug addiction in Hong Kong media comes from the imaginations of heroin addiction. Drug addicts are usually presented as irresponsible for job and family, and they commit crimes to get money to buy drugs in order to relieve serious withdrawal symptoms. However, in recent years, most youth addicts use ‘recreational drugs’ like ketamine and ecstasy rather than heroin. The moral and disease conceptions of drug addiction are not applicable in their drug-taking experiences because many youth psychotropic drug addicts find no severe withdrawal and tolerance symptom. The ‘gap’ between the conventional drug discourses and the experience of youth drug users produces dissonance among addicts, drug rehabilitation and preventive education. / This study aims at figure out the existing meanings of drug addiction in the mass media and drug rehabilitation. Firstly, a historical analysis on the government anti-drug policy was conducted to figure out the relationship between social policy and the moral and medical drug discourses. Secondly, textual analysis on 100 government anti-drug advertisements from 1978 to 2008 and discourse analysis on 26 local TV news documentaries about drug addiction from 1979 to 2009 were conducted to examine the mediated drug discourses. Thirdly, a 14-month ethnographic research in a Christianity drug rehabilitation camp (called the Christian New Being Fellowship) and a 10-month ethnographic research in a local drug rehabilitation-counseling center (called Hong Kong Lutheran Social Service Cheer Centre) have been conducted to reveal the current drug discourses consumed by the social workers and the youth drug addicts. / From the analysis on anti-drug TV advertisements and TV news documentaries, a “go through" narrative is identified which encapsulates the moral and medical drug discourses. Such narrative involves ex-addict as key subject who tells the “authentic" drug story of a “prodigal son". It contributes to a mediated dominant “Prodigal Son Returns Home" discourse that constitutes the ‘prodigal son’ identity of drug addicts. From the ethnographic studies in drug rehabilitation organizations, it is found that the “go through" narrative identified in media functions as an important discursive component for the social workers and professional ex- to present the nature of drug addiction. “Prodigal Son Returns Home" discourse could also be identified in drug rehabilitation, which morally defines drug addiction as personal misconduct and lifestyle problem. However, youth drug addicts adopt the ‘prodigal son’ identity to various extents. But such flexibility is restricted to selecting discursive components of the only available “go through narrative under rehabilitation. / This research makes theoretical contributions by identifying the factors in social, institutional and interactional dimensions that constitute the mediated dominant discourse of deviant identity. Besides, this research shows some tactics of the socially deviant in performing agency under the mediated dominant discourse, which include: “Indifference", “Adoption", “Adaptation", and “Affirmation". Socially deviants may favor their own personal identity and resist the mediated dominant discourse by flexible narration of deviant behavior, which is restricted by the available discursive components of the mediated dominant discourse. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Tsen, Wai Sing. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 516-534). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese; some appendixes also in Chinese. / Abstract of thesis entitled --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables and Figures --- p.xiii / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The Current Conceptions of Drug Addiction -- 2 Dimensions --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Current problem of youth drug addiction in Hong Kong -- changing conceptions on drug experiences --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Challenge to the field: to negotiate a new conception of drug addiction --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Theoretical Implication: The Question of Mediated Dominant Discourse and Agency of Deviant Identity --- p.9 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Social Constructionist Approach on Drug Addiction --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1 --- The concepts of ‘Drug Addiction’ --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2 --- Drug Addiction Models --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Moral Model --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Disease Model --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Social Learning Model --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Identity Model --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3 --- Symbolic Interactionism and Identity Transformation --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4 --- Social Construction of Drug Addiction --- p.20 / Chapter 2.5 --- From Behaviorism to Discursive Psychology on Drug addiction --- p.23 / Chapter 2.6 --- Addiction as Social Accomplishment --- p.25 / Chapter 2.7 --- The Myth of Addiction -- A Functional Explanation for Drug Use --- p.29 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Attribution Bias in Drug Addiction --- p.30 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- The Paradox of ‘Scientific’ Evidence on Drug Addiction --- p.32 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- Drug Addiction as Preferred Explanation --- p.33 / Chapter 2.8 --- Implications -- to Elucidate the Constituted Nature of Drug Addiction --- p.34 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Symbolic Interactionism on Deviant Identity --- p.38 / Chapter 3.1 --- Sociological Study of the Socially deviants --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2 --- Symbolic Interactionism: the Production of Self as Social Constructs --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3 --- Goffman: Deviant as Social Construction on Social Identity --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4 --- Becker: Deviant as Career on Social Label --- p.46 / Chapter 3.5 --- The Issue of Power and Deviant Identity --- p.49 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Research Issues and Methodology --- p.52 / Chapter 4.1 --- Discourse Analysis -- the Basic Principles --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2 --- Discourse of Normality and Deviant Discursive Power of Regulations --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3 --- Discourse, Identity and Power --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Constructive Views on Social Identity --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Formation of Drug Addicts in Subject Position --- p.58 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- From Interpellation to Discursive Construction of Subjects --- p.59 / Chapter 4.4 --- Intertextuality in Texts and Mediation -- Study of Narrative and Discourse --- p.64 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Narrative and Identity --- p.65 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Narrative of Recovery --- p.68 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- The Structured Narrative of Recovery -- the Story of Professional Ex- --- p.70 / Chapter 4.5 --- Drug Discourses in Institutions Study of Disorders of Discourses --- p.72 / Chapter 4.6 --- Research Issues --- p.73 / Chapter 4.7 --- Research Methods --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Social and Historical Contexts of Drug Addiction in Hong Kong --- p.84 / Chapter 5.1 --- Historical Context of Drug Addiction in Hong Kong --- p.84 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Rise of Heroin Addiction in Hong Kong --- p.87 / Chapter 5.3 --- The Construction of Moral and Disease Conceptions of Drug Addiction --- p.89 / Chapter 5.4 --- Recent Trend of Drug Addiction in Hong Kong --- p.93 / Chapter 5.5 --- Recent Youth Drug Addiction Profile -- the Rise of Psychotropic Substances --- p.96 / Chapter 5.6 --- Youth Attitudes on Drug Addiction --- p.98 / Chapter 5.7 --- The Influence of ‘Rave Culture’ and Psychotropic Drugs Addiction --- p.100 / Chapter 5.8 --- Cross Border Drug Addiction in Youth Community --- p.101 / Chapter 5.9 --- From Recreational Use to Personal Use of Psychotropic Drugs --- p.102 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation in Hong Kong --- p.106 / Chapter 6.1 --- Treatment Goals in Rehabilitation --- p.106 / Chapter 6.2 --- Treatments and Rehabilitation in Hong Kong --- p.108 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Compulsory Drug Treatment Scheme --- p.109 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Methadone Treatment Program in Hong Kong --- p.110 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Voluntary Residential Treatment and Rehabilitation Programs --- p.113 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Substance Abuse Clinics and Counseling Program for Psychotropic Substance Abusers --- p.115 / Chapter 6.3 --- Christianity Drug Rehabilitation in Hong Kong --- p.115 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- The Early History of Christianity Drug Rehabilitation --- p.117 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- The Important Role of Operation Dawn --- p.120 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Further Development of Christianity Drug Rehabilitation in 1980s --- p.122 / Chapter 6.4 --- The Rise of Counseling Services for Psychotropic Substances Abusers --- p.124 / Chapter Chapter 7: --- Anti-Drug TV Advertisements -- Construction of Moral Drug Discourse in Hong Kong --- p.126 / Chapter 7.1 --- Paradoxical Linkage between Drug Addiction and Crime --- p.127 / Chapter 7.2 --- The Construction of Moral Conception of Drug Addiction in 1970s --- p.129 / Chapter 7.3 --- New Approach in 1980s the Incoming of Psychotropic Drugs. --- p.133 / Chapter 7.4 --- The Dilution of Moral Conception of Drug Addiction in the 1990s --- p.135 / Chapter 7.5 --- From Lifestyle Appeal to Re-invention of Moral Appeal in 2000s --- p.137 / Chapter 7.6 --- The Change of Moral Conception of Drug Addiction --- p.141 / Chapter Chapter 8: --- Anti-Drug TV News Documentaries -- An Overview --- p.143 / Chapter 8.1 --- Categories and Distributions of TV News Documentaries from 1979-2009 --- p.144 / Chapter 8.2 --- Types of Informants in News Documentaries -- Who can speak? --- p.149 / Chapter 8.3 --- The Image of Drug Addicts in the News Documentaries --- p.154 / Chapter 8.4 --- Reported Types of Drugs Abused in News Documentaries --- p.156 / Chapter 8.5 --- Attributions of Drug Addiction given in News Documentaries --- p.158 / Chapter 8.6 --- Solutions of Drug Addiction in News Documentaries from Personal Misconduct to Societal Responsibility --- p.161 / Chapter 8.7 --- Consequences of Drug Addiction in News Documentaries to Construct Moral and Medical Drug Discourses --- p.164 / Chapter 8.8 --- The Importance of Christianity Drug Rehabilitation as Major Source of Informants in News Documentaries --- p.167 / Chapter 8.9 --- The Preferred Image of Drug Addicts in News Documentaries --- p.169 / Chapter Chapter 9: --- Mediated Drug Discourses in TV News Documentaries --- p.171 / Chapter 9.1 --- Medical Discourse --- p.172 / Chapter 9.1.1 --- Medical Discourse in TV News Documentaries --- p.173 / Chapter 9.1.2 --- Defining Psychotropic Drug Addiction in Medical Discourse --- p.176 / Chapter 9.1.3 --- The Construction of ‘Addictive Substance’ --- p.178 / Chapter 9.2 --- Moral Discourse --- p.182 / Chapter 9.2.1 --- Moral Discourse in TV News Documentaries --- p.183 / Chapter 9.2.2 --- Moral Discourse and Heroin Addiction --- p.185 / Chapter 9.2.3 --- Dominant Role of Moral Drug Discourse --- p.191 / Chapter 9.3 --- Legal Discourse --- p.193 / Chapter 9.3.1 --- Legal Discourse in TV News Documentaries --- p.193 / Chapter 9.3.2 --- Functional Use of Legal Drug Discourse --- p.195 / Chapter 9.4 --- The Dominance of Moral and Medical Drug Discourses --- p.199 / Chapter Chapter 10: --- Prodigal Son Returns Home Discourse Articulation of Drug Addict Identity in Go Through Narrative --- p.202 / Chapter 10.1 --- The ‘Go Through’ Narrative in Life Story Programs about Christianity Drug Rehabilitation --- p.203 / Chapter 10.1.1 --- Subject Positions in Life Story Programs on Christianity Drug Rehabilitation --- p.203 / Chapter 10.1.2 --- Stories by Addict / Ex-addict as Central Component --- p.205 / Chapter 10.1.3 --- The Role of Social Workers / Rehabilitation Practitioners / Relatives --- p.211 / Chapter 10.2 --- The ‘Go Through’ Narrative in Current Affairs Programs --- p.216 / Chapter 10.3 --- Summary: ‘Go Through’ Narrative in TV News Documentaries --- p.222 / Chapter 10.4 --- The Exception Alternatives and Disorders of Discourses --- p.225 / Chapter 10.5 --- The “Prodigal Son Returns Home" Discourse and the Personalization of Drug Problems --- p.228 / Chapter 10.6 --- ‘Prodigal Son Returns Home’ Discourse as Social Practice -- the Zheng Sheng College incident --- p.231 / Chapter 10.7 --- The Mediated Drug Discourses and the Preferred Identity of Drug Addicts --- p.236 / Chapter Chapter 11: --- Christianity Drug Rehabilitation and the Preferred ‘Prodigal Son’ Identity of Drug Addicts --- p.240 / Chapter 11.1 --- About the Field of Study: Christian New Being Fellowship (CNBF) --- p.241 / Chapter 11.1.1 --- Treatment Stages in the CNBF --- p.242 / Chapter 11.1.2 --- Training Programs in the CNBF --- p.243 / Chapter 11.2 --- Research Methods in the Field --- p.244 / Chapter 11.2.1 --- Participant Observation --- p.245 / Chapter 11.2.2 --- In-depth Interviews: the CNBF Trainees --- p.245 / Chapter 11.2.3 --- In-depth Interviews: Ex-addicts Helpers and Social Workers --- p.246 / Chapter 11.3 --- The “Scheduled" Life in CNBF --- p.246 / Chapter 11.4 --- The “Dull" Life in CNBF --- p.249 / Chapter 11.5 --- Ways to Tackle --- p.251 / Chapter 11.6 --- The Preferred “Prodigal Son Returns Home" Discourse in the CNBF --- p.255 / Chapter 11.6.1 --- Presenting the “Love" and “Heal" as Core Message --- p.255 / Chapter 11.6.2 --- Drug Addiction as “Lifestyle Problem" --- p.256 / Chapter 11.6.3 --- Professional ex- as the ‘Role Model’ of Lifestyle Transformation --- p.259 / Chapter 11.6.4 --- The Hitting Bottom Experience as Key to Recovery --- p.260 / Chapter 11.6.5 --- Sin, Heal and the Prodigal Son --- p.261 / Chapter 11.7 --- Oppositional Readings to the “Prodigal Son" Story of Drug Addiction --- p.265 / Chapter 11.7.1 --- The Narration of ‘Withdrawal’ Symptoms --- p.266 / Chapter 11.7.2 --- The Volitional Nature of Recreational Drug Use --- p.267 / Chapter 11.7.3 --- Functional Uses of drugs --- p.268 / Chapter 11.7.4 --- Habitual and ‘Harmless’ Usage of Drugs --- p.270 / Chapter 11.7.5 --- The Evil Heroin Addiction --- p.272 / Chapter 11.8 --- Hardship in Christianity Drug Rehabilitation the Resistance to “Prodigal Son Identity --- p.275 / Chapter Chapter 12: --- Outpatient Drug Counseling Centre The Strategic Use of Prodigal Son Identity --- p.279 / Chapter 12.1 --- The History and Information of Out-patient Drug Counseling Service --- p.281 / Chapter 12.1.1 --- Information about the Field of Study: Cheer Lutheran Centre --- p.282 / Chapter 12.1.2 --- Characteristics of Youth Drug Addicts in Cheers Centre --- p.285 / Chapter 12.2 --- Getting into the Field --- p.286 / Chapter 12.3 --- Comparison between the CNBF and Cheer Centre: Mode of Rehabilitation --- p.291 / Chapter 12.3.1 --- Major Differences in the Modes of Rehabilitation --- p.291 / Chapter 12.3.2 --- Difference in Goal of Rehabilitation --- p.293 / Chapter 12.3.3 --- Difference in Degree of Intimacy --- p.294 / Chapter 12.4 --- The Basic Format of Counseling Groups --- p.296 / Chapter 12.4.1 --- Themes of Motivational Groups: From Health Appeal to Self-Narrative of Lifestyle --- p.297 / Chapter 12.4.2 --- Themes of Relapse Prevention Group Self Narration and Positive Psychology --- p.299 / Chapter 12.4.3 --- The Important Role of Professional Ex- in Counseling Groups --- p.300 / Chapter 12.5 --- Comparison between the CNBF and Cheer Centre: Organization Practices --- p.301 / Chapter 12.5.1 --- Tight Regulations vs. Loose Regulations --- p.302 / Chapter 12.5.2 --- Surveillance Role vs. Serving Role of Social Workers --- p.303 / Chapter 12.5.3 --- Systematic Training vs. Loose Training of Professional Ex- --- p.305 / Chapter 12.6 --- The Preferred Narrative of Drug Addiction in Cheer Centre --- p.308 / Chapter 12.6.1 --- Health Appeal on Drug Addiction --- p.308 / Chapter 12.6.2 --- Moral Appeal on Drug Addiction --- p.310 / Chapter 12.6.3 --- Drug Addiction as a Lifestyle Problem --- p.311 / Chapter 12.6.4 --- The Identification of Addictive Use as Hitting Bottom Experience --- p.313 / Chapter 12.6.5 --- The Role of Positive Psychology --- p.314 / Chapter 12.7 --- The Resistance and Disorders of Discourse in Cheer Centre --- p.318 / Chapter 12.7.1 --- Resistance from Youth Addicts -- Tactics to Get Rid of Addict Identity --- p.318 / Chapter 12.7.2 --- Contradiction between Medical and Legal Discourses --- p.320 / Chapter 12.7.3 --- Disorders of Discourse: Hedonistic Discourse and Functional Use of Drug --- p.321 / Chapter 12.7.4 --- Ignorance of Marijuana Users -- Incapability of Prodigal Son Returns Home Discourse --- p.323 / Chapter 12.7.5 --- Ignorance of Hitting Bottom Experience --- p.324 / Chapter 12.8 --- Adaptation by Youth Addicts -- Strategic Use of Prodigal Son Returns Home Discourse --- p.325 / Chapter 12.9 --- Conclusion: Prodigal Son Returns Home Discourse in the CNBF and Cheers centre --- p.328 / Chapter Chapter 13: --- Drug Narratives of Youth Drug Addicts in Cheer Centre --- p.332 / Chapter 13.1 --- The Study of Self-Narrative as Part of the Drug Discourse --- p.333 / Chapter 13.2 --- Narrative Inquiry on Youth Drug Addicts’ Life Stories --- p.335 / Chapter 13.2.1 --- Dimensions in the Study of Self Narratives --- p.335 / Chapter 13.2.2 --- A Narrative Model in the Analysis of Drug Stories --- p.338 / Chapter 13.3 --- The Preferred Go Through Narrative of Drug Addiction --- p.340 / Chapter 13.3.1 --- Cases showing the Preferred Go Through Narrative of Drug Addiction --- p.341 / Chapter 13.3.2 --- Important Features of Preferred Go Through Narrative --- p.342 / Chapter 13.3.2.1 --- Capable of Presenting Drug Stories in Temporal Order --- p.343 / Chapter 13.3.2.2 --- Clear Identification of Addiction --- p.344 / Chapter 13.3.2.3 --- Concrete Hitting Bottom Experience --- p.346 / Chapter 13.3.2.4 --- Relating Drug Addiction to Lifestyle Problem --- p.347 / Chapter 13.3.2.5 --- Capable in Narrating Key to Recovery --- p.349 / Chapter 13.3.2.6 --- The Presentation of Stable Abstinent Identity --- p.349 / Chapter 13.4 --- The Habitual and Consumption Story of Drug Use --- p.351 / Chapter 13.4.1 --- Cases showing the Habitual and Consumption Story of Drug Use --- p.353 / Chapter 13.4.2 --- Important Features of the Habitual and Consumption Story --- p.354 / Chapter 13.4.2.1 --- Lack of Explicit Temporal Order in Drug Story --- p.355 / Chapter 13.4.2.2 --- Lack of Identification of Addiction --- p.356 / Chapter 13.4.2.3 --- Incapability to Articulate Hitting Bottom Experience --- p.357 / Chapter 13.4.2.4 --- Drug Use as Personal Consumption but not Lifestyle Problem --- p.358 / Chapter 13.4.2.5 --- Blurred Key to Recovery --- p.360 / Chapter 13.4.2.6 --- Lack of Stable Abstinent Identity --- p.361 / Chapter 13.5 --- The Flexible Prodigal Son Story of Drug Addiction --- p.362 / Chapter 13.5.1 --- Cases showing the Flexible Prodigal Son Story of Drug Addiction --- p.365 / Chapter 13.5.2 --- Important Features of the Flexible Prodigal Son Story --- p.368 / Chapter 13.5.2.1 --- Clear Temporal Order of Drug Story --- p.368 / Chapter 13.5.2.2 --- Clear Identification of Recreational Use to Addictive Use of Drugs --- p.369 / Chapter 13.5.2.3 --- Capability in Articulating the Hitting Bottom Experience --- p.370 / Chapter 13.5.2.4 --- Relating Drug Addiction to Lifestyle Problem --- p.371 / Chapter 13.5.2.5 --- Clear but Diverse Keys to Recovery --- p.372 / Chapter 13.5.2.6 --- Hybrid Abstinence Identity with Past Identity Practices --- p.373 / Chapter 13.6 --- In Struggle: The Ineffective Prodigal Son Story of Drug Addiction --- p.375 / Chapter 13.6.1 --- Cases showing the Ineffective Prodigal Story of Drug Addiction --- p.377 / Chapter 13.6.2 --- Important Features of the Ineffective Prodigal Son Story --- p.380 / Chapter 13.6.2.1 --- Lack of Clear Temporal Order of Drug Story --- p.380 / Chapter 13.6.2.2 --- Identification of Addictive Use of Drugs --- p.382 / Chapter 13.6.2.3 --- Not Concretely Articulating the Hitting Bottom Experience --- p.382 / Chapter 13.6.2.4 --- Implicitly Relate Drug Addiction to Lifestyle Problem --- p.383 / Chapter 13.6.2.5 --- Lack of Concrete Key to Recovery --- p.385 / Chapter 13.6.2.6 --- Suspicion of Self Abstinence Identity --- p.386 / Chapter 13.6.3 --- Key Differences between the Flexible Prodigal Son Story and the Ineffective Prodigal Son Story --- p.387 / Chapter 13.7 --- Conclusion: Discursive Formation of Deviant Identity through the Subject of Prodigal Son --- p.388 / Chapter Chapter 14: --- Conclusion Drug Addiction, Prodigal Son and Normalization of Drug Use --- p.394 / Chapter 14.1 --- Research Summary and Key Findings --- p.395 / Chapter 14.2 --- Answers to Research Questions: --- p.407 / Chapter 14.2.1 --- Answer to Research Question 1 --- p.408 / Chapter 14.2.2 --- Answer to Research Question 2 --- p.409 / Chapter 14.2.3 --- Answer to Research Question 3 --- p.413 / Chapter 14.3 --- Discussions and Implications --- p.414 / Chapter 14.3.1 --- Foucault’s Concept of Disciplinary Power Discursive Control by Prodigal Son Identity --- p.415 / Chapter 14.3.2 --- Goffman’s Concept of Role and Performance the Strategic Use of Prodigal Son as Impression Management --- p.422 / Chapter 14.3.3 --- Theoretical Implication: A Suggested Model of Agency under Mediated Dominant Discourse of Deviant Identity --- p.428 / Chapter 14.3.3.1 --- Suggested Conditions for the Constitution of Mediated Dominant Discourse of Deviant Identity --- p.429 / Chapter 14.3.3.2 --- Suggested Model of Agency under Mediated Dominant Discourse of Deviant Identity --- p.438 / Chapter 14.3.4 --- Social Implications and Limitations of Research --- p.449 / Chapter Appendix I: --- Drug Addiction Models --- p.455 / Chapter Appendix II: --- Major Treatment Modes of Drug Addiction in Hong Kong --- p.459 / Chapter Appendix III: --- Voluntary Residential Rehabilitation Programs in Hong Kong --- p.462 / Chapter Appendix IV: --- Lists and Summary of the selected Hong Kong Anti-drug TV APIs in 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2006 and 2008 --- p.464 / Chapter Appendix V: --- Attributions, Solutions and Consequences of Drug Addiction Reported by Informants in Anti-Drug TV News Documentaries --- p.481 / Chapter Appendix V: --- Interview Schedule for the Trainee Informants in the CNBF --- p.485 / Chapter Appendix VII: --- Interview Schedule for the CNBF Mentors --- p.487 / Chapter Appendix VIII: --- Socio-demographic Profile of the CNBF Informants and Interview Report --- p.491 / Chapter Appendix IX: --- Socio-demographic Profile of the Informants in Cheer Centre and Interview Reports --- p.503 / Chapter Appendix X: --- Interview Schedule for the Informants in Cheer Centre --- p.512 / Chapter Appendix XI: --- A Selected Glossary of Local Drug Addicts --- p.513 / Bibliography --- p.516

The neurochemical effects of partial D2-like agonists (i.e., terguride) to alter striatal DOPA accumulation under high and low dopaminergic tone was examined in preweanling rats. The results indicate that terguride has agonist-like (quinpirole-like) effects under a low dopaminergic tone and antagonist-like (haloperidol-like) effects under a high dopaminergic tone during the preweanling period.

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor i allmänt upplever det svårt att smärtlindra patienter eftersom smärta är en subjektiv företeelse. Sjuksköterskor belyser att det råder en brist på kunskap och riktlinjer vid hantering av smärtlindring. Sjuksköterskor som möter patienter med drogberoende som befinner sig i smärta anser att det är stressfullt och komplicerat. Detta på grund av att sjuksköterskorna upplevde det vara förenat med inre konflikter och moraliska dilemman. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva patienters upplevelser av vårdpersonalens bemötande när patienterna upplever smärta som samtidigt är beroende av droger Metod: En litteraturöversikt baserad på tio vårdvetenskapliga artiklar gjordes. Artiklarna har analyserats enligt Fribergs (2012) analysmetod där författarna sökte efter likheter och skillnader av ett fenomen som sedan skapade resultatets teman. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i två huvudteman. I det första temat: Hinder i vårdpersonalens bemötande uppkom det fem subteman. I dessa subteman beskrivs det om hur patienter upplever ett negativt bemötande ifrån vårdpersonalen. I det andra huvudtemat: Förutsättningar för bemötandet uppkom ett subtema. Det subtemat beskriver hur patienter med ett drogberoende upplever en god vårdrelation och hur den skapas. Diskussion: Författarna har diskuterat resultatets huvudfynd i förhållande till litteraturöversiktens bakgrund, författarnas synpunkter samt med Katie Erikssons caritativa teori som referensram. / Background: Nurses in general find it difficult to provide patients with pain relief because pain is a subjective phenomenon. Nurses emphasize that there is a lack of knowledge and guidelines for the handling of pain. Nurses who encounter drug dependent patients in pain find it to be stressful and complicated. The reason for this is that the nurses felt that it was fraught with their own inner conflicts and moral dilemmas. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe patient experiences of health care professionals treatment when the patient experiences pain and when they are at the same time addicted to drugs. Method: A literature review based on ten scientific articles was made. The articles was analysed with Fribergs (2012) method where the authors searched for similarities and differences out of a phenomenon that created the results themes. Results: The results of this litterature review are presented in two main themes. In the first main theme – Obstruct in the health care professionals treatment the authors could find five sub themes. These sub themes highlights how patients experience negative treatment from the health care professionals. In the second main theme: Preconditions in the treatment the authors could find one sub theme. This sub theme highlights how patients with drug addiction experience a caring relationship and how it can evolve. Discussion: The authors have discussed the results main findings in relation to the literature review background, the authors aspects and with Katie Erikssons “caritative” theory used as a theoretical framework

These studies led the experimenter to investigate the use of chemical aversion therapy using anectine as the aversive stimulus with a morphine addict. The success of Thomason and Rathod with heroin addicts suggested that their experimental method would be useful as a reference while designing this study. The treatment hypothesis was that the patient's use of intravenous narcotic drugs would be eliminated through the application of chemical aversion therapy. Chemical aversion therapy was operantly defined as the injection intravenously of anectine into the patient concurrent with his self-injection of his narcotic of choice.

OUŘEDNÍKOVÁ, Veronika. Addicted mothers in relation to pregnancy and motherhood. Praha, 2016. 84 s. Diploma thesis. Charles University, Hussite theological faculty. Supervisor: PhDr. Miloslav Čedík The diploma thesis deals with problems of drug addiction of women during pregnancy and motherhood. The work is divided into theoretical and practical. The theoretical part discusses the basic concepts and generally approaching the issue. An important part of this passage is the chapter that describes care system in the Czech Republic on drug-dependent pregnant women and mothers. The practical part is mainly composed of qualitative research, which was conducted in therapeutic community Karlov with drug addicted mothers. The second part of the thesis is to investigate the influence of pregnancy and motherhood on the life of drug addicted women. In conclusion, the diploma thesis presents the results obtained on the basis of the research, which was conducted through semi-structured interviews with clients in healing the therapeutic community Karlov.

[pt] A presente dissertação tem por finalidade traçar um estudo acerca da possibilidade das toxicomanias servirem como um ponto de identificação na sociedade contemporânea, através de quatro vetores fundamentais: a relação de cumplicidade erigida com a figura materna, a inoperância da função paterna, a perda das identificações ideais e o sacrifício do corpo nas toxicomanias. A partir da análise do romance familiar do toxicômano, serão suscitadas questões sobre o que pode estar implicado na sustentação de sua posição. Será levantada, ainda, uma discussão a propósito do diagnóstico estrutural nas toxicomanias. / [en] This dissertation examines the ways in which toxicomanias may serve as an identity in contemporary society. The analysis is done based on four basic pillars: the complicity relationship with the mother figure, the failure of the paternal functions, the loss of ideal identifications, and the sacrifices the body is subject to in toxicomanias. In understanding and following the drug addict`s family relations, many questions can be raised as to the environment that led to that condition. On another level, a debate can also be raised as to psychoanalytical diagnosis in toxicomanias - neurosis, psychosis, perversion.