Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems (NDDS) such as nanocrystals, nanosuspensions, solid-lipid nanoparticles often formulated for the bioavailability enhancement of poorly soluble drug candidates are stabilized by a mixture of excipients including surfactants and polymers. Most literature studies have focused on the interaction of excipients with the NDDS surfaces while ignoring the interaction of excipients in solution and the extent to which the solution-state interactions influence the affinity and capacity of adsorption. Mechanisms by which excipients stabilize NDDS and how this information can be utilized by formulators a priori to make a rational selection of excipients is not known. The goals of this dissertation work were (a) to determine the energetics of interactions between HPMC and model surfactants and the extent to which these solution-state interactions modulate the adsorption of these excipients onto solid surfaces, (b) to determine and characterize the structures of various aggregate species formed by the interaction between hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and model surfactants (nonionic and ionic) in solution-state, and (c) to extend these quantitative relationships to interpret probable mechanisms of mixed adsorption of excipients onto the model NDDS surface. A unique approach utilizing fluorescence, solution calorimetry and adsorption isotherms was applied to tease apart the effect of solution state interactions of polymer and surfactant on the extent of simultaneous adsorption of the two excipients on a model surface. The onset of aggregation and changes in aggregate structures were quantified by a fluorescence probe approach with successive addition of surfactant. In the presence of HPMC, the structures of the aggregates formed were much smaller with an aggregation number (Nagg) of 34 as compared to micelles (Nagg ~ 68) formed in the absence of HPMC. The strength of polymer-surfactant interactions was determined to be a function of ionic strength and hydrophobicity of surfactant. The nature of these structures was characterized using their solubilization power for a hydrophobic probe molecule. This was determined to be approximately 35% higher in the polymer-surfactant aggregates as compared to micelles alone and was attributed to a significant increase in the number of aggregates formed and the increased hydrophobic microenvironment within these aggregates at a given concentration of surfactant. The energetics of the adsorption of SDS, HPMC, and SDS-HPMC aggregate onto nanosuspensions of silica, which is the model solid surface were quantified. A strong adsorption enthalpy of 1.25 kJ/mol was determined for SDS adsorption onto silica in the presence of HPMC as compared to the negligible adsorption enthalpy of 0.1 kJ/mol for SDS alone on the silica surface. The solution depletion and HPMC/ELSD methods showed a marked increase in the adsorption of SDS onto silica in the presence of HPMC. However, at high SDS concentrations, a significant decrease in the adsorbed amount of HPMC onto silica was determined. This was further corroborated by the adsorption enthalpy that showed that the silica-HPMC-SDS aggregation process became less endothermic upon addition of SDS. This suggested that the decrease in adsorption of HPMC onto silica at high SDS concentrations was due to competitive adsorption of SDS-HPMC aggregates wherein SDS is displaced/desorbed from silica in the presence of HPMC. At low SDS concentrations, an increase in adsorption of SDS was due to cooperative adsorption wherein SDS is preferentially adsorbed onto silica in the presence of HPMC. This adsorption behavior confirmed the hypothesis that the solution-state interactions between pharmaceutical excipients such as polymers and surfactants would significantly impact the affinity and capacity of adsorption of these excipients on NDDS surfaces.

Substance use disorders are serious health concerns in the United States. Furthermore, the National Survey on Drug Use and Health reports a continuous increase in substance use disorders in the United States during the last 10 years. However, there are not many effective pharmacotherapeutics available for substance use disorders. The current dissertation is focused on research aimed at discovering pharmacotherapeutics for substance use disorders. First part of dissertation focused on discovering methamphetamine (METH) use disorder therapeutics targeting specific mechanism of METH action on dopaminergic neurons. The second part of dissertation focused on opioids and cocaine use disorder therapeutics targeting rewarding pathway commonly activated by opioids and cocaine. With respect to METH, it induces release of dopamine (DA) in neuronal terminals by interacting with the vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) and DA transporter (DAT). VMAT2 inhibitors have been found by our research group to decrease METH-evoked DA release, METH-induced hyperlocomotion, and METH self-administration in rats. However, these VMAT2 inhibitors lacked selectivity and tolerance developed to these pharmacologic effects after repeated administration, thereby limiting their potential as pharmacotherapeutics for METH use disorders. In the current study, analogs from a novel scaffold were found to selectively inhibit VMAT2 and were evaluated using neurochemical and behavioral pharmacological approaches. R- and S-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(1-phenylpropan-2-yl)propan-1-amine (GZ-11610 and GZ-11608, respectively) exhibited 94- to 3450-fold selectivity for VMAT2 over human-ether-a-go-go (hERG) channel, DAT, serotonin transporter, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. GZ-11608 competitively and concentration-dependently inhibited METH-evoked DA release via VMAT2. Also, GZ-11610 (56-300 mg/kg, oral) and GZ-11608 (300 mg/kg, oral; 10-30 mg/kg, s.c.) reduced METH-induced hyperlocomotor activity in METH-sensitized rats. Furthermore, GZ-11608 (1-30 mg/kg, s.c.) inhibited METH self-administration, cue- and METH-induced reinstatement in a dose-dependent manner, and 30 mg/kg (s.c.), 10 mg/kg (s.c.), and 17 mg/kg (s.c.) produced significant effect, respectively. Importantly, the GZ-11608-induced decrease in METH self-administration was not surmounted by increasing the amount of METH available. GZ-11608 did not substitute for METH and did not serve as a reinforcer in rats self-administering METH and drug naïve rats, respectively. Thus, these VMAT2 inhibitors incorporating a new scaffold are novel leads for new pharmacotherapeutics to treat METH use disorders. Substances with high abuse potential including opioids and cocaine elevate extracellular DA concentration in the nucleus accumbens, and this mechanism has long been considered to underly substance-induced reward. DA in the nucleus accumbens originates from DA neuron cell bodies located in the ventral tegmental area in the midbrain. Interestingly, M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are proteins that are highly expressed on ventral tegmental area DA neurons. Also, studies investigating M5 mAChRs knockout mice showed reduced responding for cocaine in cocaine self-administration and decreased time spent in cocaine-paired and morphine-paired place preference studies. Pharmacological inhibition of M5 mAChRs function via microinfusing mAChR antagonists exhibiting no selectivity among M1-M5 mAChRs subtypes into the ventral tegmental area where expression of M5 mAChRs are dominant, reduced morphine-induced hyperlocomotion and cocaine seeking behaviors in rats. These studies support therapeutic potential of M5 mAChRs selectivity antagonists in opioids and cocaine use disorders. Thus, in the current study, affinity of a series of pethidine and quinuclidinyl N-phenylcarbamate analogs for M5 mAChRs was evaluated using in vitro and ex vivo neuropharmacological assays. Among the pethidine analogs, compound 6a showed the highest binding affinity at M5 (Ki = 0.38 µM), but also high affinity at M1 and M3 mAChRs (0.67 and 0.37 µM, respectively). Among the quinuclidinyl N-phenylcarbamate analogs, compound 13c exhibited the highest affinity at M5 (Ki = 1.8 nM), but also high affinity at M1, M2, M3 and M4 mAChRs (Ki = 1.6, 13, 2.6, 2.2 nM, respectively). Also, 13c acted as an agonist of mAChRs on oxotremorine-induced DA release from rat striatal slices. In addition, compound 13b was found exhibiting the highest selectivity (17-fold) at M3 over M2 mAChRs, suggesting potential of 13b as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease therapeutics. Taken together, these novel analogs serve as leads for further discovery of subtype-selective M5 mAChR antagonists that may have potential as therapeutics for substance use disorders, as well as for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Hydropathic molecular modeling is a computer-aided molecular design technique for obtaining, representing, and understanding the properties and interactions of biomacromolecular complexes in the biological environment. Hydropathic INTeraction (HINT) is a novel empirical force field to calculate the free energy of intermolecular interaction based on experimentally determined partition coefficients (log Po/w). It includes all the expected interactions between molecules such as hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic, electrostatic, acid-base, and Coulombic interactions, entropy, solvation and others. HINT tools were used to determine, evaluate, and analyze protein-ligand interactions in different research projects: 1) We used these tools to discover small molecule inhibitors of PsaA, a potential target for Streptococcus pneumoniae. We screened and scored potential molecules to obtain hits. After the growth conditions for both the wild type and PsaA mutant of S. pneumoniae were optimized, we then tested our hits. A few compounds passed through the three-stage assay protocol and confirmed the inhibition of PsaA with MICs between 125-250 μM. 2) The SAR of C-3 and C-5 pyrrole-based antitubulin agents at the colchicine-binding site with explicitly solvated models was performed. After docking with GOLD at the colchicine site, post-docking scoring and evaluation were performed with HINT. The total HINT score correlates with binding and activity; similarly, the significance of individual functional groups, protein residues and interactions amongst a collection of compounds can be quantitated. The possibility of water-mediated interactions in a way solvent accessible part of the pocket was considered by subjecting molecular models to MD simulations. Several water molecules were identified to be contributing to the binding and were confirmed by HINT scoring. Finally, using hydropathic molecular modeling tools helped us to understand, evaluate, analyze, and improve protein-ligand interactions in different biological systems.

Using a semi-PBPK modeling/quantitative meta-analysis approach, this project investigated what factors affect pulmonary and systemic exposures of Budesonide (BUD), Tobramycin (TOB), and Ciprofloxacin (CIP) after inhalation: Three structurally different pulmonary disposition models were developed for each drug, including pulmonary absorption (all three), excretion (TOB and CIP) and sequestration (TOB) in a peripheral and central lung compartment. Systemic disposition parameters were estimated using available human mean plasma (cp(t)) and sputum (cs(t)) concentration profiles after IV administration, and GI absorption parameters were estimated from these profiles after oral administration. Pulmonary disposition parameters were estimated from cp(t) and cs(t) profiles after inhalation using various devices along with their published pulmonary deposition characteristics. Appropriate covariate models accounted for effects of Cystic Fibrosis on the systemic disposition/GI absorption for TOB and CIP. Monte Carlo Simulations (MCS) were used to optimize parameters and validate the final models and parameter spaces against published data. Despite limited available data, especially cs(t) for BUD and CIP (after IV administration), the point estimates for the final model parameters were mechanistically plausible for all three drugs and consistent with their known differences in physicochemical and ADME properties. Model predictions adequately described the observed cp(t) and cs(t) profiles as well as exposure metrics across studies. As the most lipophilic drug, BUD showed the fastest pulmonary absorption rates and highest Fpul (83%). TOB, a very hydrophilic drug, exhibited (intracellular) pulmonary sequestration, resulting in slow pulmonary absorption and excretion and low Fpul (10%). CIP - as zwitterion - showed relatively slow pulmonary absorption and excretion, leading to low Fpul (8%); pulmonary excretion accounted for 27% of CIP overall elimination. Results of a formal parameter sensitivity analysis demonstrated that, for all three drugs, after inhalation, (1) their systemic exposures (cp(t)) depend primarily on CLtot along with Fpul/sequestration combined with Foral; (2) increasing pulmonary exposures (cs(t)) can be accomplished by slowing down pulmonary absorption rates (kca) and/or slowing down mucociliary clearance from the lungs into the GI tract (kcm) – affirming the overall hypothesis guiding the project.

The organic cation transporters (OCTs) play a critical role in the absorption, distribution and elimination of many drugs, hormones, herbal medicines, and environmental toxins. Given the broad substrate specificity of OCTs, they fall victim to the high susceptibility for contributing to harmful drug-drug interactions. Further defining how human (h)OCTs mechanistically bind to its broad array of substrates will provide significant insight to the understanding and prediction of drug-drug interactions in polypharmacy patients and the advancement of future rational drug design for therapeutics targeting OCTs. The goal of the current study was to elucidate the critical amino acid residues for transporter-substrate binding interactions on human (h)OCT1 and 2 utilizing in silico molecular modeling techniques (homology modeling and automated docking), as well as in vitro mutagenesis and kinetic transport experiments. Three-dimensional homology models were generated for hOCT1 and 2 using Piriformospora indica phosphate transporter (PiPT) serving as template. A putative binding pocket was identified and used to dock the prototypical substrate MPP+. Docking studies revealed five residues for each transporter (hOCT1 and hOCT2) that may be critical for substrate-transporter interactions. The in silico data was used to guide subsequent in vitro site-directed mutagenesis and kinetic analysis. Four hOCT1 mutants (Gln241Lys, Thr245Lys, Tyr361Ala, and Glu447Lys) and three hOCT2 mutants (Gln242Lys, Tyr362Phe, and Tyr362Ala) showed complete loss of MPP+ transporter activity. Decreased affinity for MPP+ was observed for Phe244Ser and Thr245Ser in hOCT1, and Tyr245Ala in hOCT2. All amino acid residues highlighted in the in vitro experiments may be potentially critical for substrate-transporter interactions particularly Tyr361, Phe244 and Thr245 in hOCT1; and Tyr362 and Tyr245 in hOCT2. Docking of known structurally divergent hOCT1 and hOCT2 substrates revealed similar binding interactions as that identified for MPP+, albeit with some unique residues, suggesting the presence of a large central cavity within both transporters. Through the combination of in silico and in vitro experiments, a putative binding pocket was defined and several residues important for substrate-transporter interaction were identified and verified for hOCT1 and hOCT2. Further defining how OCTs biochemically interact with their broad array of substrates will provide significant insight to the understanding and prediction of drug-drug interactions in polypharmacy patients and the advancement of future rational drug design for therapeutics targeting OCT1 and OCT2.

Ligand-protein inverse docking has recently been introduced as a computer method for identification of potential protein targets of a drug. A protein structure database is searched to find proteins to which a drug can bind or weakly bind. Examples of potential applications of this method in facilitating drug discovery include: (1) identification of unknown and secondary therapeutic targets of a drug, (2) prediction of potential toxicity and side effect of an investigative drug, and (3) probing molecular mechanism of bioactive herbal compounds such as those extracted from plants used in traditional medicines. This method and recent results on its applications in solving various drug discovery problems are reviewed. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

Résumé Le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (VIH) est l’agent pathogène responsable du Syndrome del’Immunodéficience Acquise (SIDA). A l’heure actuelle, le traitement des patients infectés par le VIH estbasé sur l’emploi de substances chimiques destinées à perturber les différentes étapes du cycle deréplication du virus (chimiothérapie). Même si elles permettent d’améliorer l’état de santé des patientset d’augmenter leur espérance de vie, ces thérapies restent coûteuses, contraignantes et imparfaites.La recherche de nouveaux composés plus efficaces reste donc d’actualité. Ce travail de thèse est dédié à la conception rationnelle et à l’étude d’inhibiteurs non nucléosidiques dela transcriptase inverse du VIH-1 (INNTI) une enzyme essentielle au cycle de réplication de ce virus.Les molécules étudiées dérivent du cycle 2-pyridinone dont sont déjà issues plusieurs familles d’INNTIdécrites dans la littérature. La conception rationnelle de molécules d’intérêt pharmaceutique nécessite une bonne compréhensiondes interactions mises en jeu entre la macromolécule cible et ses ligands. Etant donné qu’aucunestructure cristallographique d’un complexe TI-pyridinone n’est disponible dans la littérature, la premièrepartie de ce travail est consacrée à la proposition d’un mode d’interaction TI-pyridnone et à larationalisation des relations structure-activité liées à cette famille de molécules. Les informationsrecueillies lors de cette étude théorique sont ensuite exploitées dans le but d’aider au développementd’une nouvelle série d’inhibiteurs. Abstract Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the causative agent of Acquired Immune DeficiencySyndrome (AIDS). Treatment of HIV-infected patients is currently based on the use of chemicalcompounds that interfere with various steps of the viral replication cycle (chemotherapy).Although these therapies allow for a significant improvement of a patient’s health, theynonetheless remain imperfect and expensive. Research for new and improved anti-HIVcompounds is therefore necessary. This Ph. D. thesis is dedicated to the rational design and analysis of new non nucleosideinhibirors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (NNRTI), a key enzyme in HIV lifecycle. Most of thestudied compounds are derived from the 2-pyridinone ring, that is part of several NNRTIfamilies. Rational drug design usually requires a good understanding of the main interactions betweenthe macromolecular target (RT) and its ligands. However, no crystal structure of a RT-pyridinone complex has been reported yet. Our first objective was therefore to build atheoretical model describing RT-pyridinone interactions and providing a better understanding ofstructure-activity relationships among pyridinones. The information obtained in this theoreticalmodel was then used in order to develop new and potent inhibitors.

Carbohydrates are abundant in nature and have functions ranging from energy storage to acting as structural components. Analysis of carbohydrate structures is important and can be used for, for instance, clinical diagnosis of diseases as well as in bacterial studies. The complexity of glycans makes it difficult to determine their structures. NMR spectroscopy is an advanced method that can be used to examine carbohydrates at the atomic level, but full assignments of the signals require much work. Reliable automation of this process would be of great help. Herein studies of Escherichia coli O-antigen polysaccharides are presented, both a structure determination by NMR and also research on glycosyltransferases which assemble the polysaccharides. The computer program CASPER has been improved to assist in carbohydrate studies and in the long run make it possible to automatically determine structures based only on NMR data. Detailed computer studies of glycans can shed light on their interactions with proteins and help find inhibitors to prevent unwanted binding. The WaaG glycosyltransferase is important for the formation of E. coli lipopolysaccharides. Molecular docking analyses of structures confirmed to bind this enzyme have provided information on how inhibitors could be composed. Noroviruses cause gastroenteritis, such as the winter vomiting disease, after binding human histo-blood group antigens. In one of the projects, fragment-based docking, followed by molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations, was used to find competitive binders to the P domain of the capsid of the norovirus VA387. These novel structures have high affinity and are a very good starting point for developing drugs against noroviruses. The protein targets in these two projects are carbohydrate binding, but the techniques are general and can be applied to other research projects. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Submitted. Paper 5: Manuscript. Paper 6. Manuscript.

El programa de la síndrome de la immunodeficiència adquirida (SIDA o sida) de les Nacions Unides va estimar a finals de 2008 que més de 33 milions de persones arreu del món vivien amb el virus de la immunodeficiència humana (VIH). En l’estudi de les dianes terapèutiques contra l’agent etiològic de la sida s’han validat com a tals els coreceptors CXCR4 i CCR5 d’unió i fusió del virus a la cèl•lula hoste. Actualment hi ha un inhibidor d’entrada i un de fusió per al tractament de la infecció per aquest retrovirus, tot i que cap d’ells inhibeix el coreceptor CXCR4. Això, unit a la capacitat del virus de desenvolupar resistència als fàrmacs actuals, fa necessària la cerca de noves famílies de compostos que hi facin front. El Grup d’Enginyeria Molecular (GEM) de l’IQS ha descrit prèviament una quimioteca combinatòria d’anàlegs de l’AMD3100, el cap de sèrie més actiu, formats per unitats estructurals polinitrogenades (que consisteixen en un heterocicle nitrogenat, un seguit de baules metilèniques i un grup amina primària terminal) unides a un espaiador p xililènic. La selecció d’aquesta quimioteca va dur a la identificació d’un nou candidat amb dos centres quirals amb activitat submicromolar contra el VIH. Aquest treball presenta diverses modificacions estructurals sobre ambdós caps de sèrie, en la cerca de nous inhibidors potencials del coreceptor d’entrada CXCR4. En primer lloc, per tal de rebaixar la basicitat de l’AMD3100, s’han substituït els seus anells ciclàmics per sistemes pirido[2,3 d]pirimidínics, en la síntesi dels quals es té molta experiència en el GEM. La baixa solubilitat en dissolvents comuns d’alguns dels compostos obtinguts es presenta com un greu inconvenient per al seu desenvolupament com a fàrmac. D’altra banda, tenint en compte el disseny racional descrit anteriorment al grup de recerca, s’amplia la quimioteca amb l’objectiu d’avaluar l’efecte de la distància entre àtoms de nitrogen i la presència de major impediment estèric entre l’espaiador aromàtic i el nitrogen que hi està directament unit. Tot i que no s’ha aconseguit millorar l’activitat del cap de sèrie, els compostos obtinguts presenten activitats prou satisfactòries. Igualment, s’obtenen els tres estereoisòmers del cap de sèrie amb activitat submicromolar i se n’avalua l’activitat antiviral per separat. Finalment, es duu a terme un disseny de novo de fàrmacs basat en l’estructura per buscar nous candidats que permetin obrir la porta a altres famílies de compostos amb activitat anti-VIH, a través de l’enumeració de la quimioteca virtual, la selecció i la posterior síntesi. / El programa del síndrome de la inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA o sida) de las Naciones Unidas estimó a finales de 2008 que más de 33 millones de personas en todo el mundo vivían con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). En el estudio de las dianas terapéuticas contra el agente etiológico del sida se han validado como tales los correceptores CXCR4 y CCR5 de unión y fusión del virus a la célula huésped. Actualmente existe un inhibidor de entrada y uno de fusión para el tratamiento de la infección por este retrovirus, aunque ninguno de ellos inhibe el correceptor CXCR4. Ello, unido a la capacidad del virus de desarrollar resistencia a los fármacos actuales, hace necesaria la búsqueda de nuevas familias de compuestos que le hagan frente. El Grup d’Enginyeria Molecular (GEM) del IQS ha descrito previamente una quimioteca combinatoria de análogos del AMD3100, el candidato más activo, formados por unidades estructurales polinitrogenadas (que consisten en un heterociclo nitrogenado, una serie de eslabones metilénicos y un grupo amina primaria terminal) unidas a un espaciador p xililénico. La selección de esta quimioteca llevó a la identificación de un nuevo candidato con dos centros quirales con actividad submicromolar contra el VIH. Este trabajo presenta diversas modificaciones estructurales sobre ambos candidatos, en la búsqueda de nuevos inhibidores potenciales del correceptor de entrada CXCR4. En primer lugar, para rebajar la basicidad del AMD3100, se han substituido sus anillos ciclámicos por sistemas pirido[2,3 d]pirimidínicos, en la síntesis de los cuales se tiene mucha experiencia en el GEM. La baja solubilidad en disolventes comunes de algunos de los compuestos obtenidos se presenta como un grave inconveniente para su desarrollo como fármaco. Por otra parte, teniendo en cuenta el diseño racional descrito anteriormente en el grupo de investigación, se amplía la quimioteca con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la distancia entre átomos de nitrógeno y la presencia de mayor impedimento estérico entre el espaciador aromático y el nitrógeno que está directamente unido a él. Aunque no se ha conseguido mejorar la actividad de la estructura de referencia, los compuestos obtenidos presentan actividades satisfactorias. Asimismo, se obtienen los tres estereoisómeros del candidato con actividad submicromolar y se evalúa la actividad antiviral por separado. Finalmente, se lleva a cabo un diseño de novo de fármacos basado en la estructura para buscar nuevos candidatos que permitan abrir la puerta a otras familias de compuestos con actividad anti-VIH, a través de la enumeración de la quimioteca virtual, la selección y la posterior síntesis. / The Joint United Nations Programme on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) estimated in 2008 that more than 33 million people around the world lived with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV cell fusion and entry coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5 have been validated as targets for therapeutic intervention. Nowadays, there is one entry and one fusion inhibitor available for the treatment of this retrovirus infection, although none of them inhibits CXCR4 coreceptor. Due to this fact, added to the virus’ capacity of developing resistance to actual drugs, the search of new families of compounds facing up to these situations becomes necessary. The Grup d’Enginyeria Molecular (GEM) at IQS previously described a combinatorial library of analogues of the currently most active lead AMD3100, whose polinitrogenated building block consisted of a nitrogen-containing heterocycle, a saturated chain spacer and a terminal primary amine group, bonded to a p xylylene spacer. Library selection led to the identification of a new lead with two chiral centres and submicromolar activity against HIV. This work presents various structural modifications on both leads, looking for new potential CXCR4 inhibitors. First of all, in order to reduce basicity of AMD3100, cyclam rings were substituted by pyrido[2,3 d]pyrimidinic systems, whose synthesis has been widely studied at GEM. Low solubility in common solvents of some of the obtained compounds remains as a great inconvenience for their development as a drug. Furthermore, regarding the rational design previously described by the research group, the library has been expanded with the aim of evaluating the effect of the distance between nitrogen atoms and the steric effects between the linker and the nitrogen atom directly connected to it. Although biological activities do not improve the lead’s one, the obtained compounds present interesting activities. Moreover, the three stereoisomers of the lead compound with submicromolar activity have been synthesised and their activity has been evaluated separately. Finally, a de novo structure based drug design has been carried out looking for new hits allowing to identify new families of compounds with anti-HIV activity, by enumeration of the virtual library, selection of candidates and their synthesis.

No description available.