Esta pesquisa investiga o modo como a mídia impressa, no Rio Grande do Sul, retrata os usuários de drogas, tentando compreender quem é este usuário para os jornais e por que o mostram de maneiras específicas. Discute o tema da mídia e do uso de drogas, com base na teoria das Representações Sociais (Moscovici, 1961). Procura identificar e analisar que tipo de representações sociais a mídia produz sobre o usuário e que questões ideológicas estão atravessadas por esta produção jornalística, considerando que o tema das drogas, como o uso de crack, por exemplo, tem ganhado destaque nos jornais, televisão e internet. A metodologia envolveu a análise de conteúdo, conforme apresentada por Bauer e Gaskell (2010), das reportagens de dois jornais de grande circulação no Rio Grande do Sul: Correio do Povo e Zero Hora. Para a interpretação dos dados foi empregado o referencial metodológico da Hermenêutica de Profundidade (Thompson, 2009), que considera os contextos sócio-históricos e espaço-temporais que situam o fenômeno, podendo também realizar análises de discurso e de aspectos ideológicos presentes no fenômeno social midiático. Os achados demonstram o destaque dado pela mídia às consequências danosas não apenas ao usuário, mas para a sociedade como um todo, privilegiando a periculosidade, a improdutividade, a insanidade, a irreversibilidade, o individualismo e a heterogeneidade como representações sociais ligadas a esses sujeitos. Podem ser apontadas estratégias ideológicas como a legitimação, a fragmentação, a reificação e a dissimulação. Nota-se a necessidade de ampliação dos estudos sobre essa realidade que envolve a área da saúde mental, além da necessidade de atentar para a produção da mídia. / This research investigates how the print media, in Rio Grande do Sul, portrays drug users, trying to understand who this user is for the media and why it is shown in specific ways. Discusses the media and drug use based on the Theory of Social Representations (Moscovici, 1961). Seeks to identify and analyze what kind of social representations are produced by the media about the user and ideological issues that are crossed by this journalistic production, considering that the subject of drugs, such as crack use, for example, has gained prominence in the newspapers, television and internet. The methodology involved a content analysis, as presented by Bauer and Gaskell (2010), of the reports of two major newspapers in Rio Grande do Sul: Correio do Povo and Zero Hora. For the interpretation of the data the methodological framework of Depth Hermeneutics (Thompson, 2009) is used, which considers the socio-historical context which situates the phenomenon, and can also perform analysis of discourse and ideological aspects present in the social media phenomenon. The findings demonstrate the emphasis given by the media to damaging consequences not only to the user but to society as a whole, emphasizing the danger, the unproductive, insanity, irreversibility, individualism and heterogeneity as social representations linked to the user. Strategies such as the ideological legitimation, fragmentation, reification and dissimulation can be identified. The need for expanded studies of this reality that involves mental health is evident, beyond the need to pay attention to the media production.

Esta pesquisa investiga o modo como a mídia impressa, no Rio Grande do Sul, retrata os usuários de drogas, tentando compreender quem é este usuário para os jornais e por que o mostram de maneiras específicas. Discute o tema da mídia e do uso de drogas, com base na teoria das Representações Sociais (Moscovici, 1961). Procura identificar e analisar que tipo de representações sociais a mídia produz sobre o usuário e que questões ideológicas estão atravessadas por esta produção jornalística, considerando que o tema das drogas, como o uso de crack, por exemplo, tem ganhado destaque nos jornais, televisão e internet. A metodologia envolveu a análise de conteúdo, conforme apresentada por Bauer e Gaskell (2010), das reportagens de dois jornais de grande circulação no Rio Grande do Sul: Correio do Povo e Zero Hora. Para a interpretação dos dados foi empregado o referencial metodológico da Hermenêutica de Profundidade (Thompson, 2009), que considera os contextos sócio-históricos e espaço-temporais que situam o fenômeno, podendo também realizar análises de discurso e de aspectos ideológicos presentes no fenômeno social midiático. Os achados demonstram o destaque dado pela mídia às consequências danosas não apenas ao usuário, mas para a sociedade como um todo, privilegiando a periculosidade, a improdutividade, a insanidade, a irreversibilidade, o individualismo e a heterogeneidade como representações sociais ligadas a esses sujeitos. Podem ser apontadas estratégias ideológicas como a legitimação, a fragmentação, a reificação e a dissimulação. Nota-se a necessidade de ampliação dos estudos sobre essa realidade que envolve a área da saúde mental, além da necessidade de atentar para a produção da mídia. / This research investigates how the print media, in Rio Grande do Sul, portrays drug users, trying to understand who this user is for the media and why it is shown in specific ways. Discusses the media and drug use based on the Theory of Social Representations (Moscovici, 1961). Seeks to identify and analyze what kind of social representations are produced by the media about the user and ideological issues that are crossed by this journalistic production, considering that the subject of drugs, such as crack use, for example, has gained prominence in the newspapers, television and internet. The methodology involved a content analysis, as presented by Bauer and Gaskell (2010), of the reports of two major newspapers in Rio Grande do Sul: Correio do Povo and Zero Hora. For the interpretation of the data the methodological framework of Depth Hermeneutics (Thompson, 2009) is used, which considers the socio-historical context which situates the phenomenon, and can also perform analysis of discourse and ideological aspects present in the social media phenomenon. The findings demonstrate the emphasis given by the media to damaging consequences not only to the user but to society as a whole, emphasizing the danger, the unproductive, insanity, irreversibility, individualism and heterogeneity as social representations linked to the user. Strategies such as the ideological legitimation, fragmentation, reification and dissimulation can be identified. The need for expanded studies of this reality that involves mental health is evident, beyond the need to pay attention to the media production.

Esta pesquisa investiga o modo como a mídia impressa, no Rio Grande do Sul, retrata os usuários de drogas, tentando compreender quem é este usuário para os jornais e por que o mostram de maneiras específicas. Discute o tema da mídia e do uso de drogas, com base na teoria das Representações Sociais (Moscovici, 1961). Procura identificar e analisar que tipo de representações sociais a mídia produz sobre o usuário e que questões ideológicas estão atravessadas por esta produção jornalística, considerando que o tema das drogas, como o uso de crack, por exemplo, tem ganhado destaque nos jornais, televisão e internet. A metodologia envolveu a análise de conteúdo, conforme apresentada por Bauer e Gaskell (2010), das reportagens de dois jornais de grande circulação no Rio Grande do Sul: Correio do Povo e Zero Hora. Para a interpretação dos dados foi empregado o referencial metodológico da Hermenêutica de Profundidade (Thompson, 2009), que considera os contextos sócio-históricos e espaço-temporais que situam o fenômeno, podendo também realizar análises de discurso e de aspectos ideológicos presentes no fenômeno social midiático. Os achados demonstram o destaque dado pela mídia às consequências danosas não apenas ao usuário, mas para a sociedade como um todo, privilegiando a periculosidade, a improdutividade, a insanidade, a irreversibilidade, o individualismo e a heterogeneidade como representações sociais ligadas a esses sujeitos. Podem ser apontadas estratégias ideológicas como a legitimação, a fragmentação, a reificação e a dissimulação. Nota-se a necessidade de ampliação dos estudos sobre essa realidade que envolve a área da saúde mental, além da necessidade de atentar para a produção da mídia. / This research investigates how the print media, in Rio Grande do Sul, portrays drug users, trying to understand who this user is for the media and why it is shown in specific ways. Discusses the media and drug use based on the Theory of Social Representations (Moscovici, 1961). Seeks to identify and analyze what kind of social representations are produced by the media about the user and ideological issues that are crossed by this journalistic production, considering that the subject of drugs, such as crack use, for example, has gained prominence in the newspapers, television and internet. The methodology involved a content analysis, as presented by Bauer and Gaskell (2010), of the reports of two major newspapers in Rio Grande do Sul: Correio do Povo and Zero Hora. For the interpretation of the data the methodological framework of Depth Hermeneutics (Thompson, 2009) is used, which considers the socio-historical context which situates the phenomenon, and can also perform analysis of discourse and ideological aspects present in the social media phenomenon. The findings demonstrate the emphasis given by the media to damaging consequences not only to the user but to society as a whole, emphasizing the danger, the unproductive, insanity, irreversibility, individualism and heterogeneity as social representations linked to the user. Strategies such as the ideological legitimation, fragmentation, reification and dissimulation can be identified. The need for expanded studies of this reality that involves mental health is evident, beyond the need to pay attention to the media production.

In my thesis I deal with the postpenitenciary care in ambulatory services for drug users. The aim of this study was to explore why clients seek and visit the institute, where my study took place, what services they used and which services did they miss there. Then I investigated reasons of their early abortion of these services. For these purposes, I chose a qualitative study - six case studies of clients who have used postpenitenciary services. My research took place in one organization - the ambulatory center for drug users. I was in contact with the clients throughout their whole attendance at the service. For the purpose of qualitative research I used data folders of the clients - records of consultations made with clients and all documents that were relevant for the study. All respondents were sent to the institution by workers of Probation and Mediation Service for Czech Republic. Four of the six clients completed the program properly. Two clients aborted the service earlier. Due to the quantity of the research sample we can not generalize these information, but we can say, that the provision of postpenitenciary care is very important to map the client's situation, individual access to his or her needs, and on this basis to select the appropriate interventions in work with theem, which I...

Abroad is the method of peer work dealing with the involvement of drug users (active and retired) extended far more than in the Czech Republic. Information and data are available mainly from foreign sources, where peer work has been continuing a tradition. In the Czech Republic, this method is still not so much used, as well as is the lack of Czech professional literature on the subject. Method of peer work in the Czech Republic has not been comprehensively mapped, described and evaluated. They are organizations dealing with the involvement and employment of drug users, which usually draw infromation from foreign sources and work with their data. There is no comprehensive overview, providing information and data in this area in the Czech Republic. The target of this work is to map the use of peer work in the Czech Republic in the area of drug services. Within the sub-targets are the structure and functioning of each peer programs studying. The practical part is realized by an empirical research (research orientation) in order to get a general overview of the analysis of the problem in the form of quantitative research. For the data collection was used a questionnaire distributed in the online version. The basic set was consisted of low-threshold programs in harm reduction, contact centers and...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:26:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Silva.pdf: 271194 bytes, checksum: fd2be154969f6d5b9a72564a3ffe79f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-22 / Introduction: The topic of drugs is a constant source of interest both in the scientific as in the general population and a long path has crossed with the aim of understanding the relationship between man and narcotic substances. Objective/ Methodology: Maintaining the interest in evaluating this relationship, this study will focus on examine the prevalence of drug use in a sample of 1,291 youths from 18 to 24 years from a city in the Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil. Results: The average age of initiation of drug use was 14.5 years where the highest prevalence was between 10 to 15 years (55.8%). Evaluating life drug use, 44.5% used tobacco, 81.1% used alcohol, 18.2% used marijuana, 8.3% used cocaine, 2.5% used crack, 6.6% used stimulants , 5.2% used inhalants, 7.0% hypnotics, hallucinogens 1.6% and 0.5% used opioids. Conclusion: The use of licit or illicit in itself increases the risk of health problems, and in population studies it quantifies knowledge about social problems and specific to each population leading to further complications, therefore, is important draw attention to the necessity of studies that extrapolate the environment of clinics, hospitals and treatment centers, in order to facilitate an even better understanding of this phenomenon, greater flexibility and scope of work with the results and improvements in preventive approaches to consumption among young people / Introdução: A temática das drogas é uma constante fonte de interesse tanto no meio científico como na população em geral e um longo caminho já se percorreu com a finalidade de entender a relação do homem com substâncias entorpecentes. Objetivo/Metodologia: Mantendo o interesse em avaliar essa relação, esse estudo terá como foco analisar a prevalência do uso de drogas em uma amostra de 1291 jovens de 18 a 24 anos de uma cidade no interior do Rio Grande do Sul Brasil. Resultados: A média de idade de inicio de uso de drogas foi de 14,5 anos onde a maior prevalência foi entre 10 a 15 anos (55,8%). Com relação ao uso de drogas na vida, 44,5% usaram tabaco, 81,1% usaram álcool, 18,2% usaram maconha, 8,3% usaram cocaína, 2,5% usaram crack, 6,6% usaram estimulantes, 5,2% usaram inalantes, 7,0% hipnóticos, 1,6% alucinógenos e 0,5% usaram opióides. Conclusão: O uso de drogas lícitas ou ilícitas, por si só, aumenta os riscos de problemas de saúde e, através de estudos populacionais quantifica-se o saber sobre os problemas sociais e específicos de cada população que levam a complicações ainda maiores, portanto, consideramos importante chamar a atenção para a necessidade de estudos que extrapolem o ambiente dos ambulatórios, hospitais e centros de tratamento, para que se possibilite um entendimento cada vez melhor desse fenômeno, uma maior flexibilidade e abrangência de trabalho com os resultados e, dessa forma, melhorias nas abordagens preventivas ao consumo entre os jovens

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease. In the developed world, injection drug use (IDU) through sharing of infected needles and other paraphernalia remains the principal risk factor for HCV transmission. Effective but expensive treatment is now possible but there remains a pressing need for a vaccine. A proportion of people who inject drugs (PWIDs) remain uninfected despite HCV exposure from a long history of sharing needles and other paraphernalia. These cases are termed exposed but uninfected (EU) and test negative for both HCV antibodies and RNA and exhibit a phenotype of resistance to HCV infection. Improved understanding of the mechanisms that confer resistance in the EUs has the potential to aid development of an effective vaccine and novel therapeutic strategies. This thesis reports on the findings from 3 different strategies to identify characteristics of HCV resistance. I used urinary metabolomics, serum lipidomics and the study of adaptive and innate immune responses. Each of these methods has demonstrated clear differences between EU cases and healthy controls and/or spontaneous resolvers of HCV infection. Urinary metabolomics suggest a potential role of the gut microbiome, the serum lipidomics showed marked differences in lipid profiles in EU cases pointing towards a perturbed lipid/virus interaction, and the immune studies confirmed previous work identifying low level T cell responses in many EU cases but has also identified a marked upregulation of interferon alpha production to low dose viral RNA in EU cases utilising ELISA assay. In conclusion, this thesis reports data that identifies a number of new findings that provide insight into mechanisms of resistance to HCV infection. My findings suggest that the complex interplay between the virus and lipids together with an upregulated innate immune response may together help determine the outcome following HCV exposure. In summary, studies performed in this thesis have demonstrated that there are different pathways that define the EU phenotype. Despite being a heterogenous subgroup of PWIDs, the EUs are clearly distinct from a healthy control population.

of the thesis Backrounds: Rituals have accompanied mankind since the earliest times and have a significant symbolic meaning. Especially when moving from one life cycle and society to another. The rituals help to overcome difficult life situations. For drug users who decided to be treated, the transition between drug addiction and being "clean" can be a difficult life isme. There is a question "Why the drug users perform certain rituals and what do they mean to them?" The aim: The main aim of this thesis is to describe the possible transitions rituals that drug users perform prior to entering treatment. Another focus is taken on the way to find out how these transition rituals are important to drug users before entering treatment and whether specific rituals affect treatment and treatment retention. Methodology: A quantitative research approach was used to obtain the data using semi- structured interview, The respondents were drug users in different types of treatment facilities. For obtainment of researched groups (respondents) there was chosen a method of deliberate selection through specific institutions. The institutions selected for the research group were contact centers for drug addicts, therapeutic communities, psychiatric hospitals and aftercare centers. The data that were processed...

Bakgrund: Idag beräknas cirka 1,8 % av Sveriges befolkning lida av någon typ av substansberoende. Detta innebär att vårdgivare med stor sannolikhet kommer att möta dessa individer i olika vårdkontexter.   Syfte: Att beskriva substansberoende personers erfarenheter av möten med vården.   Metod: Litteraturstudie baserad på åtta kvalitativa studier. Databassökning genomfördes i Cinahl, PubMed, APA Psycinfo, Scopus och Web of Science. Analysen genomfördes i enlighet med Fribergs femstegsmodell.   Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre huvudkategorier och sex underkategorier. Huvudkategorierna var: 'Stigmatiserande möten', 'Svårigheter att få adekvat hjälp' och 'Positiva möten'.   Konklusion: Eftersom droganvändningen har ökat dras slutsatsen att möten med denna patientgrupp kommer bli mer frekventa i framtiden. Detta gör att det kommer krävas en utveckling av vårdgivares kunskap i kombination med ytterligare utbildning för att säkerställa en god vård till personer med substansberoende. Vidare forskning behövs för att förstå dessa personer, utveckla deras vård och bidra till förbättrade vårderfarenheter för denna patientgrupp. / Background: It is estimated that 1,8 % of the Swedish population suffers from some kind of substance use disorder, which implicates that caregivers are likely to encounter these individuals in various healthcare contexts.   Aim: To describe individuals with substance use disorders’ experiences with healthcare encounters.   Methods: A literature study based on eight qualitative studies. Database search was conducted in Cinahl, Pubmed, APA Psycinfo and Web of Science. The studies were then analyzed using Fribergs five-stage model.   Results: The analysis resulted in three main categories and six sub categories. The main categories consisted of ’Encounters of stigma’, ’Difficulties getting adequate help’ and ’Positive encounters’.     Conclusion: Drug use has drastically increased, thus the conclusion that encounters with this group of patients will become more frequent in the future. This leads to the need of development regarding caregivers knowledge and further education to ensure good care to individuals with substance use disorder. Further research is necessary to understand these individuals, elaborate their care and be able to contribute to improved healthcare experiences for individuals with substance use disorder.

Dans les sociétés anciennes et modernes, la santé a été et est aujourd'hui encore une préoccupation capitale. Elle est le signe du niveau de bien être de la collectivité et de la personne. Dans le cadre de l’accès à la santé qui constitue un droit pour tous, le médicament occupe une place importante en France et au Japon, deux pays où l’espérance de vie et le niveau de vie sont élevés et ne cessent d’augmenter. C’est au vu de ces considérations que nous nous interrogeons à travers cette thèse sur la véritable place de l'usager dans la régulation du médicament en France et au Japon qui sont deux pays différents par leur culture mais qui convergent à certains moments dans le droit. L'on pourrait valablement soutenir qu’un bon système de santé se reconnaît par le niveau de protection qu'il accorde à l'usager du médicament. Cela n'est pas aussi simple car divers intérêts sont en jeu. Il est aussi important de savoir comment se solde le traitement des conflits d'intérêts dans la régulation du médicament : protection de l'être humain ou protection de la science? S'il est soutenable que la protection d'un "humain scientifique" existe, il nous appartient de rechercher la réalité de l'existence d'un ensemble de règles permettant d'assurer une "Science plus Humaine". Nous savons et il a été reconnu que le monde de la santé, émotionnel, individualiste, structuré en groupes de pressions très forts et souvent très capitaliste, est difficile à appréhender. / In former and modern societies, health has been and still is a crucial concern. It is the sign of the community’s and the individual’s well-being. In the setting of access to health that is a right for all, the drug has an important place in France and in Japan, which are countries where life expectancy and level of life are high and keeps on increasing. It is in consideration of this, that we are asking ourselves, through this thesis, about the drug user's right place in drug regulation in France and Japan which are countries different by their culture but sometimes converging in law.We can validly hold up that a good health system can be recognized by the level of protection given to the drug user. But this is not so easy because various interests are at stake. It is important to know how these kinds of conflicts are solved in drug law: is it human or science which is protected? If we can hold up that the protection of the "scientific human" exists, we have to research the reality of the existence of rules insuring a “more human” science. We know and it has been said that the field of health, emotional, individualistic, structured in strong lobbies and often capitalistic, is very difficult to comprehend.