About 35 years ago the WHO advocated that countries with injecting drug users should introduce the so-called needle exchange programs (NEP) to curb the spread of infection by blood-borne diseases. In Sweden the first NEP started 1985 in Lund, but the program was extremely controversial in a country with such a restrictive drug policy like Sweden. The study you are about to read shall process this controversy, when a NEP opened in Stockholm, by analyzing the articles published in the newspapers Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet. By using discourse analysis as a processing tool we’ll try to see the difference between the two chosen newspapers. We will identify and analyze the different participant’s, such as doctors, politicians, user associations and media, arguments in the needle exchange issue.   Our results show that the liberal DN articles were supportive of the NEP and that they considered it to be an infectious disease control issue. The liberal conservative newspaper SvD had a different view of the issue and considered NEP to be a question about drug policy. Even after the decision was made the city had problems to find suitable premises for the NEP to operate from.

The diploma thesis Infectious diseases of drug users is focused on monitoring the trend in the incidence of selected infectious diseases associated with the drug usage for a certain period of time. I have chosen viral hepatitis B and C for this monitoring because they belong to the most common infections typical for drug addicts at all. The issue of infectious diseases associated with intravenous drug usage is quite extensive therefore I tried to mention the most important information. Transmission of infectious diseases through intravenous drug usage is particularly insidious due to irrelevant length depending on time. The risk on non-compliance of basic hygiene measures is possible after a single application (using a sterile needle and syringe, a separate drug solution etc.). Another serious risk is that the viral hepatitis B and C can pass into the chronic stage, which significantly affects the quality of life and can also significantly reduce it. HIV infection is still incurable so it ends with the early death of the patient. If the syphilis is not treated and passes into the third stage it can ends up fatally. Infectious endocarditis is a serious life-threatening illness if not recognized and treated early. The diploma thesis has theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part of this thesis I deal with various infectious diseases related to drug usage. I chose the most common disease according to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): viral hepatitis A, B, C, infections transmitted by sexual contact (syphilis, gonorrhea), HIV / AIDS, tuberculosis, infectious endocarditis and infections of the skin and soft tissues. Individual infections are divided into several chapters where the causative agent is described, mode of transmission, clinical picture, disease diagnosis, treatment and epidemiological measures. In the theoretical part I drew inspiration from the literature, internet sources and valid legal legislation. In the practical part I paid attention to the issue of occurrence of viral hepatitis B and C in the Pilsen Region for a certain period of time typical for intravenous drug users and the rest of the population. I compare these figures to the incidence of viral hepatitis in other regions of the Czech Republic for the same years. Data are analysed using quantitative research technique of secondary data analysis. Data are obtained from the information reporting system and records of transmissible diseases EPIDAT and from annual reports of the Czech Republic. The diploma thesis has one objective: to characterize and compare the trends of selected infectious diseases among drug users and the general population of the Pilsen Region in 2003-2011. Four hypotheses were defined: H1: The incidence of infectious diseases among drug users has been growing. H2: The frequency of infectious diseases among drug users in the Pilsen Region in the period 2003-2011 is comparable to the incidence of infectious diseases among drug users in the Czech Republic in the same time period. H3: The sickness rate of viral hepatitis B among drug users in the Pilsen Region in the period 2003-2011 is statistically more significant than among the general population of the Pilsen Region in the same time period. H4: The sickness rate of viral hepatitis C among drug users in the Pilsen Region in the period 2003-2011 is statistically more significant than among the general population of the Pilsen Region in the same time period. Due to lack of information in 2002, the objective of this diploma thesis and individual hypotheses had to be modified. Therefore the period relates to the year 2003-2011. Individual hypotheses were statistically tested to determine the statistical significance. The first and second hypothesis was refuted. A third hypothesis and fourth hypothesis was confirmed.

Basis: In the Czech Republic, an estimated 46.8 thousand problem drug users and the prevalence of infectious diseases (mainly viral hepatitis C) among problem users are high. This may be related not only to the actual use of drugs but also to their risky sexual behavior through which they can transmit infectious diseases as well. Objective: The main goal of this thesis is to describe the occurrence of risk sexual behavior in problem drug addicts using low-threshold addictology services in České Budějovice. Methods: The results of this thesis were processed on the basis of answers from an anonymous questionnaire from 50 clients of the contact center in České Budějovice, with a total of 12% of clients' contact centers. They were addressing respondents who came to take advantage of the exchange program or contact room. A total of 19 women and 31 men participated in the survey, the average age of respondents was 32 years. The research results were identified and processed in graphs through descriptive statistics. The data was evaluated in Microsoft Excel and then in Microsoft Word. Results: The results show a certain connection between problematic use of addictive substances and risky sexual behavior. Respondents who have ever been sexually at risk have mostly become drug addicts (88% of respondents),...

Après plusieurs réformes du Code pénal espagnol, de 1971 à 1995, confortées par la loi du 22 juin 2010, le législateur a voulu établir une distinction entre les drogues : les substances qui causent un grave danger à la santé et les autres. Parallèlement, la doctrine majoritaire et la jurisprudence ont poursuivi cette avancée en consacrant l'impunité du consommateur de "drogues toxiques, de stupéfiants ou de substances psychotropes". Cependant, s'il s'agit d'un drogodélinquant ou d'un consommateur qui diffuserait sa déviance et en particulier à l'encontre d'un mineur ou d'une personne dont les facultés physiques sont altérées, l'impunité est reconsidérée. De même, tout prosélytisme tendant à favoriser la consommation des drogues remet en cause la libéralisation voulue par les autorités espagnoles. Dès lors, certains auteurs prônent la légalisation pour que le principe de l'impunité du consommateur soit effectif. / Between 1971 and 1995, the Spanish code incurred several reforms. On June 22nd 2010, a new law confirmed those reforms, making a distinction between the drugs which jeopardize the public health and the other drugs. In the same time, the main doctrine and case law have gone a little further by asserting that consuming “toxic drugs, narcotics or psychotropic substances” was not unlawful anymore. However it remains unlawful to become a drug delinquent or spread one's deviancy among minors and mentally disturbed persons. Besides, proselytizing in favour of drug consuming goes against the Spanish authorities'will to liberalize the drug laws. Some authors now go so far as to advocate a legislation which would vouch for total consumer impunity. / Después de varias reformas del Código penal español, desde 1971 hasta 1995, confortadas por la ley del 22 junio de 2010, el legislator quiso establecer una distinción entre las drogas : las sustancias que causan grave daño a la salud y las otras. Al mismo tiempo, la doctrina mayoritaria y la jurisprudencia siguieron en esta vía, consagrando la impunidad del consumidor de "drogas tóxicas, de estupefacientes o de sustancias psicotrópicas". Sin embargo, si se trata de un drogodelincuente o de un consumidor que difunde su toxicomanía y particularmente en contra de un menor o de una persone con facultades psíquicas disminuidas, se vuelve a considerar la impunidad. Lo mismo, todo proselitismo que favorezca la consumición de drogas pone en peligro la liberalización deseada por las autoridades españolas. Desde entonces, algunos autores piensan que la legalización del consumo establecerá la efectividad del principio de la impunidad.

This thesis deals with the reintegration of persons recovering from drug addiction and their return to the labour market. The reintegration model is chosen by social company, Café Therapy, one of the first social enterprises to focus specifically on the re-employment of individuals. The main goal of this work is to analyse how successful the company has been, in terms of social effectiveness and self-sufficiency and whether or not the funds invested return by way of the tax system. The objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of this particular social business. It also outlines the recommendations arising from the results of the findings. This work is mainly based on the theory of social exclusion, which can be defined as exclusion from social and economic way of life of society. Therefore, reintegration into society and the labour market is regarded as the main prerequisite to recovery. Concluding, attention is paid to active substance users and opportunities for clients to not only help themselves, but society as a whole.

The thesis is devoted to the issue of addiction services with a focus on substitution treatment. Theoretical part focuses on presenting of susbstitution treatment, its history and description of the substitution substances and their effects on the human body. Describes the abuse of substitution treatment by problem drug users and tries to map out the various addiction treatment services with a focus on substitution treatment in Prague. The research section defines the attitude of society towards the establishment and functioning of Prague substitution centers. The thesis concludes with an overview of addiction services and substitution programs in the capital city of Prague. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The diploma thesis deals with the social stigma of injecting users of illegal addictive substances, specifically it deals with the social stigmas that may occur in connection with the use of addictive substances. Social stigma can result in barriers to the use of social services by injecting drug users. The diploma thesis deals with the obstacles that injecting users of illegal addictive substances encounter when using social services. The work tries to identify, map, and describe these obstacles. The theoretical part of the thesis describes the topic of the social environment, addictive substances, addiction, methods of working with users of addictive substances and obstacles associated with the use of social services and other services. The main chapters deal with theoretical topics related to the topic and title of the diploma thesis. The subchapters then elaborate the main topics in more detail. The empirical part of the work was realized through a qualitative survey, specifically through semi-structured interviews. The research sample was a set of contact center clients in the Ústí Region. The main goal of this work is to identify and describe the obstacles that injecting users of illegal addictive substances encounter when using social services. The other sub-objectives were as follows: to...