Merocyanine dyes exhibit interesting changes in absorption spectra with changes in solvent polarity. For example solutions of 1-methyl-4- (oxocyclohexadienylidene) ethylidene -1,4-dihydropyridine (MOED) are yellow, red, violet, or blue, in water, ethanol, acetone or pyridine respectively.1 More striking effects are observed when aqueous solutions are diluted with various proportions of the organic co-solvents such as pyridine. The color varies across the whole spectrum from golden yellow to blue.These characteristic properties of merocyanine dyes in various organic solvents have been extensively studied and correlations between [see PDF file for formula]max and solvent polarity have been determined. In this work the visible absorption have been determined. In this work the visible absorption properties of merocyanine dyes were studied in cationic and anionic surfactants in order to investigate the behaviour of these dyes in micellar system and to use their electronic spectra as probes of the micellar environment. Since the description of the literature and discussion of the experimental results will involve certain terms and concepts from surfactant chemistry, it is necessary to introduce the subject.

No description available.

by Chu Kwong-young. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Bibliography: leaves 94-96.

Anthraquinone dyes constitute the second largest class of textile dyes, and are used extensively in the textile industry. A high fraction of the initial reactive dye mass used in the dyeing process remains in the spent dyebath. Reactive dyes are not readily removed by typical wastewater treatment processes and the high salt concentration typical of reactive dyeing further complicates the management of spent reactive dyebaths. Investigation of the reductive transformation of reactive anthraquinone dyes and their decolorization products has been very limited. Additionally, very limited research has been conducted on the decolorization of spent reactive dyebaths. Research was conducted to investigate the key operational parameters of batch and continuous-flow ZVI decolorization of a reactive anthraquinone dye, Reactive Blue 4 (RB4), under anoxic conditions, as well as the potential for the biodegradation of its decolorization products in a halophilic culture under aerobic conditions. The effect of two operational parameters, such as mixing intensity and initial dye concentration, on the ZVI batch decolorization kinetics indicates that ZVI decolorization of RB4 is a surface-catalyzed, mass transfer-limited process. The high salt and base concentrations enhanced the rate of RB4 decolorization. Based on parameters such as porosity, hydraulic conductivity, pore water velocity, and dispersion coefficient, non-ideal transport characteristics were observed in a continuous-flow ZVI column. The results of a long-term continuous-flow ZVI decolorization kinetics demonstrated that continuous-flow ZVI decolorization is feasible. However, column porosity losses and a shift of reaction kinetics occur in long-term column operation. ZVI decolorization of RB4 was successfully described with a pseudo first-order or a site saturation model. Lastly, the RB4 decolorization products generated by ZVI treatment had no inhibitory effect on the halophilic culture. However, biodegradation and/or mineralization of RB4 decolorization products was not observed after a long-term incubation of the culture. This research demonstrated the feasibility of ZVI decolorization of reactive anthraquinone dyes, which will help in the development of a continuous-flow, dyebath decolorization process and the possible reuse of the renovated dyebath in the dyeing operation. Such a system could lead to substantial reduction of water usage, as well as a decrease of salt and dye discharges.

The thesis explored the use of different sorbent materials in solid phase extraction method development. The methods included the use of the polymeric Agilent Bond Elut Plexa solid phase extraction and electrospun polymer-silica composite sorbents for clean-up and preconcentration. Sample clean-up for alkaloids (hydrastine and berberine) in goldenseal, Hydrastis canadensis and flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin) in Ginkgo biloba was achieved using Bond Elut Plexa SPE sorbent. Clean-up of flavonoids in Ginkgo biloba was also achieved using electrospun polymer-silica composite (polystyrene-silica, polyacrylonitrile-silica and nylon 6-silica) sorbents. All analysis of flavonoids and alkaloids was carried out using an Agilent 1200 Series HPLC coupled with a diode array detector. Good peak separation was achieved in less than 6 min employing an Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 column (4.6 x 75 mm, 3.5 μm) at 35⁰C. The mobile phases employed were 0.1% phosphoric acid/methanol gradient and 0.5% phosphoric acid/methanol (40:60) for alkaloids and flavonoids respectively. The calibration curves exhibited linearity up to 120 μg mL⁻¹ with correlation coefficients of more than 0.9980. The recoveries ranged from 73-109% with relative standard deviation of less than 5% for all analytes. Agilent Chem Elut supported liquid extraction was employed for the development of a sample preparation method for the determination of 24 banned aromatic amines from azo dyes in textile following the EU standard method EN 14362-1:2003 (E) and the Chinese standard method GB/T 17592-2006. The supported liquid extraction was effective in the extraction of the aromatic amines from textile (cotton, wool and polyester/cotton [80%:20%]). Most of the recoveries obtained were conforming to the minimum requirements set in the EN 14362-1:2003 (E) standard method and the relative standard deviations were less than 15%. Good peak separation was obtained within 70 min run time using the Agilent Zorbax SB-Phenyl column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5-micron) or the Agilent DB-35 MS (J & W) (30 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm film thickness. It was demonstrated that the polymeric Agilent Bond Elut Plexa, electrospun nanofibers and diatomaceous earth were effective in extraction of alkaloids, flavonoids and aromatic amines in different matrices. The developed methods were simple, rapid and reproducible.

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Technology: Chemical Engineering, M.L. Sultan Technikon, 1999. / An environmental problem facing the textile industry is the coloured effluent from the dyeing of cellulosic fibres with reactive dyes. Reactive dye loss during dyeing operations is about 10 to 40 %, indicating the need to learn more about the fate of these dyes. Increasing environmental regulations are driving technical innovation to manage this problem. Good analytical techniques for the separation and detection of reactive dyes and their derivatives are necessary for monitoring dye-house effluent, as well as in the optimisation of dye synthesis, purification, formulation and application. / M

<p align="justify">Les laques de garance, les pigments artistiques dont les procédés de fabrication étaient souvent des secrets jalousement gardés, ont depuis longtemps éveillé l'intérêt des chimistes. Le premier mode opératoire de laque de garance décrit scientifiquement est dû à Marggrave en 1754, chimiste allemand célèbre surtout pour la découverte du sucre de betterave. L'élucidation de la structure chimique de l'alizarine par Graebe en 1868 est une des étapes fondatrices de la chimie organique. Il a ensuite vite été reconnu que, dans les laques, l'alizarine se trouve sous forme de complexes d'aluminium. Plusieurs structures ont été proposées dans la littérature pour les complexes d'alizarine et d'aluminium. Le site de complexation de l'aluminium y est constitué soit par les fonctions carbonyle en C-9 et phénolate en C-1 (site céto-phénolate), soit par les deux fonctions phénolates en C-1 et C-2 (site diphénolate).</p> <p><p align="justify">Nos résultats montrent que, au moins en solution aqueuse diluée et acide, le site de complexation est le céto-phénolate et la stoechiométrie 1:1. En solution plus concentrée et neutre ou légèrement basique, il peut également se former des complexes de stoechiométrie 1:2, dont la couleur est par ailleurs pratiquement identique à celle des complexes de stoechiométrie 1:1. Quand les réactifs sont mis en présence en rapport stoechiométrique et neutralisés par NaOH (aluminium:alizarine:NaOH 1:2:5), les complexes 1:2 ainsi formés peuvent même polymériser en formant entre eux des liaisons Al-O-Al. Cependant, dans la pratique de la préparation des laques, aujourd'hui comme dans le passé, l'aluminium est présent en large excès par rapport à l'alizarine. Dans ces conditions, les complexes, au lieu de polymériser, s'adsorbent à la surface des grains d'alumine formés par l'aluminium en excès. Nous n'avons trouvé aucune indication de la formation de complexes 2:4. Il est probable que de tels complexes ne sont, comme les gels que nous avons obtenus dans certaines conditions, que des cas particuliers, non représentatifs de la structure des laques réelles. La stoechiométrie des complexes et leur état physique ne seraient que des caractéristiques secondaires. Dans le cas des laques utilisées comme pigments, il s'agirait de complexes 1:2 et probablement aussi 1:1, adsorbés sur les grains d'alumine via des liaisons Al-O-Al.</p><p><p align="justify">La compétition entre ions H+ et Al3+ pour les phénolates est à la base de la libération des molécules d'alizarine dans les méthodes classiques d'extraction des colorants des laques par un acide pour leur analyse par HPLC. Nos résultats montrent que la concentration en ions H+ nécessaire pour libérer les colorants est proportionnelle à la concentration en ions Al3+ en solution. Dans la pratique, le pH nécessaire est très bas, ce qui a pour conséquence négative d'hydrolyser certaines des molécules colorantes constitutives des laques. L'addition d'ions F- permet de pallier ce problème. En formant des complexes avec les ions Al3+, les ions F- relèvent assez le pH minimum d'extraction pour éviter l'hydrolyse des colorants moins stables (glycosides, pseudopurpurine.), et donnent de plus des rendements d'extraction souvent meilleurs que ceux obtenus avec les autres acides (HCl, H2SO4, TFA). L'addition d'ions Li+, qui par leur petite taille peuvent plus facilement se glisser à l'intérieur des complexes, et d'agents chélatants tels que le DFOM, qui contribuent à capter les ions Al3+, améliore encore l'extraction des colorants. </p><p><p align="justify">Des propriétés telles la granulométrie, la porosité et l'hygroscopicité des laques sont celles de l'alumine qui constitue leur substrat. Les analyses de différentes laques d'extraits de Rubiacées montrent :<p>- la présence fréquente de pseudopurpurine et de glycosides; ces colorants ne sont détectés qu'après extraction à pH ~ 2 (extraction par HF), parce qu'à pH plus acide ils sont hydrolysés.<p>- la teneur en différents colorants est influencée non seulement par l'espèce de plante, mais aussi par le mode de préparation des laques. </p><p><p align="justify">La couleur apparente et les spectres dans le visible des chélates aluminium-anthraquinone sont bien distincts de ceux des mêmes colorants en l'absence d'aluminium. Les paramètres L*a*b* et leur équivalent en coordonnées cylindriques L*c*h*, calculés à partir des spectres de réflectance, permettent de caractériser la couleur des objets, telle qu'elle serait perçue sous une lumière de spectre donné et par un "observateur de référence". On constate que la teinte des laques dépend surtout de la nature des colorants présents sous forme de chélates d'aluminium. La saturation dépend surtout du rapport aluminium/colorant, et augmente avec celui-ci, ce qu'on peut attribuer à un meilleur rendement de la formation de complexes quand l'aluminium est présent en plus large excès.</p> <p><p align="justify">Pour mieux comprendre les facteurs affectant la permanence des laques, une approche est de soumettre des laques préparées dans des conditions connues à des tests de vieillissement accéléré par une lampe à arc de xénon. Une première étude de ce type menée sur des laques sous forme de poudres fixées sur des filtres montre que dans les laques fort concentrées au départ, la majorité des colorants peut être dégradée sans que la couleur perceptible ait fort changé. A l'observation au microscope, on constate que les grains les plus petits ont tendance à décolorer plus vite. Cependant globalement le principal facteur affectant l'évolution de la couleur est la concentration en colorants. Il semble donc que les complexes de colorants adsorbés à la surface de la porosité interne des grains d'alumine soient protégés de la lumière par les complexes adsorbés dans les couches plus externes, et que cette protection soit proportionnelle à la concentration en colorant. La photodégradation est probablement oxydative. Elle est d'ailleurs beaucoup plus lente pour les teintures d'alizarine sur laine, grâce probablement aux propriétés réductrices de la laine. Il faut donc s'attendre à ce que, dans les polychromies, la présence des liants ralentisse le vieillissement en limitant la diffusion de l'oxygène, ce qui n'était pas le cas dans nos laques poreuses vieillies au contact de l'air. C'est là un des aspects que la suite des études de vieillissement accéléré devrait tenter d'éclaircir.</p><p> / Doctorat en sciences appliquées / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

MENVSC / Department of Ecology and Resource Management / In this study, the efficacy of bentonite clay, pre-treated magnesite and their nanocomposite on the removal of Congo red dye from aqueous solution was explored. Batch experimental approach was a technique used to fulfil the goals of this study. A number of operational parameters were optimised, and they include effects of shaking time, adsorbent dosage, initial CR dye concentration, initial solution pH and temperature. Findings of the study revealed that the optimum conditions that are suitable for the removal of CR dye are 20 minutes, 0.5 g of dosage, 120 mg/L, 250 rpm, and pH = 7. This has achieved > 99% removal efficacy of CR dye for the nanocomposite and reduced it to below the South African National Standard (SANS) 241 water quality specifications. Furthermore, kinetic studies revealed that bentonite clay, pre-treated magnesite, and their nanocomposite fitted very well to pseudo-second-order kinetics than pseudo-first-order kinetics. The regression analysis was observed to be 1, 0.9, and 0.9 for bentonite clay, pre-treated magnesite, and their nanocomposite respectively. Adsorption isotherms indicated that CR removal by bentonite clay, pre-treated magnesite, and their nanocomposite fitted well to Langmuir adsorption isotherm than the Freundlich adsorption isotherm hence indicating mono-layer adsorption. Thermodynamic values for CR removal were observed to be: ΔH0 (kJ mol-1) = 43.86, 30.67, and 24.88 for bentonite clay, pre-treated magnesite, and their nanocomposite respectively. This indicates that the reaction is endothermic. The positive ΔS0 (kJ mol-1 K-1) values for bentonite clay and 25 °C for pre-treated magnesite confirms that there is an increase in the degree of randomness at solid/solution interface during the removal of CR ions from aqueous solution. The negative values of ΔG0 (kJ mol-1) for 40 – 70 °C on bentonite and the entire range for the nanocomposite suggest the spontaneity and feasibility of CR adsorption whereas the positive ΔG0 (kJ mol-1) for bentonite clay suggest a non-spontaneous nature of adsorption. As such, pre-treated magnesite/bentonite clay nanocomposite demonstrated superior adsorption capacity in relation to individual materials and other materials reported in literature. / NRF

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Microspectrophotometry is a quick, accurate, and reproducible method to compare colored fibers for forensic purposes. The use of chemometric techniques applied to spectroscopic data can provide valuable discriminatory information especially when looking at a complex dataset. Differentiating a group of samples by employing chemometric analysis increases the evidential value of fiber comparisons by decreasing the probability of false association. The aims of this research were to (1) evaluate the chemometric procedure on a data set consisting of blue acrylic fibers and (2) accurately discriminate between yellow polyester fibers with the same dye composition but different dye loadings along with introducing a multivariate calibration approach to determine the dye concentration of fibers. In the first study, background subtracted and normalized visible spectra from eleven blue acrylic exemplars dyed with varying compositions of dyes were discriminated from one another using agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC), principal component analysis (PCA), and discriminant analysis (DA). AHC and PCA results agreed showing similar spectra clustering close to one another. DA analysis indicated a total classification accuracy of approximately 93% with only two of the eleven exemplars confused with one another. This was expected because two exemplars consisted of the same dye compositions. An external validation of the data set was performed and showed consistent results, which validated the model produced from the training set. In the second study, background subtracted and normalized visible spectra from ten yellow polyester exemplars dyed with different concentrations of the same dye ranging from 0.1-3.5% (w/w), were analyzed by the same techniques. Three classes of fibers with a classification accuracy of approximately 96% were found representing low, medium, and high dye loadings. Exemplars with similar dye loadings were able to be readily discriminated in some cases based on a classification accuracy of 90% or higher and a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve score of 0.9 or greater. Calibration curves based upon a proximity matrix of dye loadings between 0.1-0.75% (w/w) were developed that provided better accuracy and precision to that of a traditional approach.