Abstract Testing is an important part of quality assurance, and the use of agile processes, continuous integration and DevOps is increasing the pressure for automating all aspects of testing. Testing through graphical user interfaces (GUIs) is commonly automated by scripts that are captured or manually created with a script editor, automating the execution of test cases. A major challenge with script-based GUI test automation is the manual effort required for maintaining the scripts when the GUI changes. Model-based testing (MBT) is an approach for automating also the design of test cases. Traditionally, models for MBT are designed manually with a modelling tool, and an MBT tool is used for generating abstract test cases from the model. Then, an adapter is implemented to translate the abstract test cases into concrete test cases that can be executed on system under test (SUT). When the GUI changes, the model has to be updated and the test cases can be generated from the updated model, reducing the maintenance effort. However, designing models and implementing adapters requires effort and specialized expertise. The main research questions of this thesis are 1) how to automatically extract state-based models of software systems with GUI, and 2) how to use the extracted models to automate testing. Our focus is on using dynamic analysis through the GUI during automated exploration of the system, and we concentrate on desktop applications. Our results show that extracting state models through GUI is possible and the models can be used to generate regression test cases, but a more promising approach is to use model comparison on extracted models of consequent system versions to automatically detect changes between the versions. / Tiivistelmä Testaaminen on tärkeä osa laadun varmistusta. Ketterät kehitysprosessit ja jatkuva integrointi lisäävät tarvetta automatisoida kaikki testauksen osa-alueet. Testaus graafisten käyttöliittymien kautta automatisoidaan yleensä skripteinä, jotka luodaan joko tallentamalla manuaalista testausta tai kirjoittamalla käyttäen skriptieditoria. Tällöin scriptit automatisoivat testitapausten suorittamista. Muutokset graafisessa käyttöliittymässä vaativat scriptien päivittämistä ja scriptien ylläpitoon kuluva työmäärä on iso ongelma. Mallipohjaisessa testauksessa automatisoidaan testien suorittamisen lisäksi myös testitapausten suunnittelu. Perinteisesti mallipohjaisessa testauksessa mallit suunnitellaan manuaalisesti käyttämällä mallinnustyökalua, ja mallista luodaan abstrakteja testitapauksia automaattisesti mallipohjaisen testauksen työkalun avulla. Sen jälkeen implementoidaan adapteri, joka muuttaa abstraktit testitapaukset konkreettisiksi, jotta ne voidaan suorittaa testattavassa järjestelmässä. Kun testattava graafinen käyttöliittymä muuttuu, vain mallia täytyy päivittää ja testitapaukset voidaan luoda automaattisesti uudelleen, vähentäen ylläpitoon käytettävää työmäärää. Mallien suunnittelu ja adapterien implementointi vaatii kuitenkin huomattavan työmäärän ja erikoisosaamista. Tämä väitöskirja tutkii 1) voidaanko tilamalleja luoda automaattisesti järjestelmistä, joissa on graafinen käyttöliittymä, ja 2) voidaanko automaattisesti luotuja tilamalleja käyttää testauksen automatisointiin. Tutkimus keskittyy työpöytäsovelluksiin ja dynaamisen analyysin käyttämiseen graafisen käyttöliittymän kautta järjestelmän automatisoidun läpikäynnin aikana. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että tilamallien automaattinen luominen graafisen käyttöliittymän kautta on mahdollista, ja malleja voidaan käyttää testitapausten generointiin regressiotestauksessa. Lupaavampi lähestymistapa on kuitenkin vertailla malleja, jotka on luotu järjestelmän peräkkäisistä versioista, ja havaita versioiden väliset muutokset automaattisesti.

現今的科技產品環境，當新產品進入市場時，因為舊有產品使用者建構的網路外部性下，不容易開拓其市佔率。過去討論網路外部性的文獻中，大多僅探討一項新產品與舊有產品競爭的情況。然而，現實中往往出現多項產品同時在市場上競爭。本文模型建立在Jassen and Mendys (2007) 上，來探討擁有較高網路外部性之舊產品，面臨同時出現兩項品質較好之新產品時，市場佔有率的分佈樣貌。此模型中，存在於市場上的消費者對品質及網路外部性的偏好為異質，且模型中的消費者每期皆會重複購買該產品。本文發現，三項產品同時存在於市場上的穩定均衡解不存在，且市場均衡解將會出現在僅剩品質最優的新產品及既存舊產品共存的市場下，品質居中的產品無法存活於市場。新產品品質與舊產品品質間的差距不大時，舊產品仍然主導市場；若新產品品質明顯優於既有產品品質時，則新產品會拿下整個市場。且當品質優勢超過八分之一時，新產品將很快地占領整個市場。 / The market today is a harsh environment for new firms introducing new technologies into it, because users of existing products have already constructed a tough network which cannot be shaken easily. On network externality, previous researches only analyzed the condition of one new product competing with one old product. However, in reality, there are often more than two products competing with each other in the market. Based on Jassen and Mendys (2007), our model further discusses the outcome of the competition between two new superior products and an old inferior product. Consumers have different preferences of the quality and network externality of a product, and buy one product in each period. The outcome reveals that there is no stable equilibrium solution, when three products co-exist in the market. Stable equilibrium solution exists when there are only two products, the best one and the worst one, in the market. The product with middle quality cannot survive. Also, old products can still possess the most part of the market when the quality differs subtly between new and old products. But when the quality of new products is apparently higher than that of old products, then new products could take over the whole market. We discovered that the quality difference must be greater than 0.125 for new products to dominate the market quickly.

Interest in utilizing solar-driven refrigeration systems for air-conditioning or refrigeration purposes has grown continuously. Solar cooling is com-prised of many attractive features and is one path towards a more sus-tainable energy system. Compared to solar heating, the cooling load, par-ticularly for air-conditioning applications, is generally in phase with solar radiation. The objective of this thesis is to establish a fundamental basis for further research and development within the field of solar cooling. In this thesis, an overview of possible systems for solar powered refrigeration and air-conditioning systems will be presented. The concept of the ‘Solar Cool-ing Path’ is introduced, including a discussion of the energy source to the collector, and choice of cooling cycle to match cooling load. Brief infor-mation and comparisons of different refrigeration cycles are also pre-sented. The performance of solar cooling systems is strongly dependent on local conditions. The performance of a solar divan air-conditioning system in different locations will therefore be compared in this thesis. Solar cooling systems can be efficiently operated in locations where sufficient solar ra-diation and good heat sink are available. A solar-driven ejector refrigeration system has been selected as a case study for a further detailed investigation. A low temperature heat source can be used to drive the ejector refrigeration cycle, making the system suitable for integration with the solar thermal collector. Analysis of the solar driven ejector system is initiated by steady state analysis. System performance depends on the choice of working fluid (refrigerant), oper-ating conditions and ejector geometry. Results show that various kinds of refrigerants can be used. Also, thermodynamic characteristics of the re-frigerant strongly influence the performance of the cycle. An ejector re-frigeration cycle using natural working fluids generates good perform-ance and lower environmental impact, since traditional working fluids, CFC’s and HFC’s are strong climate gases. Further on, exergy analysis is used as a tool in identifying optimum operating conditions and investi-gating losses in the system. Exergy analysis illustrates that the distribu-tion of the irrervsibilities in the cycle between components depends strongly on the working temperatures. The most significant losses in the system are in the solar collector and ejector. Losses in the ejector pre-dominate over total losses within the system. In practice, the cooling load characteristic and solar radiation are not constant. Therefore, a dynamic analysis is useful for determining the characteristics of the system during the entire year, and dimensioning the important components of the solar collector subsystem, such as storage tanks. The final section of the thesis will deal with the ejector, the key compo-nent of the ejector refrigeration cycle. Characteristics of the actual ejector are shown to be quite complicated and its performance difficult to de-termine solely through theoretical analysis. Suggested design procedures and empirical equations for an ejector are offered in this thesis. Prelimi-nary test results for one fixed ejector dimension using R134a as the re-frigerant are also included. / QC 20100916

Hydroelectric power is a commonly used alternative source of energy in developing countries. In this regard, concrete gravity dams are the most preferred dam type especially with the developments in the engineering industry. Roller compacted concrete became more popular in dam construction due to its advantages of speed and economy. Several methods are used for the design of concrete gravity dams by analyzing the dam response under static and dynamic loads. This study provides three dimensional linear dynamic analysis of roller compacted concrete gravity dam with a complete dam-foundation-water interaction by using EACD-3D-08 program. Foundation flexibility was included with damping and mass using boundary elements. Three dimensional solid elements were used for the idealization of the dam and water with using finite element methods. Compressibility of water with reservoir absorption was studied. In the light of USACE, performance criteria of linear analyses were assessed. Parametric study was conducted to determine the most influential parameters on the dam response. The importance and necessity of three dimensional analyses were investigated by comparing with linear two dimensional analyses. Linear analyses were then compared with three dimensional nonlinear analyses. In conclusion, the realistic dam seismic response can only be obtained by using three dimensional linear analyses with full interaction of dam-foundation-water.

Object-oriented application frameworks allow the reuse of both software design and code and are one of the most effective reuse technologies available today. Frameworks provide domain-specific concepts, which are generic units of functionality. Framework-based applications are constructed by writing completion code that instantiates these concepts. The instantiation of such concepts requires implementation steps in the completion code, such as subclassing framework-provided classes, implementing interfaces, and calling appropriate framework services. Unfortunately, many existing frameworks are difficult to use because of their large and complex APIs and often incomplete user documentation. To cope with this problem, application developers often use existing framework applications as a guide. While existing applications contain valuable examples of concept implementation steps, locating them in the application code is often challenging. To address this issue, this dissertation introduces the notion of concept implementation templates, which summarize the necessary concept implementation steps, and a technique named FUDA (Framework API Understanding through Dynamic Analysis) which automatically extracts such templates from runtime information collected when that concept is invoked in two or more different contexts in one or more sample applications. The experimental evaluation of FUDA with twelve realistic concepts on top of four widely-used frameworks suggests that the technique is effective in producing quality implementation templates for a given concept with high precision and recall from only two sample sample applications and execution scenarios. Moreover, it was observed in a user study with twelve subjects that the choice of templates vs. documentation had much less impact on development time than the concept complexity.

Object-oriented application frameworks allow the reuse of both software design and code and are one of the most effective reuse technologies available today. Frameworks provide domain-specific concepts, which are generic units of functionality. Framework-based applications are constructed by writing completion code that instantiates these concepts. The instantiation of such concepts requires implementation steps in the completion code, such as subclassing framework-provided classes, implementing interfaces, and calling appropriate framework services. Unfortunately, many existing frameworks are difficult to use because of their large and complex APIs and often incomplete user documentation. To cope with this problem, application developers often use existing framework applications as a guide. While existing applications contain valuable examples of concept implementation steps, locating them in the application code is often challenging. To address this issue, this dissertation introduces the notion of concept implementation templates, which summarize the necessary concept implementation steps, and a technique named FUDA (Framework API Understanding through Dynamic Analysis) which automatically extracts such templates from runtime information collected when that concept is invoked in two or more different contexts in one or more sample applications. The experimental evaluation of FUDA with twelve realistic concepts on top of four widely-used frameworks suggests that the technique is effective in producing quality implementation templates for a given concept with high precision and recall from only two sample sample applications and execution scenarios. Moreover, it was observed in a user study with twelve subjects that the choice of templates vs. documentation had much less impact on development time than the concept complexity.

ABSTRACT EFFECTS OF VERTICAL EXCITATION ON SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES AND HOLD-DOWN DEVICE REQUIREMENT Domani&ccedil / , Kemal Arman M.S., Department of Civil Engineering Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Alp Caner February 2008, 152 pages Most bridge specifications ignore the contribution of vertical motion in earthquake analyses. However, vertical excitation can develop significant damage, especially at bearing locations as indeed was the case in the recent 1999 izmit Earthquake. These observations, combined with recent developments in the same direction, supplied the motivation to investigate the effects of vertical component of strong ground motion on standard highway bridges in this study. Reliability checks of hold-down device requirements per AASHTO Bridge Specifications have been conducted in this context. Six spectrum compatible accelerograms were generated and time history analyses were performed to observe the uplift at bearings. Selected case studies included precast pre-stressed I-girders with concrete slab, composite steel I-girders, post-tensioned concrete box section, and composite double steel box section. According to AASHTO specifications, hold-down devices were required in two cases, for which actual forces obtained from time history analyses have been compared with those suggested per AASHTO. The only non-linearity introduced to the analyses was at the bearing level. A discussion of effects on substructure response as well as compressive bearing forces resulting from vertical excitation is also included. The results of the study confirmed that the provisions of AASHTO governing hold-down devices are essential and reasonably accurate. On the other hand, they might be interpreted as well to be suggesting that vertical ground motion components could also be included in the load combinations supplied by AASHTO, especially to be able to estimate pier axial forces and cap beam moments accurately under combined vertical and horizontal excitations.

The purpose of this study is to determine the most suitable remediation technique via geotechnical assessment of the landslide that occurred during the construction of Bursa-ineg&ouml / l-Boz&uuml / y&uuml / k Road at KM: 72+000-72+200 in an ancient landslide area. For this purpose, the geotechnical parameters of the mobilized soil along the slide surface was determined by back analyses of the landslide at four profiles by utilizing the Slope/W software. The landslide was then modeled using coupled analyses (with the Seep/W and Slope/W softwares) along the most representative profile of the study area by considering the landslide mechanism, the parameters determined from the geotechnical investigations, the size of the landslide and the location of the slip circle. In addition, since the study area is located in a second degree earthquake hazard region, pseudo-static stability analyses using the Slope/W software were performed incorporating the earthquake potential. The most suitable slope remediation technique was determined to be a combination of surface and subsurface drainage, application of rock buttress at the toe of the slide and unloading of the landslide material. A static and dynamic analyses of the landslide was also performed through utilizing finite element analyses. The static analyses were calibrated using the inclinometer readings in the field. After obtaining a good agreement with the inclinometer readings and finite element analyses results, the dynamic analyses were performed using acceleration time histories, which were determined considering the seismic characteristics of the study area.

Deficient concrete structures are serious danger in seismic zones. In order to minimize economical and human loss, these structures should be retrofitted. Selecting suitable retrofitting schemes requires detailed investigation of these systems. Considering these facts, this study aims to calibrate analytical models of systems with chevron braces and internal steel frames / and evaluate their seismic performances. First, analytical models of the frames with braces and internal steel frames were prepared and then their responses were compared with cyclic responses of experimental studies. Results of these models were used to determine performance limits by the methods proposed by TEC2007 and ASCE/SEI-41. Then, calibrated models were employed for time history analyses with various scales of Duzce ground motion and analytical results were compared with experimental findings. Seismic performance of these systems was also evaluated by using aforementioned codes. Finally, evaluated retrofitting schemes were applied to a 4-story 3-bay reinforced concrete frame that was obtained from an existing deficient structure and effectiveness of applied retrofitting schemes was investigated in detail.

This thesis examines the seismic internal retrofitting of existing deficient reinforced concrete (RC) structures by using structural steel members. Both experimental and numerical studies were performed. The strengthening methods utilized with the scope of this work are chevron braces, internal steel frames (ISFs), X-braces and column with shear plate. For this purpose, thirteen strengthened and two as built reference one bay one story portal frame specimens having 1/3 scales were tested under constant gravity load and increasing cyclic lateral displacement excursions. In addition, two &frac12 / scaled three bay-two story frame specimens strengthened with chevron brace and ISF were tested by employing continuous pseudo dynamic testing methods. The test results indicated that the cyclic performance of the Xbrace and column with shear plate assemblage technique were unsatisfactory. On the other hand, both chevron brace and ISF had acceptable cyclic performance and these two techniques were found to be candidate solutions for seismic retrofitting of deficient RC structures. The numerical simulations by conducting nonlinear static and dynamic analysis were used to estimate performance limits of the RC frame and steel members. Suggested strengthening approaches, chevron brace and ISF, were also employed to an existing five story case study RC building to demonstrate the performance efficiency. Finally, design approaches by using existing strengthening guidelines in Turkish Earthquake Code and ASCE/SEI 41 (2007) documents were suggested.