L’édition du génome utilisant CRISPR/Cas9 est récemment apparue comme une stratégie thérapeutique potentielle des maladies génétiques. Pour les mutations dominantes de type gain de fonction, la correction allèle-spécifique pourrait être l'approche la plus appropriée. Ici, nous avons testé l'inactivation ou la correction d'une mutation hétérozygote du gène de la dynamine 2 (DNM2) causant la forme autosomique dominante de la myopathie centronucléaire (CNM). Des ARN-guides tronqués ciblant spécifiquement l'allèle muté ont été testés sur des cellules de patients et des myoblastes d'un modèle murin. L'allèle muté a été ciblé avec succès et des clones ont été obtenus avec inactivation ou correction précise du génome. Les myoblastes Dnm2R465W/+ ont montré une altération de l'endocytose et de l'autophagie. L'inactivation ou la correction allèle-spécifique a normalisé ces phénotypes. L'allèle muté a également été ciblé avec succès dans les muscles de la souris Dnm2R465W/+. Ces résultats illustrent le potentiel de CRISPR/Cas9 à cibler et corriger de manière allèle-spécifique les mutations ponctuelles hétérozygotes de type de gain de fonction. / Genome editing with the CRISPR/Cas9 technology has emerged recently as a potential strategy for therapy in genetic diseases. For dominant mutations linked to gain-of-function effects, allele-specific correction may be the most suitable approach. Here we tested allele-specific inactivation or correction of a heterozygous mutation in the Dynamin 2 (DNM2) gene causing the autosomal dominant form of centronuclear myopathies (CNM). Truncated single guide RNAs targeting specifically the mutated allele were tested on cells derived from a mouse model and patients. The mutated allele was successfully targeted in patient fibroblasts and Dnm2R465W/+ mouse myoblasts, and clones were obtained with both precise genome correction or inactivation. Dnm2R465W/+ myoblasts showed an alteration in transferrin uptake and autophagy. Specific inactivation or correction of the mutated allele rescued these phenotypes. The mutated allele was also successfully targeted in Dnm2R465W/+ mouse muscles. These findings illustrate the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 to target and correct heterozygous point mutations leading to a gain-of-function effect in an allele-specific manner.

La cryptogéine, une protéine sécrétée par l'oomycète Phytophthora cryptogea, provoque la mise en place de mécanismes de défense chez le tabac, mobilisant au cours des étapes précoces de la signalisation associée, des protéines localisées dans la membrane plasmique (MP). Une fraction membranaire résistante à la solubilisation par les détergents (DIM pour Detergent Insoluble Membrane), enrichie en stérols et en sphingolipides avait été purifiée à partir de la MP de tabac : cette fraction contenait plusieurs protéines impliquées dans la cascade de signalisation induite par la cryptogéine. Chez l'animal, l'association dynamique de protéines à des microdomaines riches en stérols et sphingolipides en réponse à un stress biotique joue un rôle essentiel dans la régulation de la signalisation cellulaire. L'objectif de ce travail était de tester l'hypothèse qu'un tel phénomène puisse se produire dans notre modèle d'étude. La comparaison du protéome de fractions DIMs, purifiées à partir de cellules traitées ou non pendant 5 minutes à la cryptogéine a été réalisée à l'aide d'un marquage isotopique (15N ou 14N) et d'une approche de protéomique quantitative. Le premier résultat est que l'abondance de la majorité des protéines n'est pas modifiée dans les DIMs en réponse à la cryptogéine. Une seule protéine est enrichie dans les DIMs, une isoforme de 14-3-3, tandis que quatre dynamines (DRPs pour Dynamin Related Proteins), impliquées dans le trafic vésiculaire, sont exclues des DIMs en réponse à la cryptogéine. L'étude d'une des dynamines identifiées, DRP1A, a été menée. Nous avons caractérisé les différents gènes codant DRP1A dans le génome du tabac, puis utilisé une approche ARN antisens pour altérer l'expression de cette protéine et nous avons étudié sa localisation subcellulaire à l'aide d'anticorps spécifiques et en observant en microscopie confocale cette protéine fusionnée à la GFP. Cette approche a permis de confirmer la présence de DRP1A dans la fraction DIMs et la diminution transitoire de son association à cette fraction en réponse à la cryptogéine, suite à une dissociation de la fraction membranaire. Ces travaux constituent la première mise en évidence d'une association/dissociation dynamique de protéines aux DIMs de plantes en réponse à un stimulus biologique

Self-incompatibility is a genetic barrier by which a plant recognizes and rejects its own pollen while allowing pollen from more distantly related plants to germinate. In the Brassicacea family, it is controlled by a highly polymorphic locus called the S-locus, which contains the male and female determinants of self-incompatibility. The stigma expresses the female determinant of self-incompatibility, the plant receptor kinase (PRK) S-LOCUS RECEPTOR KINASE (SRK). In Brassica oleracea, SRK has a unique subcellular localization among PRK: the receptor is mostly localized in endosomes and to a lesser extent at the plasma membrane.We investigated the function of the endosomal localization of SRK in Arabidopsis thaliana. Firstly, we reintroduced self-incompatibility in Arabidopsis thaliana by expression of a functional SRK allele from Arabidopsis lyrata (a self-incompatible species). Secondly, we showed that a loss-of-function mutant of DYNAMIN-RELATED PROTEIN1A, a protein required for endocytosis, abolished self-incompatibility. Our results suggest that endocytosis is required for self-incompatibility, and that SRK may be signaling from endosomal compartments.

L’endocytose dépendante de la clathrine (EDC) est un processus fondamental des cellules eucaryotes. Elle se caractérise par la formation d’invaginations à la membrane plasmique aboutissant à la création de petites vésicules par l’action de la dynamine. Dans le cerveau, elle est impliquée dans la dépression synaptique à long terme, un corrélat cellulaire de la mémoire. La morphologie complexe des neurones et le contrôle précis du code neuronal suggèrent qu’elle puisse être régulée spatialement et temporellement dans ces cellules. Le but de mon travail a été de développer de nouveaux outils pour visualiser et perturber l’EDC afin d’étudier ce type de régulation. Le premier de ces outils est pHuji, un senseur de pH rouge génétiquement encodable. Je l’ai utilisé avec un senseur de pH vert existant pour montrer que dans les cellules NIH- 3T3, le récepteur β2-adrénergique est internalisé dans une sous-population de vésicules contenant le récepteur à la transferrine constitutivement endocyté. Le deuxième est une nouvelle méthode d’imagerie permettant de visualiser l’activité d’endocytose de structures recouvertes de clathrine optiquement stables dans des neurones d’hippocampe. J’ai ainsi pu suivre pour la première fois la cinétique d’internalisation de récepteurs au glutamate de type AMPA dans des conditions de plasticité. Enfin, j'ai élaboré un test combinant imagerie et patch-clamp afin de développer un bloqueur peptidique spécifique de l'EDC. En utilisant des peptides dimériques, j’ai montré que la dynamine se lie à ses partenaires via des interactions multimériques. En conclusion, ce travail propose une boite à outils permettant d’élucider les mécanismes de l’EDC avec une grande résolution spatiale et temporelle. / Clathrin mediated endocytosis (CME) is a fundamental process of all eukaryotic cells. At the level of the plasma membrane, it is characterized by the formation of deep invaginations resulting in the creation of small vesicles after membrane scission by dynamin. In the central nervous system, it is involved in the expression of synaptic long term depression, a proposed cellular correlate of learning and memory. The complex morphology of neurons and the precise timing of neuronal firing suggest that endocytosis may be spatially and temporally regulated in those cells. The aim of the work presented here was to develop new tools to visualize and perturb CME in order to study such regulation. The first tool to be characterized was pHuji, a genetically encoded red pH-sensor. I used it in combination with an existing green pHsensor to demonstrate that in NIH-3T3 cells, the β2-adrenergic receptor was internalized in a subset of vesicles containing the constitutively endocytosed transferrin receptor. The second tool is a new imaging method that allowed me to monitor the endocytic activity of optically stable clathrin coated structures in hippocampal neurons. I was thus able to visualize for the first time the kinetics of internalization of AMPA-type glutamate receptors under plasticity inducing conditions. Finally, I set up an assay combining imaging and cell dialysis in order to develop a specific peptide-based inhibitor of CME. Using dimeric peptides, I found that the interplay between dynamin and its binding partners relies on multimeric interactions. Altogether, this work provides a toolbox to decipher the mechanisms of vesicle formation with high spatial and temporal resolution.

No description available.

T-lymphocytes are an essential cell type of the adaptive immune system. Due to their importance in immune responses and disorders, the molecular mechanisms leading to T-lymphocyte activation have been the subject of extensive research which has translated into important therapeutic developments. Early signalling events involving tyrosine phosphorylation are well characterised. However, later events involving other post-translational modifications are less well understood. Several studies have provided evidence suggesting a role for protein arginine methylation in T-lymphocyte activation. Arginine methylation is an essential post-translational modification in mammals and yet has not been extensively studied. No large scale analysis of arginine methylation sites has been performed. To gain insight into the role of protein arginine methylation in T-lymphocyte activation, the aims of this work were to: 1. Establish whether levels of arginine methylation are altered during Tlymphocyte activation 2. Use mass spectrometry based proteomics to identify arginine methylated proteins in the T-lymphocyte proteome 3. Further characterise an arginine methylated protein important to Tlymphocyte activation Arginine methylation was found to be induced after long term (>20 hours) stimulation of primary T-lymphocytes. Large increases in the main protein arginine methyltransferase, PRMT1, were also observed. Enrichment and labelling methods were developed to detect arginine methylated peptides from T-lymphocytes by mass spectrometry. This resulted in the identification of 265 unique arginine methylation sites in 141 proteins. 204 of the methylation sites were novel and 103 of the proteins had not previously been described as arginine methylated. Individual arginine methylation sites were characterised before and after activation of T-lymphocytes, with some sites showing significant changes in abundance. Among the novel arginine methylated proteins discovered were Dynamin II, WASp and WIPF1. These proteins are involved in re-organisation of the actin cytoskeleton at the immunological synapse formed between a Tlymphocyte and an antigen presenting cell. The functional consequences of the arginine methylation sites inWASp were characterised. WASp is essential for T-lymphocyte activation and some initial evidence showed that one of the arginine methylation sites is important for WASp activation.

Introdução: A miopatia centronuclear é uma doença muscular congênita com apresentação clínica heterogênea, caracterizada histologicamente pela proeminência de fibras musculares com núcleos centralizados. Três formas são reconhecidas: neonatal grave, com herança ligada ao X e envolvimento do gene MTM1; autossômica dominante, com início geralmente tardio e curso mais leve, associada a mutações no gene DNM2; e autossômica recessiva, com gravidade intermediária entre as outras formas e envolvimento dos genes BIN1, RYR1 ou TTN. Apesar da identificação dos principais genes responsáveis pela doença, os métodos usuais de diagnóstico genético não encontram mutações em cerca da metade dos casos. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi a caracterização clínica, histológica e molecular de pacientes brasileiros portadores de miopatia centronuclear. Métodos: Laudos de dois bancos de biópsia muscular foram usados para identificar pacientes com diagnóstico de miopatia centronuclear nos últimos dez anos. As lâminas das biópsias foram revisadas e analisadas, e as famílias correspondentes convocadas para aplicação de protocolo clínico e coleta de sangue periférico para extração de DNA genômico. As famílias foram estudadas para os genes conhecidos por sequenciamento Sanger, MLPA, painel de genes implicados em doenças neuromusculares ou sequenciamento de exoma. Resultados: Foram convocados 24 pacientes provenientes de 21 famílias, em 16 das quais foi possível estabelecer o diagnóstico molecular. As 7 famílias com a forma neonatal grave constituíam um grupo homogêneo clínica e histologicamente, e mutações novas e conhecidas foram encontradas no gene MTM1 em 6 destas. Dois meninos deste grupo, com evolução estável, tiveram óbito súbito por choque hipovolêmico subsequente a rompimento de cisto hepático. O gene MTM1 também foi implicado em uma menina portadora manifestante, com quadro mais leve, na forma de uma macrodeleção em heterozigose, detectada por MPLA. Duas famílias em cuja histologia foram encontradas fibras com aspecto em \"roda de carroça\" apresentaram mutações no gene DNM2, uma das quais, p.Phe372Cys, nunca havia sido descrita. Em 7 famílias, o gene RYR1 foi o responsável, em todas sob a forma de heterozigose composta, com 14 mutações, das quais 13 novas, encontradas ao longo de todo o gene. Este grupo, apesar de heterogêneo clinicamente, apresentou em comum a presença de falhas focais na atividade oxidativa das fibras musculares na maioria dos indivíduos. O gene TTN está provavelmente implicado em uma família com um único afetado, no qual o sequenciamento de exoma mostrou mutação nula em heterozigose composta. Nesta coorte de pacientes brasileiros, não houve famílias com alterações no gene BIN1, e três famílias seguem sem diagnóstico molecular, com prováveis novos genes implicados. Conclusões: Os achados clínicos e histológicos de pacientes brasileiros com miopatia centronuclear seguem os padrões descritos na literatura, e em conjunto podem direcionar o estudo molecular adequado. Nesta coorte de pacientes, o gene RYR1, estudado por sequenciamento de alto débito de exoma, foi o mais frequentemente acometido, sugerindo que sua implicação na miopatia centronuclear vem sendo subestimada. Novas mutações encontradas nos genes MTM1, DNM2 e RYR1 contribuíram para confirmar regiões de patogenicidade e ampliar o espectro de alterações nestes genes / Introduction: Centronuclear myopathy is a heterogeneous congenital muscle disease, characterized by the prominence of centralized nuclei in muscle fibers. Three disease forms are recognized: a severe neonatal, X-linked form caused by mutations in the MTM1 gene; an autosomal dominant, late-onset milder form, associated to the DNM2 gene; and an autosomal recessive form, with intermediate severity, so far with the BIN1, RYR1 or TTN genes implicated. In spite of the identification of these genes, usual molecular diagnostic methods don\'t yield a molecular diagnosis in about half of cases. Objetives: The aim of this work was to study clinical, histological, and molecular aspects of centronuclear myopathy Brazilian patients. Methods: Reports taken from two muscle biopsy banks were used to identify centronuclear myopathy patients in the last ten years. Biopsy slides were reviewed and analyzed, and corresponding families recruited to apply a clinical protocol and to draw peripheral blood to extract genomic DNA. Families were studied for known genes via Sanger sequencing, MLPA, panel of genes implicated in neuromuscular diseases, or exome sequencing. Results: Twentyfour patients out of 21 families were recruited, and in 16 families molecular diagnosis was established. The 7 families with the severe neonatal form amounted to a clinically and histologically homogeneous group, and mutations, both known and novel, were found in the MTM1 gene in 6 of these. Two boys of this group, with a stable course, died suddenly of hypovolemic shock due to a hepatic cyst rupture. The MTM1 gene was also implicated in the case of a mild manifesting carrier girl with a heterozygous macrodeletion detected via MLPA. Two families whose histology contained fibers with a \"spoke of wheels\" aspect had mutations in the DNM2 gene, one of which, p.Phe372Cys, had never been described. In 7 families, the RYR1 gene was the culprit, in all of them in a compound heterozygous state, with 14 mutations, 13 of which novel, found throughout the length of the gene. This group, despite clinically heterogeneous, had in common the presence of focal disruptions in the oxidative activity of muscle fibers in the majority of individuals. The TTN gene is probably implicated in a family with a single affected, whose exome sequencing showed compound heterozygous null mutations. In this cohort of Brazilian patients, no family was found to have alterations in the BIN1 gene, and three families remain without molecular diagnosis, with probable new implicated genes. Conclusions: Clinical and histological findings of Brazilian patients with centronuclear myopathy follow patterns already described in the literature, and taken as a whole can direct the adequate molecular study. In this patient cohort, the RYR1 gene, sequenced though hight-throughput techniques, was the most frequently involved, suggesting that its implication in centronuclear myopathy is underestimated. Novel mutations found in the MTM1, DNM2 and RYR1 genes contributed to confirm pathogenic regions and expand the spectrum of alterations in these genes

Introdução: A miopatia centronuclear é uma doença muscular congênita com apresentação clínica heterogênea, caracterizada histologicamente pela proeminência de fibras musculares com núcleos centralizados. Três formas são reconhecidas: neonatal grave, com herança ligada ao X e envolvimento do gene MTM1; autossômica dominante, com início geralmente tardio e curso mais leve, associada a mutações no gene DNM2; e autossômica recessiva, com gravidade intermediária entre as outras formas e envolvimento dos genes BIN1, RYR1 ou TTN. Apesar da identificação dos principais genes responsáveis pela doença, os métodos usuais de diagnóstico genético não encontram mutações em cerca da metade dos casos. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi a caracterização clínica, histológica e molecular de pacientes brasileiros portadores de miopatia centronuclear. Métodos: Laudos de dois bancos de biópsia muscular foram usados para identificar pacientes com diagnóstico de miopatia centronuclear nos últimos dez anos. As lâminas das biópsias foram revisadas e analisadas, e as famílias correspondentes convocadas para aplicação de protocolo clínico e coleta de sangue periférico para extração de DNA genômico. As famílias foram estudadas para os genes conhecidos por sequenciamento Sanger, MLPA, painel de genes implicados em doenças neuromusculares ou sequenciamento de exoma. Resultados: Foram convocados 24 pacientes provenientes de 21 famílias, em 16 das quais foi possível estabelecer o diagnóstico molecular. As 7 famílias com a forma neonatal grave constituíam um grupo homogêneo clínica e histologicamente, e mutações novas e conhecidas foram encontradas no gene MTM1 em 6 destas. Dois meninos deste grupo, com evolução estável, tiveram óbito súbito por choque hipovolêmico subsequente a rompimento de cisto hepático. O gene MTM1 também foi implicado em uma menina portadora manifestante, com quadro mais leve, na forma de uma macrodeleção em heterozigose, detectada por MPLA. Duas famílias em cuja histologia foram encontradas fibras com aspecto em \"roda de carroça\" apresentaram mutações no gene DNM2, uma das quais, p.Phe372Cys, nunca havia sido descrita. Em 7 famílias, o gene RYR1 foi o responsável, em todas sob a forma de heterozigose composta, com 14 mutações, das quais 13 novas, encontradas ao longo de todo o gene. Este grupo, apesar de heterogêneo clinicamente, apresentou em comum a presença de falhas focais na atividade oxidativa das fibras musculares na maioria dos indivíduos. O gene TTN está provavelmente implicado em uma família com um único afetado, no qual o sequenciamento de exoma mostrou mutação nula em heterozigose composta. Nesta coorte de pacientes brasileiros, não houve famílias com alterações no gene BIN1, e três famílias seguem sem diagnóstico molecular, com prováveis novos genes implicados. Conclusões: Os achados clínicos e histológicos de pacientes brasileiros com miopatia centronuclear seguem os padrões descritos na literatura, e em conjunto podem direcionar o estudo molecular adequado. Nesta coorte de pacientes, o gene RYR1, estudado por sequenciamento de alto débito de exoma, foi o mais frequentemente acometido, sugerindo que sua implicação na miopatia centronuclear vem sendo subestimada. Novas mutações encontradas nos genes MTM1, DNM2 e RYR1 contribuíram para confirmar regiões de patogenicidade e ampliar o espectro de alterações nestes genes / Introduction: Centronuclear myopathy is a heterogeneous congenital muscle disease, characterized by the prominence of centralized nuclei in muscle fibers. Three disease forms are recognized: a severe neonatal, X-linked form caused by mutations in the MTM1 gene; an autosomal dominant, late-onset milder form, associated to the DNM2 gene; and an autosomal recessive form, with intermediate severity, so far with the BIN1, RYR1 or TTN genes implicated. In spite of the identification of these genes, usual molecular diagnostic methods don\'t yield a molecular diagnosis in about half of cases. Objetives: The aim of this work was to study clinical, histological, and molecular aspects of centronuclear myopathy Brazilian patients. Methods: Reports taken from two muscle biopsy banks were used to identify centronuclear myopathy patients in the last ten years. Biopsy slides were reviewed and analyzed, and corresponding families recruited to apply a clinical protocol and to draw peripheral blood to extract genomic DNA. Families were studied for known genes via Sanger sequencing, MLPA, panel of genes implicated in neuromuscular diseases, or exome sequencing. Results: Twentyfour patients out of 21 families were recruited, and in 16 families molecular diagnosis was established. The 7 families with the severe neonatal form amounted to a clinically and histologically homogeneous group, and mutations, both known and novel, were found in the MTM1 gene in 6 of these. Two boys of this group, with a stable course, died suddenly of hypovolemic shock due to a hepatic cyst rupture. The MTM1 gene was also implicated in the case of a mild manifesting carrier girl with a heterozygous macrodeletion detected via MLPA. Two families whose histology contained fibers with a \"spoke of wheels\" aspect had mutations in the DNM2 gene, one of which, p.Phe372Cys, had never been described. In 7 families, the RYR1 gene was the culprit, in all of them in a compound heterozygous state, with 14 mutations, 13 of which novel, found throughout the length of the gene. This group, despite clinically heterogeneous, had in common the presence of focal disruptions in the oxidative activity of muscle fibers in the majority of individuals. The TTN gene is probably implicated in a family with a single affected, whose exome sequencing showed compound heterozygous null mutations. In this cohort of Brazilian patients, no family was found to have alterations in the BIN1 gene, and three families remain without molecular diagnosis, with probable new implicated genes. Conclusions: Clinical and histological findings of Brazilian patients with centronuclear myopathy follow patterns already described in the literature, and taken as a whole can direct the adequate molecular study. In this patient cohort, the RYR1 gene, sequenced though hight-throughput techniques, was the most frequently involved, suggesting that its implication in centronuclear myopathy is underestimated. Novel mutations found in the MTM1, DNM2 and RYR1 genes contributed to confirm pathogenic regions and expand the spectrum of alterations in these genes

No description available.

No description available.