The purposes of the study were: to determine the relationship between class size and academic achievement among university students in first-semester calculus classes, and to compare opinions about the instructor, course, and classroom learning environment of university students in small first-semester calculus classes with those in large classes. The sample consisted of 225 university students distributed among two large and two small sections of first-semester calculus classes taught at the University of Texas at Arlington during the fall of 1987. Each of two tenured faculty members taught a large and small section of approximately 85 and 27 students, respectively. During the first week of the semester, scores from the Calculus Readiness Test (CR) were obtained from the sample and used as the covariate in each analysis of covariance of four periodic tests, a comprehensive final examination, and final grade average. The CR scores were also used in a logistic regression analysis of attrition rates between each pair of large and small sections of first-semester calculus. Three semantic differentials were used to test the hypotheses relating to student opinion of the instructor, course, and classroom learning environment. It was found that for both pairs of large and small first-semester calculus classes there was no significant difference in the adjusted means for each of the four periodic tests, the final examination scores, the final grade averages, and the attrition rates. It was also found that the means of the student evaluation of the course by students in small and large classes were not significantly different, and the results of the student evaluations of the instructor and classroom learning environment by students in small and large first—semester calculus classes were mixed.

Det har länge varit känt att de kropps- och skönhetsideal som råder i samhället långt ifrån inkluderar alla typer av kroppar. Modebranschen har framförallt utmärkt sig på den här punkten, och det är väl känt att det allt som oftast är smala modeller som representeras i branschen. Vår valda problemformulering grundar sig i att normbrytande kroppar är underrepresenterande i samhället och i modebranschen. Vårt syfte med den här uppsatsen var att undersöka hur Veckorevyn förhåller sig till sitt manifest de kallar Size Hero. Det här manifestet grundar sig i en protest mot de rådande kropps- och skönhetsideal som råder i samhället. I samband med detta ska vi även analysera hur många normativa kontra normbrytande kroppar som totalt finns representerande i tidningen, och hur de framställs. Vi ämnar även att problematisera begreppet ”plus size”, dess användning och betydelse. Den valda metoden för vår analys grundar sig i flermetodsforskning, och valet av den här metoden gjordes då vi ville ha svar på hur underrepresenterade de är men även hur de framställs när dem väl gör det. Vårt material består av alla Veckorevyns utgivna tidningar under ett år. Vi har analyserat dessa med hjälp av en semiotisk bildanalys och genom en kvantitativ metod. Tillsammans med den semiotiska bildanalysen så har vi använt oss av Hansen och Machins bärare av denotationer och konnotationer för att analysera bilderna. Vårt resultat visade att Veckorevyn uppfyller sitt manifest men i det stora hela är de modeller med normbrytande kroppar fortfarande väldigt underrepresenterade. / It has been known for a long period of time that the body and beauty ideals in society do not include all types of bodies. The fashion industry is known to be exceptional good at excluding bigger bodytypes, and it is well known that it is slim models that is representing majority of it. Our chosen problem for this essay is based on the fact that norm-breaking bodies are underrepresented in society and in the fashion industry. Our purpose with this essay was to investigate how the fashion magazine Veckorevyn relates to their manifest, called Size Hero. This manifest is based on a protest against the prevailing body and beauty ideals that exists in society. We will also analyse how many normative vs. norm-breaking bodies there are as a total representation in the magazine, and how they are presented. We also intend to problematize the concept of the word "plus size", its use and meaning. The chosen method for our analysis is based on a multimethod research and the choice of this method was made because we wanted to have an answer to how underrepresented the norm-breaking bodies are and how they are being portrayed when so. Our material consists of all of Veckorevyn's published magazines for one year. We have analyzed them with the help of a semiotic image analysis and through a quantitative method. Together with the semiotic image analysis, we have used Hansen and Machin's bearers of denotations and connotations in order to analyze the images. Our result showed that Veckorevyn is fulfilling their manifest but on the whole the norm- breaking bodies were still very underrepresented.

Detecção de outliers é uma tarefa fundamental para descoberta de conhecimento em mineração de dados. Cujo objetivo é identificar as amostras de dados que desviam acentuadamente dos padrões apresentados num conjunto de dados. Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma nova técnica de detecção de outliers baseada em caminhada determinística do turista. Especificamente um caminhante é iniciado para cada exemplar de dado, variando-se o tamanho da memória, assim, um exemplar recebe uma alta pontuação de outlier ao participar em poucos atratores, enquanto que receberá uma baixa pontuação no caso de participar numa grande quantidade de atratores. Os resultados experimentais em cenários artificiais e reais evidenciaram um bom desempenho do método proposto. Em comparação com os métodos clássicos, o método proposto apresenta as seguintes características salientes: 1) Identifica os outliers através da determinação de estruturas no espaço de dados ao invés de considerar apenas características físicas, como distância, similaridade e densidade. 2) É capaz de detectar outliers internos, situados em regiões entre dois ou mais agrupamentos. 3) Com a variação do valor de memória, os caminhantes conseguem extrair tanto características locais, quanto globais do conjunto de dados. 4) O método proposto é determinístico, não exigindo diversas execuções (em contraste às técnicas estocásticas). Além disso, neste trabalho caracterizamos, pela primeira vez, que as dinâmicas exibidas pela caminhada do turista podem gerar atratores complexos, com diversos cruzamentos. Sendo que estes podem revelar estruturas ainda mais detalhadas e consequentemente melhorar a detecção dos outliers. / Outlier detection is a fundamental task for knowledge discovery in data mining. It aims to detect data items that deviate from the general pattern of a given data set. In this work, we present a new outlier detection technique using tourist walks. Specifically, starting from each data sample and varying the memory size, a data sample gets a higher outlier score if it participates in few tourist walk attractors, while it gets a low score if it participates in a large number of attractors. Experimental results on artificial and real data sets show good performance of the proposed method. In comparison to classical methods, the proposed one shows the following salient features: 1) It finds out outliers by identifying the structure of the input data set instead of considering only physical features, such as distance, similarity or density. 2) It can detect not only external outliers as classical methods do, but also internal outliers staying among various normal data groups. 3) By varying the memory size, the tourist walks can characterize both local and global structures of the data set. 4) The proposed method is a deterministic technique. Therefore, only one run is sufficient, in contrast to stochastic techniques, which require many runs. Moreover, in this work, we find, for the first time, that tourist walks can generate complex attractors in various crossing shapes. Such complex attractors reveal data structures in more details. Consequently, it can improve the outlier detection.

by Lee Yuen Kum, Anna. / Bibliography: leaves 100-102 / Thesis (M.Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1984

Spray Polyurethane Foam insulation (SPF) kits are currently being marketed and sold to do-it-yourselfers to meet various insulating needs. Like commercial SPF systems, the primary health concern with SPF kits is user overexposure to the isocyanates during product application. The potential health risk associated with SPF applications is driven by several factors including (but not limited to): the toxicity of isocyanates; the potentially high exposure intensity; the quantity of isocyanates used in the process; the enclosed nature of the environment in which the product could be applied; the potentially high exposure duration/frequency; and the limited availability of control measures to reduce agent intensity (e.g., personal protective equipment, dilution ventilation). To better understand the potential hazards associated with the use of SPF kits, the current study was designed to provide an initial characterization of user exposure to airborne particulate during the application process. Specifically, the study would aim to answer the following: * What is the particle size distribution of the aerosol a SPF kit user is exposed to during application? * What is the airborne particle mass concentration a SPF kit user is exposed to during application? To answer these questions, a single commercially available SPF kit was selected for use and a mock residential environment was constructed to support repeated applications of SPF. Size-selective and total dust air sampling were conducted during the applications to determine the particle size distribution and mass concentration of aerosols generated by the selected kit. The particle size distributions developed from the size selective sampling results showed the presence of airborne particulate capable of penetration to the gas exchange regions of the respiratory tract. The average mass median diameter and geometric standard deviation of the particle size distributions were 4.6 µm and 2.7 respectively. The total dust sampling results showed mean airborne concentrations of 10.40 mg/m3. Based on the sampling results the study, personal air monitoring is needed to assess the degree of user exposure to methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and to provide information for the selection of exposure control methods.

Sunflower is grown worldwide for oil production. In Australia, sunflower is under intense competition from canola as an oil crop. Confectionery sunflower aimed for the overseas snack food market is a potential opportunity for Australian farmers due to its ability to provide off-season supply to the major market located mainly in the northern hemisphere. To serve this aim, new confectionery sunflower hybrids adapted to Australian production system with drought tolerance, large achenes, high self-fertility and rust resistance are of paramount importance. The objectives of this project were to understand the genetic inheritance and genetic linkage relationships of the above traits and also to identify linked DNA markers with the potential for marker-assisted selection (MAS). The inheritance of achene-length was studied in a 12 x 12 diallel and a 14 x 12 North Carolina design II (NC II) mating design. Achene-length was evaluated under three environments for each mating design. Genetic correlation among all five achene-size related traits (achene-length, -width, - thickness and also kernel-length and -width) and 100-achene weight were moderate to high. Narrow-and broad-sense heritability for achene-length was moderate to high and similar for each design. The general combining ability (GCA) and maternal effects were found to be the main genetic factors controlling achene-length and each accounted for around 45% of the total genotypic variance. The inheritance of self-fertility (SF) was assessed with the same 12 x 12 diallel mating design evaluated in two environments. The 12 parents also displayed various levels of SF in addition to a wide range of achene-length. Negative genetic correlations between SF and all five achene-size related traits and 100-achene weight were observed. Modelling achene-length as a covariate revealed that certain pre-pollination floret characteristics represented by achene-length at maturity strongly affects SF in sunflower. When the effect of achene-length was removed statistically as a covariate, the specific combining ability (SCA) effect increased dramatically and became the major factor (other than pre-pollination floret characteristics) for SF determination and accounted for 65% of the total variance. Long achene genotypes tended to have low SF and a positive SCA effect was observed more frequently in F1 hybrids that involved small achene lines. The broad sense heritability was moderate (0.663 ± 0.017), while the estimate of narrow-sense heritability was nearly zero. A segregating F6:7 recombinant inbred line population with 239 progeny was developed from a cross between HaR4, a low delta (Δ), high transpiration efficiency (TE), sunflower line with rust resistance but relatively low SF, and SA52 with all the characteristics in the opposite direction. The population was evaluated in two environments for three TE-related traits including Δ, specific leaf weight (SLW) and chlorophyll content (CC) and four agronomic traits i.e. days to flowering (DTF), plant height (PlantH), SF and rust resistance (RustR). A linkage map 1074.6 cM in length with 138 SSR and 37 ISSR markers consisting of 19 linkage groups was constructed. Spatially adjusted BLUPs were used in QTL analysis for individual and combined environments. Altogether, 10 QTL were identified for Δ, SLW and CC at individual environments, and 7 were detected by a combined analysis. Sixteen QTL were identified for 4 agronomic traits and 14 of them were confirmed by a combined analysis. Significant linkage among all three TE related traits was discovered on linkage group 4 (LG4), where alleles from one parent had the same direction of influence on TE which suggested either coupling phase linkage or pleiotropy. QTL for SF and RustR were closely linked on LG13. An F2 population with 502 progeny developed from a cross between Jumbo, a large achene confectionery sunflower line, and RIL25, an oilseed small achene line, was evaluated for five achene-size related traits in a single field trial. Using a subset of 178 progeny a framework genetic linkage map, 899.7 cM in length, containing 128 SSR markers and 23 ISSR markers was constructed with 18 linkage groups. Based on the results of a simulated QTL analysis, a modified selective genotyping strategy was employed for QTL analysis with 178 F2 individuals (128 randomly selected, 25 shortest achene F2’s and 25 longest achene F2’s). Altogether 18 achene-size related QTL with small effects were identified. Achene-size related genes characteristically expressed additive gene action although several alleles were partially recessive towards the large achene parent. The 18 identified achene-size related QTL were validated in the same diallel mating experiment mentioned above. Significant marker-trait associations were detected for 15 QTL. In addition to 12 significant alleles detected from the F2 population, 12 additional alleles associated with achene-size traits were revealed after the analysis with the diallel. These markers are ready to be used in MAS for confectionery sunflower breeding. Great steps have been made in obtaining essential knowledge of inheritance and linkage of target traits for breeding confectionery sunflower adapted to Australian production environments. The identified markers can be used in MAS and further enhance the breeding process.

Sunflower is grown worldwide for oil production. In Australia, sunflower is under intense competition from canola as an oil crop. Confectionery sunflower aimed for the overseas snack food market is a potential opportunity for Australian farmers due to its ability to provide off-season supply to the major market located mainly in the northern hemisphere. To serve this aim, new confectionery sunflower hybrids adapted to Australian production system with drought tolerance, large achenes, high self-fertility and rust resistance are of paramount importance. The objectives of this project were to understand the genetic inheritance and genetic linkage relationships of the above traits and also to identify linked DNA markers with the potential for marker-assisted selection (MAS). The inheritance of achene-length was studied in a 12 x 12 diallel and a 14 x 12 North Carolina design II (NC II) mating design. Achene-length was evaluated under three environments for each mating design. Genetic correlation among all five achene-size related traits (achene-length, -width, - thickness and also kernel-length and -width) and 100-achene weight were moderate to high. Narrow-and broad-sense heritability for achene-length was moderate to high and similar for each design. The general combining ability (GCA) and maternal effects were found to be the main genetic factors controlling achene-length and each accounted for around 45% of the total genotypic variance. The inheritance of self-fertility (SF) was assessed with the same 12 x 12 diallel mating design evaluated in two environments. The 12 parents also displayed various levels of SF in addition to a wide range of achene-length. Negative genetic correlations between SF and all five achene-size related traits and 100-achene weight were observed. Modelling achene-length as a covariate revealed that certain pre-pollination floret characteristics represented by achene-length at maturity strongly affects SF in sunflower. When the effect of achene-length was removed statistically as a covariate, the specific combining ability (SCA) effect increased dramatically and became the major factor (other than pre-pollination floret characteristics) for SF determination and accounted for 65% of the total variance. Long achene genotypes tended to have low SF and a positive SCA effect was observed more frequently in F1 hybrids that involved small achene lines. The broad sense heritability was moderate (0.663 ± 0.017), while the estimate of narrow-sense heritability was nearly zero. A segregating F6:7 recombinant inbred line population with 239 progeny was developed from a cross between HaR4, a low delta (Δ), high transpiration efficiency (TE), sunflower line with rust resistance but relatively low SF, and SA52 with all the characteristics in the opposite direction. The population was evaluated in two environments for three TE-related traits including Δ, specific leaf weight (SLW) and chlorophyll content (CC) and four agronomic traits i.e. days to flowering (DTF), plant height (PlantH), SF and rust resistance (RustR). A linkage map 1074.6 cM in length with 138 SSR and 37 ISSR markers consisting of 19 linkage groups was constructed. Spatially adjusted BLUPs were used in QTL analysis for individual and combined environments. Altogether, 10 QTL were identified for Δ, SLW and CC at individual environments, and 7 were detected by a combined analysis. Sixteen QTL were identified for 4 agronomic traits and 14 of them were confirmed by a combined analysis. Significant linkage among all three TE related traits was discovered on linkage group 4 (LG4), where alleles from one parent had the same direction of influence on TE which suggested either coupling phase linkage or pleiotropy. QTL for SF and RustR were closely linked on LG13. An F2 population with 502 progeny developed from a cross between Jumbo, a large achene confectionery sunflower line, and RIL25, an oilseed small achene line, was evaluated for five achene-size related traits in a single field trial. Using a subset of 178 progeny a framework genetic linkage map, 899.7 cM in length, containing 128 SSR markers and 23 ISSR markers was constructed with 18 linkage groups. Based on the results of a simulated QTL analysis, a modified selective genotyping strategy was employed for QTL analysis with 178 F2 individuals (128 randomly selected, 25 shortest achene F2’s and 25 longest achene F2’s). Altogether 18 achene-size related QTL with small effects were identified. Achene-size related genes characteristically expressed additive gene action although several alleles were partially recessive towards the large achene parent. The 18 identified achene-size related QTL were validated in the same diallel mating experiment mentioned above. Significant marker-trait associations were detected for 15 QTL. In addition to 12 significant alleles detected from the F2 population, 12 additional alleles associated with achene-size traits were revealed after the analysis with the diallel. These markers are ready to be used in MAS for confectionery sunflower breeding. Great steps have been made in obtaining essential knowledge of inheritance and linkage of target traits for breeding confectionery sunflower adapted to Australian production environments. The identified markers can be used in MAS and further enhance the breeding process.

The main aims of the thesis are: to explore the development of Swedish university students’ vocabulary knowledge, size and depth and vocabulary use (i.e. lexical richness) in their written output, to examine the relationship between these, their relationship to examination grades, and to investigate how these relationships develop over time. The results showed that over one year of university studies stronger links between the two dimensions of vocabulary knowledge, size and depth are established. No relationship was found between informants’ vocabulary size and lexical richness. However, a modest relationship was found between depth and the lexical richness of student essays. Furthermore, there was a modest relationship between vocabulary knowledge and academic performance. A weaker significant, relationship was found between lexical richness of student essays and academic performance as reflected in the course grade. However, the study did not show evidence of a relationship between lexical richness and essay grade, which seems to indicate that lexical richness, is not an essential criterion in teachers’ assessment of essays. In regard to the development of the informant’s vocabulary knowledge, there was a significant growth in their productive size and depth of vocabulary knowledge after both one and two terms. The informants’ receptive size was found to only develop over two terms of study. Moreover, they produced lexically richer essays in their second term than in their first term of study. The results of the study are discussed in light of the effect of similar learning experience at university and the onset vocabulary ability of the informants. Moreover, the findings are discussed from the perspective of pedagogical implications and vocabulary assessment.

Pure aluminium and aluminium-5wt % TiO2 aluminium foams were produced by powder metallurgy technique with the use of TiH2 as foaming agent. Two sizes of TiH2 were used: 20&micro / m and 3&micro / m. It has been confirmed that high level of compaction is the primary requirement in foaming. It was shown that hot swaging could be used as a method of compaction for foaming as it leads to values close to full density. Pure aluminium foamed at 675&deg / C and 725&deg / C leads to a volume expansion between 90-180 %. A model was developed for pure aluminium to explain the pore initiation and the resultant pore size. The model predicts a critical particle size for TiH2 below which bubbles could not form. The size appears to be in the neighborhood of 30&micro / m for 675&deg / C and 6&micro / m for 725&deg / C and is temperature dependent. Equilibrium pore size appears to be a function of TiH2 particle size and not affected significantly by the temperature of foaming. It has also been shown that depth effect, i.e. hydrostatic pressure of liquid metal, is unimportant in foaming process and can be neglected. According to the model, to produce pores of fine sizes, two requirements must be met: use of fine foaming agent and the use of high foaming temperature. Al-5 wt % TiO2 was foamed at 750&deg / C and 800&deg / C, i.e. at temperatures that yield viscosities similar to pure aluminium. The structure of foamed metal and level of foaming, 120-160%, was similar to pure aluminium. Unlike pure aluminium, internal reactions are dominant feature of TiO2 stabilized systems. Solid content of the system increases as a result of internal reactions between Al-Ti and Al- TiO2. When this change occurs, however, is not known. It is possible that the viscosity of the system may be four times of its original value.

Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die mechanistischen Abläufe bei der Papierleimung mit ASA besser zu verstehen und weiter aufzuklären, um vor allem Wechselwirkungen mit Füllstoffen und anderen chemischen Additiven zu minimieren. Dazu sollten analytische Verfahrensmethoden entwickelt werden, welche die bilanztechnische Verfolgung von ASA und dessen Reaktionsprodukten ermöglichen, um anschließend den Einfluss und die Wechselwirkungen verschiedenster Parameter auf die ASA-Leimung untersuchen zu können. Weiterhin sollte bei Untersuchungen zur Emulgierung versucht werden, die wichtigsten Einflussgrößen auf die Partikelgröße, Stabilität und Hydrolyse des ASA aufzuzeigen. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit konnten bei den Untersuchungen zur Emulgierung wichtige Einflussgrößen auf die Partikelgröße, Stabilität und Hydrolyse von ASA-Emulsionen aufgeklärt werden. Weiterhin wurde eine Methode zur genauen Bestimmung der Reaktionskinetik der ASA-Hydrolyse sowie der Ablagerungsneigung entwickelt. Bei den Untersuchungen zur analytischen Bestimmung wurde über die NIR-Spektroskopie ein einfaches Analyseverfahren zur exakten quantitativen Bestimmung von ASA und AKD entwickelt. Es wurde gefunden, dass eine quantitative Erfassung von synthetischen Leimungsmitteln (ASA / AKD) mittels NIR in den Regionen der CH2-Schwingungen um 4300 cm-1 und 5750 cm-1 mit hoher statistischer Genauigkeit möglich ist. Der Methodenfehler für die Bestimmung von AKD liegt bei ± 0,010 % und bei ± 0,013 % für ASA. Dadurch ist eine wesentlich genauere Bewertung von Wechselwirkungen bei der Leimung als bisher möglich, da nicht nur die Leimungswirkung, sondern über NIR auch Menge und Art (gebunden / ungebunden) an Leimungsmittel in einer bisher nicht erreichbaren Messzeit betrachtet werden können. Mittels HPLC und Pyrolyse-GC/MS konnten die erstellten NIR-Kalibrationen erfolgreich validiert werden. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit wurden Wechselwirkungen von ASA mit Füllstoffen und chemischen Additiven aufgeklärt, sowie mechanistische Grundlagen zur Leimung mit ASA erarbeitet. Hier hat sich gezeigt, dass der Mechanismus der ASA-Leimung nicht nur, wie oft in der Literatur beschrieben, auf eine Veresterung mit den Hydroxylgruppen der Cellulose zurückzuführen ist. Vielmehr ist die optimale Wirkung von Leimungsmitteln sehr stark von deren Verteilung, Mobilität und Orientierung abhängig. Weiterhin konnte festgestellt werden, dass der größte Anteil des Leimungsmittels im Papier in ungebundener (hydrolisierter) Form vorliegt und somit zur Wanderung (Migration) durch das Papiergefüge befähigt ist. Trotzdem kann der hydrolisierte Anteil deutlich zur Hydrophobierung des Papiers beitragen, wenn dieser richtig orientiert und fein verteilt ist. Schlecht orientierte Leimungsmittel tragen nicht zur Leimung bei bzw. können diese sogar reduzieren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden unter Einsatz moderner Methoden wichtige Grundlagen zur Papierleimung mit ASA erarbeitet. Dabei wurden insbesondere Beiträge zu den Themen Emulgierung, Hydrolyse- und Ablagerungsneigung, analytische Bestimmung, Wechselwirkungen sowie Mechanismen von ASA geleistet. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen Möglichkeiten auf, wie in Unternehmen der Papierindustrie zukünftig ASA-Leimungsmittel gezielter dosiert, Produktionsstörungen vermieden und Kosten reduziert werden können. / The purpose of this work was to develop a deeper understanding of the mechanisms in ASA sizing and to minimise interactions with fillers and other chemical additives. Therefore analytical test methods were developed, to enable a simple mass balance approach for ASA and its reaction products. Afterwards, the influence of various factors affecting ASA sizing and retention could be investigated and explained. Furthermore, the most important factors which influence particle size, stability, and hydrolysis of ASA emulsions had to be determined. In the first part of this work, studies regarding the emulsification of ASA were carried out. Here, the most important factors with regard to particle size, stability, and hydrolysis of ASA emulsions were investigated. Furthermore, a method for the exact determination of ASA hydrolysis as well as the agglomeration tendency was developed. For the investigations regarding the analytical determination, a fast and easy-to-use method for the quantification of ASA and AKD has been developed. The investigations have shown that a quantitative determination of synthetic sizing agents (ASA / AKD) is possible using NIR spectroscopy. With the help of multivariate data analysis and PLS regression, mainly the region of the CH2-bands around 4300 cm-1 and 5750 cm-1 were evaluated. The prediction error (RMSEP) for the determination of AKD is 0.01 %, and 0.013 % for ASA. Even an analysis of the percentage of bound and unbound ASA / AKD is possible by NIR spectroscopy of extracted paper samples. Thus, a fast and detailed investigation of mechanisms as regards sizing is possible. The developed NIR methods were validated using HPLC and Pyrolysis-GC/MS. In the last part of the work, interactions of ASA with fillers and chemical additives were investigated, and mechanisms of ASA sizing were studied. It was shown that the mechanism of ASA sizing - as often described in the literature - can not only be attributed to the esterification with the hydroxyl groups of the cellulose. In fact, the optimal effect of sizing agents is much more dependant on a fine distribution, mobility and orientation of ASA molecules. It was observed that the main part of the ASA is present in an unbound (hydrolysed) form and therefore is able to migrate through the paper structure. However, the hydrolysed ASA can significantly contribute to sizing when it is finely distributed and well orientated. Sizing agents orientated in the opposite do not contribute to sizing but they can even decrease the existing sizing level. To summarize, it can be concluded that, in this work important fundamentals as regards ASA sizing were developed using modern test methods. Thereby important contributions were made to the topics of emulsification, hydrolysis- and emulsion-stability, analytical determination, interactions and mechanisms of ASA. These results show possibilities how ASA sizing agents can be used more effectively, process disturbances avoided, and costs reduced.