La présente thèse intitulée « La privatisation du droit : l’exemple de la lutte contre le dopage » s’inscrit dans la cadre du droit transversal constitué de droits horizontaux qui enveloppent tout en les interpénétrant l’ensemble des branches dites « classiques » du droit. Mêlant philosophie du droit et régulation d’un secteur méconnu dans son versant juridique, elle questionne le phénomène moderne de normalisation résidant dans l’adoption de textes au contenu généralement volumineux faits de dispositions d’interprétations souvent multiples, qui sont édictés par des acteurs privés ou semi-privés issus de la société nationale, internationale ou transnationale. C’est encore de pluralisme juridique dont il est question dès lors qu’il est traité dans ces travaux de l’ordre juridique transnational antidopage au sein duquel l’Agence mondiale antidopage (AMA) se meut, organisme statutairement de droit privé, qui émet des règles de conduites qui, bien que substantiellement ou matériellement publiques, constituent formellement des normes privées. Cette Agence édicte ainsi le document fondamental antidopage qu’est le Code mondial antidopage (CMA) envisageant des règles harmonisées de cette nature obligatoirement reprises par les organisations sportives privées de tous niveaux dont la gestion du contentieux incombe en principe au seul tribunal arbitral du sport (TAS). Il sera néanmoins vérifié à la mesure de l’impact de ces normes et justices privées, l’écran étatique demeurant en droit interne français comme dans le domaine pénal en général, que la normalisation privée présente une influence certaine dans le domaine antidopage, opérant une forme de novation de la « soft law » en « droit dur ». / The present thesis entitled « Privatization of the law : the example of the fight against doping » is part of the transversal right constituted of horizontal rights which envelop while interpenetrating all the so-called "classical" branches of law. Combining the philosophy of law and the regulation of an unknown sector in its juridical side, it questions the modern phenomenon of normalization residing in the adoption of generally voluminous texts made of provisions of often multiple interpretations, which are enacted by private actors or semi-private from the national, international or transnational society. It is still a question of legal pluralism, since it deals with the transnational anti-doping legal order in which the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) operates, a statutory body governed by private law, which issues rules of conduct which, although substantially or materially public, formally constitute private standards. This Agency thus enacts the fundamental anti-doping document that is the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC) considering harmonized rules of this nature compulsorily taken up by private sports organizations of all levels whose management of litigation falls in principle with the sole court of arbitration for sport (CAS). Nevertheless, it will be checked to the extent of the impact of these norms and private justices, the state screen remaining in French domestic law as in the criminal field in general, that the private standardization has a certain influence in the anti-doping field, operating a novation form of « soft law » into « hard law ».

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Syfte och frågeställningar:  Syftet med studien är att undersöka och analysera hur män och kvinnor beskrivs av sportkommentatorer under TV-sändningar från handbollsmatcher ur ett genusperspektiv. De aktuella frågeställningarna för studien är följande: Hur beskriver kommentatorer kvinnor och män under livekommentering i handboll? Vilka likheter och skillnader finns kopplat till detta i kommentatorers livekommentering av handboll?   Metod: För att bemöta undersökningens syfte och frågeställningar användes en metod av kvalitativ karaktär – diskursanalys. Åtta matcher från fyra olika kommentatorer, alla män, där de kommenterade en match innehållandes kvinnor och en match innehållandes män, spelades in och transkriberades sedan rad för rad. Analys av insamlad data skedde med hjälp av diskursanalys för att kunna undersöka likheter och skillnader. Passager från kommentatorerna kategoriserades och växte fram till olika teman.   Resultat:  Resultatet från diskursanalysen visar att det finns både likheter och skillnader i hur livekommentering sker gällande kön. Likheter som finns är att tränares meriter presenteras på liknande sätt, samt att reklam görs för respektive liga. Skillnader som upptäcktes var hur kommentatorerna beskriver och benämner kvinnor respektive män. Slutsats: Resultatet indikerar att kommentatorernas språkbruk skiljer sig i kommentering av kvinnor och män och att det således fortfarande tycks finnas arbete att utföra för en mer jämställd syn på kvinnor och mäns sportutövning. Ytterligare studier inom detta område behövs alltså  för att uppmärksamma och arbeta för allas jämställda deltagande på sportens arena. / Aim The aim of the study was to investigate and analyse how men and women are described by sports casters during live broadcasting of sport from a gender perspective. The research questions for this study are as follows: How are men and women described by sport casters during live commentary of handball? What similarities or differences exist in sport casters live commentary of handball?   Method Eight (8) handball games by four (4) different male sport casters, where each sports caster cast one male and female game, were transcribed and analysed from a discourse analysis perspective. Identified perspectives and discourses were categorised and sorted, thereafter analysed utilising a gender perspective.   Results The results from the discourse analysis show that both differences and similarities exist regarding gender in live commentary. The coaches’ merits are presented in similar ways and advertising for both leagues are done in a similar manner. Differences lie in that the sport casters depict and describe men and women differently.   Conclusion The results indicate that the differences found in how sport commentators describe and portray women and men mean that there is still work to be done to create a more equal arena for men and women to participate in with regards to sports. More research is needed in order to shed more light onto this area of research.

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Virtual reality (VR) has been successfully applied to a broad range of training domains; however, to date there is little research investigating its benefits for sport training. In this work we investigated the feasibility and usefulness of using VR for two sport subdomains: sport psychology and sport biomechanics. In terms of sport psychology training, high-fidelity VR systems could be used to display realistic 3D environments to induce anxiety, allowing resilience-training systems to prepare athletes for real-world, high-pressure situations. For sport biomechanical training, we could take advantage of the 3D tracking available in VR systems to capture and display full-body movements in real-time, and could design flexible 3D environments to foster a valuable and engaging training experience. To address using VR for sport psychology training, in this work we present a case study and a controlled experiment. Our work addresses whether a VR system can induce anxiety in participants, and if so, how this anxiety impacts performance, and what the implications are for VR system design. sing VR for sport biomechanical training, in this work we present a case study describing the development of a VR-based jump training application. Our work addresses whether an effective VR biomechanical training system can be achieved using standard computer equipment and commodity tracking devices, and how we should design the user experience of a VR sport training system to effectively deliver biomechanical principles. / Master of Science

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Thesis (M Sport Sc (Sport Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of the study was to analyse the penalty area entrances of a team competing in the Premier Soccer League (PSL) in South Africa. Ten home matches of the team were analysed making use of a category set designed for the study. The main areas of analysis included the point of final action before the ball entered the penalty area, the part of the penalty area at which the entrance occurred, the method of entrance, the number of completed passes within the area, and the outcome of the entrance as well as the reason for the outcome. The results revealed that the team entered the penalty area on average 59.4 times per match and scored a goal on every 37.4 penalty area entrances. The ball being taken away by the opponents was the outcome that occurred most frequently within the penalty area (42.1% of all entries), and was largely due to interceptions by the defending team (20.7%). The next most commonly occurring event was the ball being given away by the attacking team (22.4% of all entries) and was largely as a result of the poor passing (20%). The results revealed that in order for the team to improve their ability to convert their attacking opportunities into goals, improvement of technical execution in particular passing and shooting within the critical areas of the field must be established. The results have implications for the use of performance analysis for professional teams as support for the coaching process. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie was om „n prestasie-profiel te ontwikkel wat die strafarea-toegang beskryf van „n professionele span wat aan die Premier Sokker Liga (PSL) in Suid-Afrika deelneem. Tien tuiswedstryde van die span is geanaliseer, gebaseer op „n kategorie wat vir die studie ontwerp is. Die vlakke van analise was eerstens die punt van finale aksie voordat die bal die strafarea binnegaan, die plek in die strafarea waar toegang plaasgevind het, die metode van toegang, die hoeveelheid afgehandelde aangee-aksies in die area en laastens die uitkoms van die toegang asook die rede vir die uitkoms. Die resultate het aangedui dat die span die strafarea ongeveer 59.4 keer per wedstryd betree en elke 37.4 „n doel aanteken deur toegang tot die strafarea te verkry. Die afneem van die bal deur „n span (42.1% van toegang) het die meeste plaasgevind nadat die bal die strafarea binne gegaan het. Dit is grotendeels te wyte aan onderskepping deur die verdedigende span (20.7%). Die weggee van die bal deur die aanvallende span (22.4% van toegang) was hoofsaaklik as gevolg van swak aangee-aksies (20%) en het ook dikwels voorgekom. Die prestasie-profiel het aangedui dat indien die span hulle vermoë wil verbeter om aanvallende geleenthede te laat eindig in „n doel, verbetering nodig is met tegniese uitvoering, veral met vaardighede ten opsigte van „n bal-aangee en doelskop. Hierdie studie is „n voorbeeld van hoe prestasie-analise aangewend kan word in professionele sokker om ondersteuning aan die afrigtingsproses te bied.

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