The aim with this study is to explore if and how linguistic learning takes places when four pairs ofstudents in grade one writes on the computer. Observations of eight students took place duringtwelve lessons to investigate what happened during their writing processes. This study isimportant because students’ computer writing is a relatively new phenomenon in the Swedishprimary school.It is clear that the peer collaboration creates a complex interaction that becomes the platform, andalso the prerequisite, for successful language training. The method can clearly give students profitsin their linguistic development. When working in pairs, children support each other in writing andreading. They also get to train letter knowledge, phonemic awareness and the correspondencebetween phonemes and graphemes. Although the method creates good possibilities for readingand writing development, it cannot be the only way to learn reading. There are also risks thatstudents get stuck in different positions that can affect their progresses, which is important thatthe teachers consider while creating writing pairs. Teachers need to identify student’s reading andwriting development processes and also be able to create reading and writing instruction thatprovides different learning strategies.

Recently, some authors point to value creation from the structure and behaviours associated with competition and collaboration inside the organisation (Helfat and Eisenhardt, 2004; Birkinshaw and Lingblad, 2005). While both competition and collaboration have been studied extensively between organisations, less attention has been focused on them and their interaction between units inside the organisation, particularly within complex and heterogeneous multinational corporations. The question is how to achieve the coordination and collaboration that is necessary for a multinational organisation to reap the benefits that international expansion has to offer and yet balance the propensity for competition that exists as business units struggle for scarce resources or new opportunities. In order to answer this question, the aim of this review is to first of all know what the factors and mechanisms are that influence competition and collaboration between organisational units within multinational organisations. Methodology: This study has been conducted using a systematic review methodology with the aim of producing a search of extant literature which can be trusted by others as being thorough, transparent, replicable and clear. Both quantitative and qualitative techniques have been used to achieve this. Findings: This review finds that the there is minimal extant literature that addresses competition and collaboration between business units within the multinational corporation and that it also fails to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors and mechanisms that influence the co-existence of intraorganisational competition and collaboration. They are typically viewed as mutually exclusive or at opposite ends of a continuum. While there has been some recent research attention given to intraorganisational collaboration and competition, each in their own right, there has not been an extensive review of the factors and mechanisms when looking at their coexistence within the multinational corporate environment. By bringing the two literatures into view and investigating the paradoxical nature of the influences on andthe interactions between competition and collaboration, insights into an optimal mix based on the corporations strategy and value creation logic can be gained for both academics and business unit leaders.

In April 2007 we contacted Lennart Augustsson at Designpartners AB in Västerås. He came up with the idea to investigate and evaluate their construction of a interaction beam, CSB-beam. CSB is short for Connector Interaction beam. The beam is based on a horizontal C-profile of high-tensile steel and in the bottom of the profile are vertical flat bar welded so called block connectors. These block anchorsare also made of hightensilesteel. Their task is to create collaboration between the steel and the concrete. The dimensioning of the block connectors is done according to the Swedish standard SSENV199411.The purpose of this study is to evaluate and control the formula used for the dimensioning which is found in SS-ENV 1994-1-1.There has been two main parts of this exam work. Part 1: Theoretical preliminary investigations,consisting of calculations and literature studies of block anchors. Part 2: Practical testloads of four prefabricatedCSB-beams.The results of the two parts were thencompared to see if theory corresponded to reality. The result shows that the comparison of the formula in Swedish standard, SS-ENV 1994-1-1 can be used for dimensioning of block connectors in interaction beams.

I organisationer idag börjar det bli mer och mer centralt att fokusera på medarbetarnas innovationsmöjligheter och kunskap. Organisationer bör numera fokusera mer på den tysta kunskapen och göra denna explicit för att utnyttja den fulla potentialen till innovation. I dagens organisationer krävs det även att medarbetarna vågar arbeta över gränserna och att ledningen tydliggör att allas input inom organisationen värderas likvärdigt. Denna kvalitativa studie bygger på intervjuer med fem personer, som alla har ledningspositioner inom Organisationen AB. Utgångspunkt i studien att undersöka, ur ledningsperspektiv, ledningens roll i att stimulera till innovation och lärandeprocesser för lagring och hämtning av kunskap inom organisationen. Det insamlade materialet har tolkats samt analyserats och återfinns under empiri och analys avsnittet. I slutet av studien ges förslag till förbättringar.

No description available.

For any given firm in any industry, market success is a desire that all strive for, and this is achieved by outsmarting competition through brilliant strategies. To develop these strategies many firms resort to innovation, and as such innovation is the key to developing better strategies for market success. It is with this acknowledgement that this thesis delves into the history of LM Ericsson in order to unearth the innovation strategies that lay behind the company‟s success during the last decade of the 19th century. To achieve this mission, we ask ourselves such questions as to what was unique with Lars Magnus Ericsson that he relayed to the company that ensured success. We even try to find out if there were any technology related aspects that facilitated this success and finally take a look at the company‟s business environment to find out if the environment played any roles which can be attributed to the company‟s success. Getting the above mentioned tasks accomplished required the application of appropriate methodological steps. Owing to the historical nature of the study and the data to be collected all indications were leaning towards a qualitative study based on secondary data with a case study as the most suitable design given that the aim of study was to explore LM Ericsson‟s innovation strategies. But this study‟s relevance is tied to the relationship with theory wherein relevance is proclaimed if the empirical data collected can somehow be related to the theories used in the study. With respect to the issue of relevance, an inductive approach was suitable as we sought to make some theoretical inferences out of the findings arrived at. The application of the chosen approach edged the thesis closer towards achieving the stated aim of study. An analysis was therefore done with the help of relevant theories among them open innovation, path dependence, competitive strategy as well as theory on networks. The conclusion arrived at was that Lars Magnus Ericsson possessed a raft of unique capabilities, among them innate engineering skills, handiness, and a host of other personal attributes such as thoroughness and cautiousness. All these traits together with the favourable domestic business environment incorporating limited number of competitors and the low level of technology at that time worked in favour of the company. In addition it is also important to note that the path dependent nature of the telephone technology as well as the lack of patents in telephone technology in the Nordic region, allowed the founder of the company to borrow foreign knowledge for use in developing products. But perhaps the most outstanding of all the success factors, personal qualities aside, was LM Ericsson‟s collaboration with Henrik Cedergren‟s SAT (Stockholms Allmänna Telefonaktiebolag). There is no doubt Lars Magnus Ericsson would have succeeded thanks to his innate skills which were instrumental in the production of quality products, but he would probably not have been as successful as he was. Collaboration with SAT highly promoted the success of the company. The special relationship endeared the company to the telephone market, and made the innovation equation complete for LM Ericsson. The company could thus concentrate on improving its technical skills base while SAT delivered the markets and success was inevitable. When this relationship tended towards its end by the turn of the century, LM Ericsson‟s fortunes began to diminish and it had no choice but to diversify beyond the domestic market it once dominated with SAT‟s help, to venture into foreign markets. This highlights the epicentre of LM Ericsson‟s success pillars, thereby bringing us to the most important lesson we learn with this case as one of the major reasons behind LM Ericsson‟s success. Before proceeding to the main body of this thesis, the reader‟s attention is being drawn to the fact that the company which is the subject of this study shares the same name with its founder. Therefore in a bid to differentiate between the founder and the company to ensure clarity the full names of Lars Magnus Ericsson is used in reference to the founder while LM Ericsson refers to the company

The purpose of the study was to explore the overall perceptions that resource room teachers had of the required SMART goals, rubric outcome sampling, and the collaborative effort of Personal Program Planning team. This study included a descriptive, embedded single-case study having three sub-units. Each subunit consisted of one resource room teacher who was teaching in a central Saskatchewan urban school division at the elementary level. Each resource room teacher was asked to select one student with a cognitive, behavioural, or multiple disability and a previous PPP document written for him or her (i.e., this is not the students first year of meeting the criteria for Intensive Supports) by that particular resource room teacher. Each resource room teacher participated in three separate focus open-ended interviews designed to explore their perceptions of SMART goals, rubric outcome sampling, and the collaborative nature of the PPP process.<p> Pattern-matching and exploration building were the two analytic techniques used in this study. Numerous themes were identified in the data. The themes present in data collected from at least two of the participants included: the need to be flexible with parents; resource room teachers have large workloads; concern over EAs not being able to attend PPP meetings; the need for rubrics to be discussed within the context of a PPP meeting; the effect of having different knowledge bases and levels of expertise represented in a PPP team; the use of visual aides during the PPP meeting; and working with the dual role of resource room teacher and vice principal.

Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to explore and analyze how collaboration within a CSR project develops and evolves over time. By analyzing a CSR project that in-volves actors from multiple sectors, the aim is to acquire an increased understand-ing of the collaborative process. Background: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a concept has been growing in im-portance and is becoming an important part of corporations’ strategy, but there are still issues of how to engage in an efficient and effective way. As consumers are be-coming increasingly aware of CSR it can influences their buying behaviors. It is im-portant for corporations to engage in CSR that can result in both social and finan-cial value. CSR collaboration with external actors can provide and leverage unique combinations of resources and knowledge which could otherwise be hard for the corporation to obtain. The challenge for corporations is to find the right collabora-tive partnerships with the capabilities to meet the needs of society. Different types of actors can have different motivations behind their involvement, raising the issue of how they can collaborate without conflict. Method: To answer the purpose, a case study was conducted. The case study is based on a project called “Bra bostäder för småhushåll till rimligt pris” which is aimed at alle-viate the shortage of affordable housing in Sweden. The project intends to show that it is possible to build more affordable homes where the price for the end con-sumer is considered from the beginning. Primary data was collected through semi-structured interviewees with important actors involved in the case. Conclusion: The ability to develop a CSR project is critically dependent on the collabora-tion between the involved actors. The collaborative process and inclusion of differ-ent actors are based on the competencies, knowledge, and experience. Social as-pects have been the foundation for a shared purpose, but the focus has been on is-sues regarding sustainable financial viability. The collaborative nature has allowed for a unique combinations that would otherwise not been possible and have in-creased the value of the project.

Abstract In the era of economic globalization and regional economic times, service-oriented manufacturing sector of management science, environmental protection standard 3R (reduce, recycle, reuse) of the environmental costs, but also business process in today's business and going to an important issue to consider ¡C Case study company is mainly engaged in punching industry, the key body parts to provide products to electronics companies, with highly customized industry characteristics. Provide customized technical experience accumulated experience of spunching product manufacturing competitive differentiation, price competition is not easy to flow in, but the customized product life cycle is short, indirect stamping industry in customer delivery and with the degree to be more flexible. How to create a company with limited resources, the greatest value, then the company needs to strengthen internal management and more to find the core competitive advantage to in response to management issues, the main investigator of this research-oriented background¡C In this paper the strategy and Jay Barney's resource-based theory of internal resources is essentially self-view business, and qualitative research methods to case analysis to identify the direction the company should be improved and the core competitiveness of the self-view. In addition to stamping industry, analysis of the external business environment to understand the case in the main electronic body parts to study why the dynamic competitiveness. The main motivation for this research study-cum-research purposes, it is summarized as follows : 1. To find out the status of cases, the company currently operates the main problems viewing and self-diagnostic analysis for the determination of clear cases of the company's main core competencies are¡C 2. The aim of analysis of the external environment stamping industry analysis, the main body parts for electronic analysis of the impact¡C On the question of the conclusion of the study and concluded that the internal processes of self-management process should be re-view, create value-based management company operating activities, the internal control system in the process of risk control mechanisms for building improvements. Another talent retention and on-site management services to scientific concepts and patented manufacturing technology development and applications introduction, so before the next wave to create the company's core competitiveness of services kinetic energy¡C Keywords: traditional industries, collaboration, SWOT analysis, purchase and

In the smiling curve theory, many enterprises in Taiwan product merchandise by OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturing) model become the one which has lowest additional value. It seems that there is no future of Taiwan's OEM industry. It suggests that the enterprises in Taiwan should make the transition to the research or own brands. But, Can the smiling curve theory be really suitable for the industries of OEM unconditionally? ODM (Own Designing and Manufacturing) should subdivide into two models, passive ODM and active ODM. Passive ODM is receiving requirements of brand owners and then designs detail functions of product and processes of manufacture. Active ODM is made a product of open model and provides it for brand owners. When the product of open model is accepted by customer, the manufacturer can deliver the product with little lead time. In Passive ODM model, the brand owner should take the risk of marketing. But in active ODM model, the manufacturer takes marketing risk, too. It is more difficult for manufacturer to know the market rather than to manufacture. By using simulation gets two results: 1.When the manufacturer doesn't know the market, it is high risk to make the transition to active ODM or OBM (Own Branding and Manufacturing). 2.It is more safety to make the transition to passive ODM and the manufacturer still can shorten the cycle of new product development, get more orders and improve the ability of the enterprise.