Despite many studies describing the physiological characteristics of professional road cyclists and recent work describing the demands of competition, there is a paucity of similar information regarding elite mountain bike (MTB) cyclists. The aim of the present work was to describe the physiological characteristics and the demands of competition for successful MTB cyclists relative to successful road cyclists. Internationally competitive cyclists from both disciplines (seven MTB and seven road) completed the following laboratory tests: anthropometric measurements, an incremental cycle ergometer test and a 30 minute laboratory time trial. In addition, the power output profile obtained in the field from a world-class MTB cyclist riding a simulated race were compared to successful road cycling performances (placing top 3) in flat (FLAT), semi-mountainous (SEMO), high-mountainous (HIMO), individual time trial (ITT) and criterium (CRIT) road races. Due to conversion problems, 6 sentences have been omitted. For full abstract, see 01front.pdf. These results indicate that success in international MTB racing requires high power-to-weight characteristics complemented by a light and lean physique. MTB racing is associated with greater torque at the pedal crank, a more constant effort with less time at lower power outputs and a higher frequency of highintensity surges than road racing. Therefore coaches should take into account these unique MTB racing characteristics when devising training programs for elite athletes.

La presente tesis tiene como objetivo determinar si la implementación de ciclovías en el Distrito de San Juan de Lurigancho, durante los años 2020 y 2021, tiene relación con lo establecido en los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible “salud y bienestar” y “ciudades y comunidades sostenibles”. Al respecto, la Municipalidad Metropolitana de Lima es la encargada de implementar las ciclovías en la ciudad. El diseño de la investigación es no experimental, de tipo descriptiva y correlacional, con un enfoque cualitativo, para ello se realizó una entrevista semiestructurada, además de la aplicación de una encuesta virtual a través de Google Forms. Las respuestas se procesaron en el programa estadístico SPSS. Asimismo, se realizó un análisis legal de la diversa normativa aplicable al uso de la bicicleta en el Perú. Los resultados arrojados demuestran que la población objetivo identifica una relación directa débil a media entre la implementación de ciclovías en el distrito de San Juan de Lurigancho durante los años 2020 y 2021 y el desarrollo sostenible, enmarcado en los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible de “salud y bienestar” y “ciudades y comunidades sostenibles”. Asimismo, en el análisis legal se determina, entre otros hallazgos, que en los últimos años se consideró una regulación más específica y práctica del uso de la bicicleta como medio alternativo de transporte sostenible, como componente de un sistema de movilidad urbano basado en un enfoque más extenso que la sostenibilidad. / The objective of this thesis is to determine if the bikeway implementation in San Juan de Lurigancho, during the years 2020 and 2021, is related to the Sustainable Development Goals "health and well-being” and “sustainable cities and communities". In this regard, the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima is responsible of bikeway implementation along the city. The research design is non-experimental, descriptive and correlational, with a qualitative approach, for which a semi-structured interview was carried out, in addition to the application of a virtual survey through Google Forms. The responses were processed in the SPSS statistical program. Likewise, the legal analysis determines, among other findings, that in recent years a more specific and practical regulation of the use of bicycles as an alternative means of sustainable transport was considered, as a component of an urban mobility system based on a broader approach than sustainability. / Trabajo de investigación

The object of this master’s thesis is business plan for a city bikes shop. It’s first part is more teoretical and about firm’s external surroundings. The main part of business plan is in the second part of thesis.

The rapid development of sharing economy in the past decade has spawned a number of excellent products such as Airbnb and Uber. As one of the representative products of the sharing economy, the emergence and development of shared bikes are of great significance to the country, the government and citizens. In this context, this study aims to use Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior (DTPB) to investigate the factors influencing consumers’ intentions to use shared bikes. We collected primary data from 268 respondents from different districts as input, finally using SPSS 25.0 to conduct a regression analysis to test 9 antecedent variables and 3 intermediate variables to verify 12 hypotheses. The empirical results indicate that perceived usefulness, perceived joviality and perceived environmental protection have a positive influence on users' attitude towards using while perceived risk has a negative influence; peer influence and superior influence have a positive influence on subjective norm; self-efficacy and resource facilitating condition have a positive influence on perceived behavior control; attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavior control are positively related to the intentions to use shared bikes. This study provides important and new insights into shared bikes adoption and intentions about consumer behavior.

This thesis explores the intersection of shared micro-mobility services and genderwith a focus on the nighttime in Stockholm, Sweden. Research has found agender gap in user characteristics, with safety, affordability, and vehicle qualityaffection adoption. This study explores the differences in motivations and barriersto usage, contributing to sustainable and inclusive transportation. This wasachieved through a quantitative-qualitative approach that combined responsesfrom 164 people, 60 open comments, and 15 interviews. The research found PublicTransport and socializing as the primary mode and purpose of night trips amongmen and women, with women having a slightly higher preference. Time-saving,convenience and reliability, ease of access and use, and the complementarity ofother modes of transport are relevant for users regardless of gender. Womenseem to be more regular users than men. Women also seem to be more sensitiveto pricing and safety issues, both positive and negative aspects of the services.Among users who avoid the service at night, parking restrictions, unusefulnessand impracticality, expensiveness, owning a bike, consuming alcohol, andsocio-political aspects are the main motivations for doing so. The last three alsoapply to non-users. Men seem to be more sensitive to parking restrictions andwomen to unusefulness and impracticality and carrying bags and travelling withchildren. Finally, this document suggests strategies to increase overall, nighttime,and female usage of this service, focused on the shared micro-mobility operatorsand municipalities.

Gräsrotsfinansiering, också känt Crowdfunding, är en finansieringsmetod för att finansiera diverse projekt genom mindre ekonomiska bidrag från ett stort antal olika personer. Detta fenomen har växt sig stort de senaste åren, mycket på grund av möjligheterna som öppnats upp via medietekniska plattformar och sociala medier. Denna studie ämnar undersöka huruvida det finns projekt som använder sig av crowdfunding utan att ha ett finansiellt motiv och drivkraft. Resultatet är grundat på två olika medieprojekt med politiska inriktningar. Empirin som studien grundar sig på är framtaget genom kvalitativa ostrukturerade intervjuer med Andreas Öhman skapare bakom tv-serien Dom jävlarna ska skjutas, och Glynnis Ritter, Junior producer på produktionsbolaget WG Film angående dokumentärfilmen Bikes vs Cars. Studiens resultat visar att det finns projekt som drivs av andra krafter än finansiella. De två undersökningsobjekten i denna studie statuerar exempel för politiska projekt som har ett opinionsbildande motiv. Båda projekten arbetar för att föra varsin sakfråga framåt och fungera som debattverktyg för personer som sympatiserar med deras åsikt och är båda överens om att kommunikation, mellan grundare och backare, är avgörande för överlevnad. I slutändan har en modell kunnat skapas för att tydliggöra och strukturera upp olika motiv och vinning hos skilda parter i en crowdfundingkampanj. Genom transparens och kontinuerlig kommunikation mellan skapare och backare, som möjliggörs genom medietekniska plattformar, kan crowdfundingkampanjer skapa förändringar i samhället. / “Look, we are many”- A case study about public opinion formatting as a motive for crowdfunding campaigns.Crowdfunding is a method of financing to fund various projects through small financial contributions from a large number of different people. This phenomenon has grown large in recent years, largely because of the possibilities opened up by the media technology platforms and social media.This study intends to examine whether there are projects that use crowdfunding without having a financial motive and urge. The results are based on two different media projects with political intentions and the data is developed through two qualitative semi-structured interviews.Study results show that there is projects run by forces other than financial. The two projects in this study set an example for political projects that have an public opinion forming motive. Both projects are working to bring the their subject of interest forward and act as debate tool for people who sympathize with their point of view. They are both convinced that communication between parts is very essential for survival.In the end a model had been created that shows the structure and different motives that the different parts of the crowdfunding campaign can have. Through transparency and continuous communication between founders and backers, that enable through digital sites, crowdfunding campaigns can change structures in society.KeywordsCrowdfunding, motive, public opinion forming, media production, The Wolves, Bikes vs Cars

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία, η οποία εκπονήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας του Τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών, πραγματεύεται την κατασκευή ενός ηλεκτρικού δικύκλου. Σκοπός είναι η κατασκευή και ο έλεγχος ενός ηλεκτρικού ποδηλάτου και συγκεκριμένα ο σχεδιασμός και η εγκατάσταση ενός κατάλληλου ηλεκτροκινητήριου συστήματος σε ένα συμβατικό ποδήλατο. Αρχικά γίνεται μια σύντομη περιγραφή των συμβατικών και των ηλεκτρικών ποδηλάτων, η οποία περιλαμβάνει την ιστορική εξέλιξή τους, τα μέρη από τα οποία αποτελούνται, τους τύπους στους οποίους διακρίνονται και τα νομικά πλαίσια που διέπουν τη λειτουργία τους. Στη συνέχεια, περιγράφεται το ηλεκτροκινητήριο σύστημα, το οποίο εγκαταστάθηκε στο πλαίσιο του ποδηλάτου που παραχωρήθηκε για το σκοπό αυτό από την εταιρεία Ideal Bikes Μανιατόπουλος Α.Ε., τα κριτήρια επιλογής του κινητήρα, των ηλεκτροχημικών συσσωρευτών και των επιμέρους στοιχείων που το απαρτίζουν. Ακολουθεί η ανάλυση των Brushless μηχανών, τα κατασκευαστικά χαρακτηριστικά και η αρχή λειτουργίας τους. Το επόμενο βήμα είναι η θεωρητική μελέτη του τριφασικού αντιστροφέα τάσης που απαιτείται για την οδήγηση του κινητήρα. Παρατίθενται τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν από την προσομοίωση της λειτουργίας του ηλεκτροκινητήριου συστήματος μέσω του προγράμματος Matlab/Simulink. Κατόπιν, περιγράφεται η κατασκευή του τριφασικού αντιστροφέα τάσης, τα στοιχεία που τον απαρτίζουν και ο λόγος για τον οποίο επιλέχθηκαν. Δίνεται μια σύντομη περιγραφή του μικροελεγκτή που χρησιμοποιήθηκε, των δυνατοτήτων που παρέχει αλλά και η λογική του ελέγχου που υλοποιεί. Τέλος, ακολουθούν οι πειραματικές μετρήσεις και τα συμπεράσματα που προέκυψαν από τη λειτουργία της κατασκευής. / The purpose of this thesis is the construction of an electric two-wheeled vehicle. The work was conducted in the Laboratory of Electromechanical Energy Conversion, in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of Patras. The main aim is the study, the construction and the control of an electric bike. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to design and install a suitable electric motor system to a conventional bicycle. Initially, there is a brief overview of the conventional and the electric bicycles, along with their history, their main parts, the types in which they are divided and the legal frameworks that govern their operation. Secondly, the electric motor system, which was installed in the bicycle frame granted for this purpose by the company Ideal Bikes, Nikos Maniatopoulos S.A., the criteria for the selection of the motor and the batteries are described. In addition, there is a short description of Brushless motors, their types and the principle of their operation. Furthermore, the theoretical study of the three phase inverter required for driving the motor is given. Moreover, the results obtained from the simulation of the operation of the motor system through the Matlab / Simulink are provided. The construction of the three phase inverter, the constituent elements and the reason for their selection are also analyzed. Last but not least, there is a short description of the microcontroller which is used and its capabilities, in order to facilitate the study and design of the structure. Finally, the experimental measurements and the conclusions that derive from the construction and the operation of the electric bike are presented and future improvements concerning the construction are proposed.

lt has been shown that engagement in secondary tasks may contribute to cyclists crash risk [1 ], meditated by cycling errors or risky behaviors. For influences on secondary task: engagement, it is generally found that phone use is negatively correlated with age. In most studies, males are more found engaged in phone tasks than females. lt was also found that users of a bicycle-sharing program more often to wear headphones and engage in more unsafe behavior. The use of safety gear (e.g., wearing a helmet, using reflectors) is often negatively correlated with distracted cycling. Also, cyclists engaged in a secondary task exhibit other risky behaviors more often [2]. The present study's first aim was to get (an updated) estimate of the observable frequency of different secondary tasks, use of additional safety equipment, and rule violations while riding bicycles and e-scooters in Germany. The second aim was to examine possible differences in secondary task: engagement, use of additional safety equipment, and rule violations between different types of users of the cycling infrastructure, i.e., riders of conventional bikes, e-bikes, scooters, and e-scooters. A third aim was to explore whether riders' secondary task engagement is related to active safety precautions (e.g., wearing a helmet), traffic rule violations, and at-fault conflicts and if there are rider profiles regarding safety-related behaviors. As the study is explorative, no hypotheses were formulated. [From: Introduction]

This study examines the impact and potential of cargo bikes as socio-economically and ecologically beneficial modes of transportation. It focuses on the perspectives of cargo bike pool members and the challenges faced by pool operators. Three interviews were conducted with cargo bike pool operators in Sweden to understand the challenges and considerations involved in establishing and operating a pooling service, as well as their opinions on its financial future. Additionally, a user survey targeting pool members from one of the interviewed operators was conducted in 2020. The survey investigated user barriers, motivations, opinions towards the pooling service, and its effect on user mobility habits before and after joining. Although the acceptance and utilization of these services depend on factors such as proximity, pricing, availability, quality, and convenience of the service. The findings show that pooling services increase member interest in owning and using cargo bikes as a replacement for cars. However, concerns regarding the marketability of cargo-bike pools alone are raised in this study, thus, to enhance the attractiveness of cargo-bike pools, this study suggests incorporating additional modes of transportation, offering supplementary value propositions, and ensuring a user-friendly experience. On the operator side, this study highlights the importance of stakeholder collaboration in maximizing the potential of cargo bike pools for sustainable transportation enabling resource sharing, and marketing efforts, and improving the overall service by leveraging financial, spatial, and logistical benefits. Finally, this study finds that the current state of cargo bike pools necessitates collaboration and subsidies from municipalities and stakeholders. Suggesting innovations in business models and increased marketing strategies that capture a broader demographic through an enhanced value proposition that includes other forms of modality and benefits in their services, are vital for the growth of cargo biking through pooling systems.  The research provides insights for prospective operators in establishing and operating cargo bike pools, emphasizing considerations related to the physical layout, financial aspects, marketing, and value proposition of the service and has broader implications in how to encourage more sustainable mobility practices.

Le transport est devenu fondamental dans les villes pour le bon fonctionnement de l'économie et le bien-être de la population urbaine. Depuis plusieurs années, le transport est confronté à de nombreux problèmes tels que l'embouteillage, le taux élevé d'accidents, la vie malsaine due à la fumée et à la poussière, la pollution atmosphérique due aux émissions de carbone, etc. Pour faire face à ces problèmes, les recherches intègrent les technologies numériques au transport terrestre, connu sous le nom de système de transport intelligent (ITS). Les ITS peuvent détecter, analyser, collecter, contrôler et communiquer différentes données. Cette thèse étudie et propose un nouveau protocole pour les applications de collecte de données dans un environnement urbain. Nous faisons trois contributions principales. Tout d'abord, nous proposons un nouveau protocole dénommé le protocole "Internet of Bikes" IoB-DTN qui applique le paradigme DTN (Réseau tolérant aux délais) aux applications de l'Internet des objets (IoT) exécutant une application de collecte de données sur un système de partage de vélo urbain basé sur un réseau de capteurs. Le protocole est évalué sur un scénario réaliste en évaluant les politiques de gestion des buffers, le nombre de copies pulvérisé dans le réseau ainsi que le nombre des vélos utilisés. Deuxiément, une évaluation comparative des performances du protocole IoB-DTN multi-sauts avec une technologie de réseau étendu à basse consommation (LPWAN), de type LoRa/LoRaWAN est étudiée. LPWAN a été conçu pour fournir une connectivité à grande distance et rentable pour les applications IoT à faible débit: durée de vie de plusieurs années et une portée de multikilomètres pour les appareils mobiles alimentés par des batteries. Cette partie de notre travail vise à fournir aux concepteurs et aux managers de réseaux des idées sur la technologie la plus pertinente pour leurs applications urbaines pouvant fonctionner sur des systèmes de partage de vélos. Enfin, nous proposons un protocole efficace, IoB-DTN basé sur un mécanisme d’agrégation de données. Nous proposons trois variantes de IoB-DTN: IoB basé sur l'agrégation spatiale (IoB-SA), IoB basé sur l'agrégation temporelle (IoB-TA) et IoB basé sur l'agrégation spatio-temporelle (IoB-STA). Nous comparons les trois variantes avec le protocole multi-saut IoB-DTN sans agrégation et la technologie à faible puissance et longue portée, de type LoRa. Les résultats de la comparaison permettent de vérifier que les trois variantes de l’IoB-DTN basées sur l’agrégation de données améliorent plusieurs paramètres tels que le taux de livraison, la consommation d’énergie et le débit. / Transport has become fundamental in the cities to the well functioning of the economy and the welfare of the city population. For several years, transportation faces many issues such as traffic jamming, high accidents rate, unhealthy life due to smoke and dust, air pollution as a result of carbon emission, etc. To deal with these matters, researches integrate digital technologies to ground transportation which is known as Intelligent Transport System (ITS). ITS can sense, analyze, collect, control and communicate different data. This thesis investigates and proposes a new protocol for data collection applications in an urban environment. We make three main contributions: firstly, we propose a new protocol denoted the "Internet of Bikes" IoB-DTN protocol which applies Delay/Disruption Tolerant Network (DTN) paradigm to the Internet of Things (IoT) applications running a data collection application on urban bike sharing system based sensor network. The protocol is evaluated on a realistic scenario by assessing the buffer management policies, the number of copies sprayed in the network as well as the number of bicycles used. Secondly, a comparative evaluation of the performance of the multi-hop IoB-DTN protocol with a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology, LoRa/LoRaWAN type is investigated. LPWAN have been designed to provide cost-effective wide area connectivity for small throughput IoT applications: multiyear lifetime and multikilometer range for battery-operated mobile devices. This part of our work aims at providing network designers and managers insights on the most relevant technology for their urban applications that could run on bike sharing systems. Finally, we propose an efficient IoB-DTN protocol based on data aggregation mechanism. We propose three variants of IoB-DTN: IoB based on spatial aggregation (IoB-SA), IoB based on temporal aggregation (IoB-TA) and IoB based on spatio-temporal aggregation (IoB-STA). We compare the three variants with the multi-hop IoB-DTN protocol without aggregation and the low-power long-range technology, LoRa type. Comparison results verify that the three variants of IoB-DTN based on data aggregation improve several metrics such as the delivery rate, energy consumption and throughput.