Thesis(M.A.(Translation Studies and Linguistics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / The aim of this study was to explore the forms of address and terms of reference used by students to address their lecturers at the University of Limpopo. The study discovered that, there were many ways in which forms of address and terms of reference are used. The theory of pronouns of power and solidarity by Brown and Gilman (1960) is implemented. Data are collected using face-to-face and telephone interviews from a sample of fifteen (15) University of Limpopo postgraduate students majoring in languages and linguistics in Turfloop, Limpopo, South Africa, however, ten (10) participants satisfied the notion of data saturation. This is because the participants were giving slightly similar information. The study found that there are two types of forms of address which are used by the University of Limpopo students which are Names and Titles. Addressing lecturers by first name, last name, nickname or title plus first name symbolises closer relationship between student and lecturers whereas, addressing lecturers by title only or title plus last name represents a limited relationship between the lecturer and student. It is found that most of postgraduate students address lecturers depending on the relationship existing between them and the lecturers. It has been found that, the factors that influence choice of forms of address are setting, respect, degree of intimacy, age and culture; and factors that influence the use of terms of reference are setting and respect. The data obtained reveal that undergraduate students, especially first years are not aware of the importance of forms of address. And it has been found that students promote the idea of the implementation of a rule(s) or policy regarding the importance of forms of address.

No abstract provided. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Scope and contents: Two topics are studied in this thesis. The first topic is concerned with the relation between the categories of complexes over two algebras when there is a unitary algebra homomorphism from one to the other. The second topic deals with differential forms. A certain finiteness theorem for the module of integral differential forms is studied.

Byggbranschen är, jämför med andra branscher konservativ. Förändringar, förbättringar och effektivisering sker men inte i den utsträckning och takt det borde. Under mitten av 1980-talet utvecklades en ny samarbetsform i USA och Storbritannien, som kom att kallas för Partnering. Vårt huvudsyfte med denna rapport är att se hur tillämpning av samarbetsformen partnering är inom småhusprojekt. Partnering är ett begrepp som används där man har gemensamma mål, öppenhet med öppna böcker och stor tillit för byggherrens bästa. Att försöka definiera partnering i Sverige har inte varit angeläget eftersom stora variationer i arbetssätt gjorts till respektive projekt. Tidigare studier i England, Danmark och USA har definierat partnering på dessa sätt. Ett partnering team skall bestå av projektledning, projektoptimering och produktion, för att åstadkomma ett gott resultat där alla strategiska leverantörer bidrar med den mest fördelaktiga och optimala lösningen. Man skall skilja på samverkansform, entreprenadform och ersättningsform. Samverkansform/partnering är en del av byggprojektets delar och kan användas vid alla entreprenad-, ersättning- och upphandlingsformer. Eftersom det kan vara besvärligt att ta fram ett riktpris med incitament så har man nu börjat använda en ersättningsmodell i form av budgetmodellen, modellen används av byggherrar som ofta bygger. Grundfilosofin för partnering är öppenhet, tillit, gemensamt uppsatta mål, tid, ekonomi och grupparbete. LEAN är ett produktionssystem som kommer ifrån japanska Toyota, även kallat TPS. Syn och tankesätt kring LEAN handlar om att effektivisera och öka produktiviteten. Ett tydligt exempel på detta är hur lastbilstillverkaren Scania har tillämpat och utvecklat produktionssystemet i sin dagliga verksamhet. Efter sammanställning av detta kandidatexamensarbete kan vi nu återkoppla och besvara vår problemformulering. Partnering är möjligt att tillämpa inom småhusprojekt, och är en bra metod för byggherren att medverka i och påverka tidplan, kvalitet samt budget. Tillämpningen av samverksformen partnering i ett enskilt småhusprojekt kan framstå som invecklat och ofta svårtillämpat. Vi har även fått nya infallsvinklar kring tillämpning av partnering i småhusprojekt, vilka kan vara intressanta för vidare studier. / The construction industry is conservative compared with other industries. Modifications, improvements and efficiency improvements occur, but not to the extent and in the rate that it should. During the mid-1980s, a new form of cooperation was developed in the United States and in Great Britain, which came to be known as partnering. Our main purpose of this report is to see how the appliance of partnering is within a homebuilding project. Partnering is a concept used where there are common goals, openness with open books and great trust in the client's best. Trying to define partnering in Sweden has not been imperative since large variations in approaches have been done to respective project. Previous studies in Great Britain, Denmark and the United States have defined partnering on these ways. A partnering team shall consist of project management, project optimization and production, to achieve a good result where all strategic suppliers contribute with the most beneficial and optimal solution. One should distinguish between the form of collaboration, the form of contract and compensation terms. The form of collaboration/partnering is a part of the construction project parts and can be used for all contract-, replacement- and purchase forms. Because of the difficulty to produce a target price with incentives, it is known to use a compensation model in the form of a budget model. This model is often used by a developer who often builds. The basic philosophies of partnering are openness, trust, common goals, time, finances and team work. LEAN is a production system that comes from the Japanese Toyota, also known as TPS. Sights and thinking regarding LEAN is to render more effective and to increase the productivity. An example of this is how the truck manufacturer Scania has applied and developed the production system in their daily activity. Partnering is possible to apply within small house projects, and is a good method for the future proprietor to contribute in and to influence time flat, quality and budget. The application of the interacting mould partnering in an individual small house project can seem complicated and often difficult to apply. After the summary of this study, we can now re-engage and answer our problem wording. We have also received new insights about the application of partnering in homebuilding projects, which may be of interest for further study.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to gain more insight with regards to the comprehensibility of the revised Afrikaans undergraduate application form (see Form B in Excerpt 2) of the Stellenbosch University (SU), especially in comparison to the previous version of 2011 (see Form A in Excerpt 1), to be able to guide document designers with designing a better form. Answers to the following question were searched for: Do prospective students regard the revised Form B as more understandable than the previous Form A? The revised form was changed by a team of experts, as requested by the SU, in order to make the form more understandable. There were 140 male and female, white and coloured grade 11 respondents of both Vredendal High and Vredendal Secondary. This study was launched in light of the South African Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 that took effect on 1 April 2011. In terms of section 22 of this Act, documents must be written in plain and simple language, because consumers have got the right to information that they understand (2008:32). Plain language is practical attitudes about the meaning of good written work, the goal of that and what benefits the reader the most. It is also our intellectual understanding of the way in which people read, the questions readers ask about a document, and readers’ reaction towards various forms of document design (De Stadler, 2012:3). Three parts of the two versions of the SU’s Afrikaans undergraduate form was used, specifically the cover, the program and personal information, and the responsibility of the prospective student. The forms were judged according to its comprehensibility, design and logic order by using a between-group design after respondents had to fill in the parts of the form by using fictional information on an information page. With that, respondents also had to underline words in the form they didn’t understand and fill in a questionnaire. Most of the information was statistically processed. To be able to make comparisons between the forms, a twee-way-variance-analysis was done with alternative form/gender and form/race as independent variables. By using the data collected, it became clear that respondents didn’t like a specific version of the form more than the other version. It also became clear that respondents had huge problems filling in both forms. Even though respondents perceived the form’s comprehensibility, design and logical build-up in the same way, more respondents left out questions in Form B. This, against what we would have anticipated, means that respondents made better sense of Form A. It can even mean that, in contrast to their experience, respondents made more sense of the design and logical build-up of the questions in Form A, compared to the questions in Form B. This result is not a good outcome for the team of experts who made the changes to the revised form. It may be, however, that the SU didn’t allow the team to make enough changes, and because of that the forms are not really perceived as different from one another. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie ondersoek was om meer insig te kry oor die verstaanbaarheid van die hersiene Afrikaanse voorgraadse aansoekvorm (Vorm B in Bylae 2) van die Universiteit Stellenbosch (US), hoofsaaklik in vergelyking met die vorige 2011-weergawe (Vorm A in Bylae 1), sodat ’n verbeterde vorm daargestel kan word. Op die volgende vraag is daar antwoorde gesoek: Beskou voornemende studente Vorm B as meer verstaanbaar as Vorm A? Die hersiene vorm is deur ’n taakspan, wat opdrag van die US gekry het, verander met die doel om meer verstaanbaar te wees. Die proefpersone was 140 manlike en vroulike, wit en kleurling graad 11-leerders van beide Hoërskool Vredendal en Vredendal Sekondêr. Die ondersoek is geloods in die lig van Suid-Afrika se gepromulgeerde Verbruikersbeskermingswet 68 van 2008 wat vanaf 1 April 2011 in werking getree het. Volgens hierdie wet moet besighede tekste skep in verstaanbare taal, want verbruikers het die reg tot inligting in gewone en verstaanbare taal (2008:32). Verstaanbare taal is “[p]raktiese houdings oor wat goeie skryfwerk is, wat die doel daarvan is en wat in die beste belang van die leser is. [Dit is ook die v]erstandige aannames oor hoe mense lees, die vrae wat lesers te stel het oor enige dokument, [en] lesers se reaksies tot verskillende vorme van dokumentontwerp” (De Stadler, 2012:3) Drie gedeeltes van die twee weergawes van die US se Afrikaanse voorgraadse aansoekvorm is in die ondersoek gebruik, spesifiek die voorblad, program- en persoonlike besonderhede, en verantwoordelikhede van die voornemende student. Die vorms is ten opsigte van verstaanbaarheid, ontwerp en logiese orde beoordeel deur ’n tussengroepontwerp te gebruik nadat proefpersone die genoemde gedeeltes van een vorm aan die hand van fiktiewe inligting in ’n inligtingsbladsy moes gebruik. Tesame hiermee moes hulle ook moelike woorde in die vorm onderstreep en ’n vraelys invul. Die meeste van die inligting is statisties verwerk. Om vergelykings te kon tref tussen die vorms, is twee-rigting-variansie-analises gedoen met alternatief vorm/geslag en vorm/ras as onafhanklike veranderlikes. Uit die data wat versamel is, blyk duidelik dat deelnemers nie ’n voorkeur vir een spesifieke weergawe gehad het nie. Dit is ook duidelik dat deelnemers ernstige probleme gehad het met die invul van beide vorms. Alhoewel deelnemers se ervaring ten opsigte van die vorm se verstaanbaarheid, uiterlike ontwerp en logiese ordening dieselfde was, het deelnemers meer antwoordvelde in Vorm B as Vorm A oopgelos. Dit kan, teen die verwagting in, beteken dat deelnemers Vorm A makliker of meer verstaanbaar as Vorm B gevind het. Dit kan selfs, in teenstelling met hulle ervaring, beteken dat deelnemers meer sin van die uiterlike ontwerp en logiese ordening van die vrae in Vorm A as die vrae in Vorm B kon maak. Hierdie resultaat is dus nie ’n goeie uitkoms vir die span wat die vorm moes hersien nie. Dit mag egter wees dat die US die ontwerpers nie toegelaat het om genoeg veranderinge aan die hersiene vorm aan te bring nie, en daarom verskil die vorms nie genoeg van mekaar nie.

Para se descobrir uma poética do Cancioneiro Geral de Garcia de Resende é necessário que se analise a Compilação não somente pelo seu conteúdo, mas principalmente pela sua forma, constituída de ritmo, de rima e de métrica, e, sobretudo, de estruturas estróficas e de recursos retóricos. Esta Tese propõe definir uma ars poetica implícita na Compilação levada a cabo por Garcia de Resende, que, de 1449 a 1516, reuniu poemas, registrando neles uma época denominada Pré-Renascimento. Através de seis grupos de formas a balada, o vilancete, a esparsa, a trova, a cantiga e os poemas de formas mistas, uma inovação do Compêndio e através do estudo dos artifícios retóricos empregados pelos poetas palacianos, é possível vislumbrar uma poética que não foi proposta por Resende em seu Prólogo, diferentemente do que ocorreu com os cancioneiros castelhanos da mesma época. No entanto, através dos paradigmas encontrados no que se pode denominar amor pela forma daqueles poetas, e através dos gêneros cultivados por eles, percebe-se, também, uma poética no Cancioneiro resendiano. / In order to find out a poetics of Garcia de Resendes Cancioneiro Geral it is necessary to analyze the songbook not only through its content, but mainly through its form, constituted of rhythm, rhyme, metric and, above all, its stanza structure and rhetoric recourses. The purpose of this thesis is to define an implicit ars poetica of the compilation organized by Garcia de Resende, who collected poems from 1449 to 1516, registering in it an age called pre-Renaissance. Through six groups of forms ballads, vilancetes, esparsas, trovas, cantigas and poems of mixed forms, an innovation of the compendium and through the study of rhetoric artifices employed by the court poets, it is possible to catch a glimpse of a non proposed poetics by Resende in his Prologue, unlike what occurred with the Castilian cancioneros of the same epoch. However, through the paradigms found in what could be called love of the form by those poets, and through the genders they cultivated, it is possible to realize a poetics that characterizes Resendes songbook.

Para se descobrir uma poética do Cancioneiro Geral de Garcia de Resende é necessário que se analise a Compilação não somente pelo seu conteúdo, mas principalmente pela sua forma, constituída de ritmo, de rima e de métrica, e, sobretudo, de estruturas estróficas e de recursos retóricos. Esta Tese propõe definir uma ars poetica implícita na Compilação levada a cabo por Garcia de Resende, que, de 1449 a 1516, reuniu poemas, registrando neles uma época denominada Pré-Renascimento. Através de seis grupos de formas a balada, o vilancete, a esparsa, a trova, a cantiga e os poemas de formas mistas, uma inovação do Compêndio e através do estudo dos artifícios retóricos empregados pelos poetas palacianos, é possível vislumbrar uma poética que não foi proposta por Resende em seu Prólogo, diferentemente do que ocorreu com os cancioneiros castelhanos da mesma época. No entanto, através dos paradigmas encontrados no que se pode denominar amor pela forma daqueles poetas, e através dos gêneros cultivados por eles, percebe-se, também, uma poética no Cancioneiro resendiano. / In order to find out a poetics of Garcia de Resendes Cancioneiro Geral it is necessary to analyze the songbook not only through its content, but mainly through its form, constituted of rhythm, rhyme, metric and, above all, its stanza structure and rhetoric recourses. The purpose of this thesis is to define an implicit ars poetica of the compilation organized by Garcia de Resende, who collected poems from 1449 to 1516, registering in it an age called pre-Renaissance. Through six groups of forms ballads, vilancetes, esparsas, trovas, cantigas and poems of mixed forms, an innovation of the compendium and through the study of rhetoric artifices employed by the court poets, it is possible to catch a glimpse of a non proposed poetics by Resende in his Prologue, unlike what occurred with the Castilian cancioneros of the same epoch. However, through the paradigms found in what could be called love of the form by those poets, and through the genders they cultivated, it is possible to realize a poetics that characterizes Resendes songbook.

La thèse comporte une introduction et six parties, chacune avec ses chapitres. La première partie est la Morphophonologie, qui se compose des chapitres Phonologie et Morphophonologie. La deuxième partie est consacrée aux Parties du discours en quatre chapitres : Morphologie, Verbe, Nom, Adjectif, Adverbe. La troisième partie porte sur la Nominalisation. La quatrième porte sur la Syntaxe, avec deux chapitres : Syntagme nominal, Syntagme verbal. La cinquième expose la Prédication avec les formes finies et non finies ; La sixième traite de la Subordination. / The thesis is composed of an introduction and six parts, each one divided into chapters. The first part is morphophonology. The second part is dedicated to parts of speech with the following chapters: morphology, verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs. The third part speaks about nominalisation. The fourth part is dedicated to syntax, with two chapters: nominal phrase and verbal phrase. The fifth part presents predication with finite forms and non-finite forms. The sixth part refers to subordination. / Esta tesis se componede una introducción y seis partes, cada una dividida en capítulos. La primera parte es la morfofonología. La segunda parte se dedica a las partes del discurso y contiene los siguientes capítulos: morfología del verbo, del nombre, del adjetivo, del adverbio. La tercera parte trata la nominalización. La cuarta parte se dedica a la sintaxis con dos capítulos, el sintagma nominal y el sintagma verbal. La quinta parte presenta la predicación con formas finitas y con formas no finitas. La sexta parte se refiere a la subordinación.

No description available.

Paramos šeimai politika – tai vyriausybinių institucijų veiksmai ir socialinių ekonominių priemonių kompleksas, skirtas šeimos struktūros ir gyvenimo kokybės modeliavimui. Šeimos politika pastaruoju metu sugrįžta į Europos valstybių socialinės politikos centrą. Vis daugiau šalių pripažįsta poreikį imtis aktyvių šeimos politikos veiksmų. Lietuvoje pakanka strateginių dokumentų, kurie tiksliai ir aiškiai pristato šeimos raidos ir šeimos gyvenimo sąlygų situaciją. Dauguma šiuose dokumentuose numatytų tikslų ir veiksmų krypčių yra orientuotos į dabartines Lietuvos šeimos problemas, derina šiuolaikinį požiūrį į šeimos politiką. Tačiau kita vertus, opia problema išlieka šių tikslų, uždavinių realizavimas. Todėl dabartinė paramos šeimai politika Lietuvoje dažniausiai suprantama siaurąja prasme, orientuota į pininigės paramos šeimoms, augančioms vaikus, vystymą. Siekiant užtikrinti šeimos gerovę Lietuvoje yra taikomos šios pagrindinės paramos šeimai priemonės: nėštumo, motinystės/tėvystės atostogos ir mokamos pašalpos, vienkartinė išmoka gimus kūdikiu, išmokos šeimoms su vaikais bei piniginė socialinė parama nepasiturinčioms šeimoms. Papildomai socialinė parama gali būti teikiama mokiniams iš mažas pajamas gaunančių šeimų. Tuo tarpu aprūpinimas būstu, lankstesnių užimtumo formų, vaikų priežiūros paslaugų plėtojimas, nepaisant tam tikrų pokyčių, vis dėlto išlieka problema. Darbe pristatomas kiekybinis tyrimas, skirtas nustatyti moterų požiūriui į valstybės teikiamą paramą šeimai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Family support politics is the complex of governmental institution actions and social economical measures. These measures are intended to shape the structure and good quality life of family. Lately many European countries started paying more attention to the politics of the family. More and more countries recognize the importance and need of taking an active part in it. There are enough delegated legislations which accurately and clearly define family development and situation of family life in Lithuania. Most of the objectives of those documents are oriented towards current family problems and deals with contemporary world view and politics of the family. On the other hand, realization of those objectives is still a problem in Lithuania. That is why contemporary family politics is understood in narrow meaning: that it is oriented only towards development of financial support to families that have children. Seeking to ensure welfare of the families in Lithuania, government provides the following support: pregnancy, motherhood/ fatherhood vocations, benefits are paid, onetime payments are paid after the birth of the child, payments for families that have many children, payments and social support for needy families. Additional social support might be given to school children who are from families with lower income. In spite of all the changes some support forms are still problematic. For instance, provision of accommodation, child care services, more flexile work schedules... [to full text]

Les formes de croissance végétales ont fait l'objet de nombreuses études mais elles constituent encore aujourd'hui un ensemble mal défini et sans cesse remis en question en raison de l'incohérence et de l'hétérogénéité des méthodes employées pour les analyser. Cette imprécision a des répercussions négatives lorsque les formes de croissance sont utilisées dans l'étude des communautés végétales et de leur dynamique. Nous avons tenté de remédier partiellement à cette situation en appliquant à certaines d'entre elles la méthode d'analyse architecturale initiée par Hallé et Oldeman dont l'efficacité s'est avérée remarquable pour la compréhension des formes arborescentes.L'étude était destinée 1) à interpréter ces formes de croissance et leur variabilité à l'aide des concepts architecturaux, 2) à suivre les changements des traits architecturaux au sein d'une communauté végétale se développant sur des talus, lors d'une chronoséquence et en fonction de différents gradients environnementaux. Nos observations montrent que 1) les concepts et les traits architecturaux sont applicables aux formes de croissance herbacées, suffrutescentes, et buissonnantes, 2) l'expression de la réitération est la source principale de variation structurale des formes de croissance aussi bien à l'échelle spécifique qu'infra-spécifique, 3) la valeur des traits architecturaux change au cours de la succession au sein de la communauté : les plantes vivant sur des talus jeunes ont une unité architecturale simple et réitèrent à la base alors que celles croissant sur des talus plus anciens ont des unités architecturales complexes et réitèrent de manière acrotone.Ces résultats nous conduisent à discuter de la valeur holistique de la méthode d'analyse architecturale pour la caractérisation des formes de croissance, des processus biologiques permettant de passer d'une forme de croissance à une autre et de l'intérêt pratique de l'utilisation des traits architecturaux dans l'étude des communautés végétales. / The growth forms of plant have been studied many times but they still represent nowadays a fuzzy set, often modified because of the inconsistency and the heterogeneity of the methods used in their analysis. This lack of precision often leads to an inconsistency of the use of the growth forms as a trait in the studies of plants communities and their dynamics. We tried to remedy this situation by applying to some of them the architectural analysis initiated by Hallé and Oldeman, which has been relevant for the understanding of the tree growth form.This study aimed to 1) interpret these growth forms and their variability by means of architectural concepts, 2) study architectural traits variation within roadsides plants communities during succession and in a mowing context. Our resultats show that 1) the architectural concepts and traits are applicable to herbaceous, treelet and bush grosth forms, 2) the expression of the reiteration is the main source of structural variation of growth forms at specific and intraspecific levels and 3) that traits values are changing during succession within the communities : Plants living at early successionnal stages got a simple architectural unit and reiterate at the base of the individual while plants living at late successional stages got complex architectural unit and acrotonic reiteration.These resultats lead us to discuss the holistic value of the architectural analysis for growth forms charaterisation, of biological processes allowing for growth form variation and the interest of the use of architectural traits in plant communities studies.