Le cancer de la prostate est le cancer le plus fréquent chez l'homme en Europe, néanmoins il n'existe actuellement pas de technique d'imagerie permettant de détecter avec précision les tumeurs dans la glande. Sachant que les coupes histologiques contiennent la réalité de terrain concernant le diagnostic, il est nécessaire de recaler les images de chaque technique d'imagerie aux coupes histologiques afin de pouvoir les évaluer. De plus, comme il n'existe pas de méthode permettant de contrôler précisément le plan de coupe histologique, le recalage doit être considéré comme un problème 3D. Un dispositif permettant de réaliser, de manière rapide et standardisée, des marqueurs internes dans les coupes histologiques a été développé, de même qu'un algorithme permettant de détecter automatiquement ces marqueurs, de les identifier et d'aligner les coupes histologiques. La méthode a été testée sur 10 prostates, avec en moyenne 19.2 coupes par prostate, et a permis d'obtenir une précision de recalage moyenne de 0.18 ± 0.13 mm au niveau des marqueurs. Un deuxième algorithme a été développé pour recaler les coupes histologiques, une fois alignées, avec les images IRM. Ce recalage a été conçu pour être guidé par les canaux éjaculateurs, un repère anatomique présent dans chaque prostate et visible à la fois en histologie et dans les images IRM cliniques, acquises avec une résolution standard. L'algorithme a d'abord été testé en s'appuyant sur les marqueurs artificiels. La précision obtenue pour le recalage était en moyenne de 0.45±0.25 mm au niveau des marqueurs et de 1.04 ± 0.21 mm au niveau des canaux éjaculateurs. L'algorithme a enfin été testé en guidant le recalage à l'aide de la position des canaux éjaculateurs. La précision moyenne obtenue était alors de 0.16±0.05 mm au niveau des canaux éjaculateurs et de 2.82±0.41 mm au niveau des marqueurs. Ces résultats suggèrent une valeur du facteur de rétrécissement de l'ordre de 1.07±0.03 et une inclinaison vis à vis du plan de coupe histologique de l'ordre de 13.6◦ ± 9.61◦, avec une variance importante pour ces deux paramètres / Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer of men in Europe, yet no current imaging technique is capable of detecting with precision tumours in the prostate. The histology slices are the gold standard for the diagnosis. Therefore, in order to evaluate each imaging technique, the histology slices must be precisely registered to the imaged data. As it cannot be assumed that the histology slices are cut along the same plane as the imaged data is acquired, the registration must be considered as a 3D problem. An apparatus has been developed that enables internal fiducial markers to be created in the histology slices in a rapid and standardised manner. An algorithm has been developed that automatically detects and identifies these markers, enabling the alignment of the histology slices. The method has been tested on 10 prostate specimens, with 19.2 slices on average per specimen. The accuracy of the alignment at the fiducial markers was on average 0.18±0.13 mm. A second algorithm was developed to 3D register the aligned histology slices with the MR images. The registration is designed to be guided by the ejaculatory ducts, an anatomical landmark present in every prostate and visible in both histology and MR images acquired at standard clinical resolution. The algorithm was first tested by using the fiducial needles to guide the registration. The average registration accuracy was 0.45 ± 0.25 mm at the fiducial needles and 1.04±0.21 mm at the ejaculatory ducts. The algorithm was then tested by using the ejaculatory ducts to guide the registration. The average registration accuracy was 0.16±0.05 mm at the ejaculatory ducts and 2.82 ± 0.41 mm at the fiducial needles. The results suggest that the histology shrinkage factor is of the order 1.07±0.03 and the tilt of the histology slicing plane is 13.6◦ ±9.61◦, with both parameters showing significant variance

Universal full coverage of birth registration by 2030 is one of the sustainable development targets which itself is of great significance for the accomplishment of many development goals such as poverty eradication, inclusion, as well as improvement of several health factors. Despite the importance of this topic, not much academic attention has been paid to study the problem of birth under-registration from the perspective of development studies. This research studies the issue of birth under-registration through a case study of Iran. The four main questions of this research are the quantitative significance of the problem, the main causes of birth under-registration, the most affected social groups, and the main problematic domain of action, in the context of Iran. By utilizing an abductive content analysis method, this research aims to understand the problem, rather than proposing policy recommendations. This desk study uses secondary sources and almost all of the sources are of qualitative nature. It is not based on any pre-defined theory and therefore does not aim to generalize nor theorize the findings. It, however, is based on available theories for developing the analytical framework. The adopted analytical framework is Bottleneck analysis which is a method designed by UNICEF specifically for the purpose of birth registration programming and policy evaluation. Birth under-registration in Iran - compared to other countries in the region - turned out to be very low. The findings provide information on many good practices regarding birth registration programming and also about several areas in need of improvement in Iran. By applying the analytical framework to the findings, identified disincentives have been categorized in three domains of supply, demand, and enabling environment, and the significance of disincentives in each domain has been assessed. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that almost all of the main causes of birth registration are of legal nature, especially patriarchal nationality laws. Also, it was found that the main risk groups were children of illegal immigrants, non-nationals, and unregistered parents, and the main problematic domain is found to be the domain of supply.

Imagens da anatomia interna são essenciais para as práticas médicas. Estabelecer correlação entre elas, é um importante procedimento para diagnóstico e tratamento. Nessa dissertação, é proposta uma abordagem para correlacionar dados multidimensionais de mesma modalidade de aquisição baseando-se somente nas informações de intensidade de pixels e voxels. O trabalho foi dividido em duas fases de implementação. Na primeira, foi explorado o problema de similaridade entre imagens médicas usando a perspectiva de análise de qualidade de imagem. Isso levou ao desenvolvimento de uma técnica de dois passos que estabelece um equilíbrio entre a velocidade de processamento e precisão de duas abordagens conhecidas. Avaliou-se a qualidade e aplicabilidade do algoritmo e, na segunda fase, o método foi estendido para analisar similaridade e encontrar a localização de uma imagem arbitrária (2D) em um volume (3D). A solução minimiza o número virtualmente infinito de possíveis orientações transversais e usa otimizações para reduzir a carga de trabalho e entregar resultados precisos. Uma visualização tridimensional volumétrica funde o volume (3D) com a imagem (2D) estabelecendo uma correspondência entre os dados. Uma análise experimental demonstrou que, apesar da complexidade computacional do algoritmo, o uso de amostragem, tanto na imagem quanto no volume, permite alcançar um bom equilíbrio entre desempenho e precisão, mesmo quando realizada com conjuntos de dados de baixa intensidade de gradiente. / Images of the inner anatomy are essential for clinical practice. To establish a correlation between them is an important procedure for diagnosis and treatment. In this thesis, we propose an approach to correlate within-modality 2D and 3D data from ordinary acquisition protocols based solely on the pixel/voxel information. The work was divided into two development phases. First, we explored the similarity problem between medical images using the perspective of image quality assessment. It led to the development of a 2-step technique that settles the compromise between processing speed and precision of two known approaches. We evaluated the quality and applicability of the 2-step and, in the second phase, we extended the method to use similarity analysis to, given an arbitrary slice image (2D), find the location of this slice within the volume data (3D). The solution minimizes the virtually infinite number of possible cross section orientations and uses optimizations to reduce the computational workload and output accurate results. The matching is displayed in a volumetric three-dimensional visualization fusing the 3D with the 2D. An experimental analysis demonstrated that despite the computational complexity of the algorithm, the use of severe data sampling allows achieving a great compromise between performance and accuracy even when performed with low gradient intensity datasets.

ERP software and applications have become basic requirement of almost every organization in order to compete with each other and in time constraint. In order to develop an efficient application, project planning and analysis play very important role in better understanding of the problem domain and to provide a risk free solution. There are many different approaches which software developers used to develop the systems. These traditional approaches have some drawbacks and constraints. Either these are ad-hoc basis or have some fixed patterns and rules. We discussed all these techniques and suggest that planning and analysis of ERP application during its development can be done by applying more appropriate knowledge engineering commonKADS model. CommonKADS is a structured approach, It comprises of different model suites. Thesis presents that by using commonKADS model for project planning and analysis, real problem domain and efficient solution can be identified. Also domain process is identified. Tasks related to each process in the domain are identified. Knowledge assets related to each task are identified. These features help in defining real knowledge specification. In this way, ERP applications can be made knowledge based. ERP systems were introduced to solve different organizational problems and provide integrated structure. Although ERP packages offer advantages to enterprises, they have not achieved many of their anticipated benefits. Autonomous and heterogeneous applications co-exist in companies with ERP systems and integration problem having not been addressed. This thesis seeks to make some suggestions to this area by studying and analyzing ERP problems, through mapping commonKADS methodology in a case study. Thesis in start, presents an overview about ERP applications, Knowledge Engineering and commonKADS methodology. In the end, thesis presents our contribution a case study ―online courses Registration Portal for BTH which shows that planning and analysis of ERP applications by using commonKADS methodology helps in reaching knowledge based and more accurate solutions. / Syed Abdul Basit basitbth@gmail.com, Omar Malik omar_m20@hotmail.com.

This thesis describes and investigates different approaches to indoor mapping and navigation. A system capable of mapping large indoor areas with a stereo camera and/or a laser camera mounted to e.g. a robot or a human is developed. The approaches investigated in this report are either based on Simultaneous Lo- calisation and Mapping (SLAM) techniques, e.g. Extended Kalman Filter-SLAM (EKF-SLAM) and Smoothing and Mapping (SAM), or registration techniques, e.g. Iterated Closest Point (ICP) and Normal Distributions Transform (NDT).In SLAM, it is demonstrated that the laser camera can contribute to the stereo camera by providing accurate distance estimates. By combining these sensors in EKF-SLAM, it is possible to obtain more accurate maps and trajectories compared to if the stereo camera is used alone.It is also demonstrated that by dividing the environment into smaller ones, i.e. submaps, it is possible to build large maps in close to linear time. A new approach to SLAM based on EKF-SLAM and SAM, called Submap Joining Smoothing and Mapping (SJSAM), is implemented to demonstrate this.NDT is also implemented and the objective is to register two point clouds from the laser camera to each other so that the relative motion can be obtained. The NDT implementation is compared to ICP and the results show that NDT performs better at estimating the angular difference between the point clouds.

In this thesis, an investigation was performed to find ways of differencing between firesand vehicles at waste stations in hope of removing vehicles as a source of error duringearly fire detection. The existing system makes use of a heat camera, which rotates in 48different angles (also known as zones) in a fixed position. If the heat is above a certainvalue within a zone the system sounds the fire alarm.The rotation of the camera results in an unwanted displacement between two successiveframes within the same zone. By use of image registration, this displacement wasremoved. After the registration of an image, segmentation was performed where coldobjects are eliminated as an error source. Lastly, an analysis was performed upon thewarm objects.At the end, it was proven that the image registration had been a successful improvementof the existing system. It was also shown that vehicles can, to some extent, beeliminated as an error source. / I denna uppsats görs en undersökning av sätt att urskilja mellan bränder och fordon vid avfallsbunkrar, i hopp om att ta bortfordon som felkälla under tidig branddetektion. Dagens system använder sig av en värmekamera som roterar i 48 vinklar(även kallade zoner) från en fix position och larmar då det blir för varmt i någon zon.Roteringen av kameran medför en icke önskvärd förskjutning mellan två efterföljande bilder inom samma zon. Processenbildregistrering används för att eliminera denna förskjutning. Efter registreringen utförs en segmentering där kalla objekt tasbort som felkälla. När detta är utfört görs en analys av de varma objekten med en mängd mätningar.I slutet bevisas att registreringen har fungerat mycket väl, likaså att det går till viss del att eliminera fordon som felkällaunder tidig brandetektion.

Le registre du commerce présente le double aspect d'institution civile et d'institution de police. L'intérêt privé des tiers et l'intérêt public de l’État sont simultanément présents et protégés. Mais, on peut se demander si les rédacteurs de la loi relative au registre du commerce n'ont pas créé une situation délicate en ne tenant pas en compte suffisamment le souci de la sécurité juridique. La réponse à cette question est tributaire de l’étude des effets juridiques attachés à l'immatriculation. On envisage une étude comparative du droit tunisien et du droit français à travers laquelle on a pu constater qu'une définition de l'immatriculation par l'effet constitutif n'est pas apte à appréhender cette institution dans son ensemble. Il s’agit d’une notion ambivalente. Elle est ambivalente quant à son rôle à cause de l'hétérogénéité de son effet constitutif et de la diversité de ses effets. Elle est aussi ambivalente quant à sa finalité puisque le souci de la protection individuelle des tiers ne constitue pas son objectif prioritaire. D'abord, une certaine existence juridique est reconnue à la société avant son immatriculation. Il existe même une notion particulière de personnalité morale, dite à la fois judiciaire et processuelle, forgée par le juge civil pour les besoins du procès et en dehors de toute formalité d'immatriculation. Ensuite, le contrôle auquel est soumise l'immatriculation demeure un contrôle formel ; il n'empêche pas l'annulation de la société immatriculée. Enfin, l'immatriculation ne purge pas les irrégularités de la situation extériorisée aux tiers, elle crée désormais, une situation appareille. A travers la technique de la présomption et celle de l'opposabilité mises en œuvre par l'immatriculation, le législateur prend la défense de l'apparence sur la réalité. Il admet aussi la qualification de fait d'une situation non immatriculée. Cependant, les règles régissant l'immatriculation et le défaut d'immatriculation paraissent être insuffisantes. D'une part, elles ne peuvent régler tous les litiges, d'où l'intérêt du recours à la théorie d'apparence afin d'assurer aux tiers de bonne foi une sécurité absolue, D'autre part, la prise en considération de la situation de fait s'avère inutile puisqu'on a noté une assimilation quasi-complète entre le commerçant non immatriculé et celui immatriculé. Le contraste est saisissant avec la notion de société de fait puisque c'est le législateur qui accepte de l'assimiler à la société de droit. Pour faire face au risque de perturber l'ordre juridique engendré par cette assimilation, le législateur a favorisé la régularisation de la situation à travers l'injonction d'immatriculation et l'immatriculation d'office. Puisque ces mesures sont réservées aux seules personnes physiques, se pose alors avec acquitté la question de les généraliser pour intéresser même les sociétés non immatriculées. / The register of commerce entails a dual aspect of both a civil institution and of an administrative police. The private interest of the third party as well as the public interest of the State are simultaneously present and safeguarded. Nevertheless, one might ask if the drafters of the law pertaining to the register of commerce have set up a critical situation by not taking into account sufficient concern for the legal security. The answer to this question depends on the study of the legal effects linked to registration. The target of this paper is to provide a comparative study of the Tunisian law and French law whereby it has been found that a definition of the registration by its constituent effect is not able to tackle this institution as a whole. It is about an ambivalent registration concept. It is ambivalent as to its role because of the heterogeneity of its constituent effects and the diversity of these effects. It is also ambivalent as to its purpose, since protecting the third party is not its priority. First, a certain legal existence is admitted to the company before its registration. There exists even a particular notion of the artificial entity of the company which is considered both procedural and legal, advocated by the judge in order to satisfy the needs of the case far away from the registration formalities. Moreover, the control that registration is subject to prove to be a very formal one i.e. it does not prevent the dissolution of the registered company. Finally, registration does not purify the anomalies of the situation that a third party may face as it creates as such an apparent situation. Through the presumption technique as well as the opposability implemented by registration, the legislator is much more defending the appearance than the reality. The legislator also acknowledges a qualification of a non­registered situation. However, registration rules as well as its defects turn to be insufficient. On the one hand, it does not solve all lawsuits, which makes the theory of appearance the best guarantee of an absolute security for third parties. On the other hand, taking into account a de facto situation turns to be useless as we have noticed a quasi-complete assimilation between a registered trader and a non-registered one. The contrast is striking with the notion of the de facto situation since the legislator has accepted to treat it in the same way as a registered company. In order to avoid the disturbance of legal order caused by this simulation, the legislator opted for a peaceful settlement of the conflicting situation through either a judge or a court order for registration. Since these measures are the prerogatives of a physical person, the question to tackle is to what extent these measures can be extended to suit the interests of the non-registered companies.

La vision de nuit des pilotes d’hélicoptère est artificiellement assistée par un dispositif de vision bas niveau de lumière constitué d’un intensificateur de lumière (IL) couplé à une caméra numérique d’une part, et d’une caméra infrarouge (IR) d’autre part. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’améliorer ce dispositif en ciblant les défauts afin de les corriger.Une première partie consiste à réduire le bruit dont souffrent les images IL. Cela nécessite d’évaluer la nature du bruit qui corrompt ces images. Pour cela, une méthode d’estimation automatique du bruit est mise en place. L’estimation repose sur la détection non paramétrique de zones homogènes de l’image. Les statistiques du bruit peuvent être alors être estimées à partir de ces régions homogènes à l’aide d’une méthode d’estimation robuste de la fonction de niveau de bruit par minimisation l1.Grâce à l’estimation du bruit, les images IL peuvent alors débruitées. Nous avons pour cela développé dans la seconde partie un algorithme de débruitage d’images qui associe les moyennes non locales aux méthodes variationnelles en effectuant une régularisation adaptative pondérée parune attache aux données non locale. Une adaptation au débruitage de séquences d’images permet ensuite de tenir compte de la redondance d’information apportée par le flux vidéo, en garantissant stabilité temporelle et préservation des structures fines.Enfin, dans la troisième partie les informations issues des capteurs optique et infrarouge sont recalées dans un même référentiel. Nous proposons pour cela un critère de recalage multimodal basé sur l’alignement des contours des images. Combiné à une résolution par montée de gradient et à un schéma temporel, l’approche proposée permet de recaler de façon robuste les deuxmodalités, en vue d’une ultérieure fusion. / Night vision for helicopter pilots is artificially enhanced by a night vision system. It consists in a light intensifier (LI) coupled with a numerical camera, and an infrared camera. The goal of this thesis is to improve this device by analyzing the defaults in order to correct them.The first part consists in reducing the noise level on the LI images. This requires to evaluate the nature of the noise corrupting these images, so an automatic noise estimation method has been developed. The estimation is based on a non parametric detection of homogeneous areas.Then the noise statistics are estimated using these homogeneous regions by performing a robust l`1 estimation of the noise level function.The LI images can then be denoised using the noise estimation. We have developed in the second part a denoising algorithm that combines the non local means with variational methods by applying an adaptive regularization weighted by a non local data fidelity term. Then this algorithm is adapted to video denoising using the redundancy provided by the sequences, hence guaranteeing temporel stability and preservation of the fine structures.Finally, in the third part data from the optical and infrared sensors are registered. We propose an edge based multimodal registration metric. Combined with a gradient ascent resolution and a temporel scheme, the proposed method allows robust registration of the two modalities for later fusion.

A birth certificate provides a child with a legal identity, nationality, is a vital action towards child protection and can help a child access social welfare. Worldwide, almost 230 million children under the age of five have not been registered. Other than the vast negative impacts on the child it creates a blind spot in population statistics. Indonesia is one of the countries where the problem is widespread - only 57 percent of the children under the age of five have a birth certificate. In December 2013 a law was ratified in Indonesia, imposing changes in the birth registration process. This paper seeks to explore how the target group of that law, i.e. parents, perceive their possibility to comply with the policy, that is, to obtain a birth certificate for their children.  Based on a field study in Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia, conducting in-depth interviews with 58 parents as well as stakeholders such as policy implementers and NGOs, this thesis will propose that there is a variance in how the policy has been implemented in different regencies. The results indicate that the variance in the implementation, as well as the policy setting prior implementation in each regency, affects the parents’ perceived possibility to comply. In one of the studied regencies the implementation of the policy has affected the parents’ possibility to comply in a critically negative way, increasing the hindrances to obtain a birth certificate. Further, the regency politicians have created forced incentives to comply by making birth certificate mandatory to register for school, creating a vast risk of removing childrens’ access to education.

In this thesis we study the problem of multi-session dense rgb-d slam for 3D reconstruc- tion. Multi-session reconstruction can allow users to capture parts of an object that could not easily be captured in one session, due for instance to poor accessibility or user mistakes. We first present a thorough overview of single-session dense rgb-d slam and describe the multi-session problem as a loosening of the incremental camera movement and static scene assumptions commonly held in the single-session case. We then implement and evaluate sev- eral variations on a system for doing two-session reconstruction as an extension to a single- session dense rgb-d slam system. The extension from one to several sessions is divided into registering separate sessions into a single reference frame, re-optimizing the camera trajectories, and fusing together the data to generate a final 3D model. Registration is done by matching reconstructed models from the separate sessions using one of two adaptations on a 3D object detection pipeline. The registration pipelines are evaluated with many different sub-steps on a challenging dataset and it is found that robust registration can be achieved using the proposed methods on scenes without degenerate shape symmetry. In particular we find that using plane matches between two sessions as constraints for as much as possible of the registration pipeline improves results. Several different strategies for re-optimizing camera trajectories using data from both ses- sions are implemented and evaluated. The re-optimization strategies are based on re- tracking the camera poses from all sessions together, and then optionally optimizing over the full problem as represented on a pose-graph. The camera tracking is done by incrementally building and tracking against a tsdf volume, from which a final 3D mesh model is extracted. The whole system is qualitatively evaluated against a realistic dataset for multi-session re- construction. It is concluded that the overall approach is successful in reconstructing objects from several sessions, but that other fine grained registration methods would be required in order to achieve multi-session reconstructions that are indistinguishable from singe-session results in terms of reconstruction quality.