Efter att e-handelsandelen av detaljhandeln har ökat har en förväntad och grundläggande förändring inom detaljhandeln ägt rum. Den framtida rollen för traditionell butikshandel i den byggda miljön är oklar. Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera hur och i vilken utsträckning detaljhandelssektorn har och kommer att förändras när förutsättningar och strategier för detaljhandeln ändras. I uppsatsen undersöks också på vilket sätt stadsplanering kan användas i syfte att möta utvecklingstrender och säkra butikshandelns fortsatta verksamhet. Efter genomförandet av en teoretisk studie, granskning av två detaljhandelskärnar i Reykjavík och genomförande och analys av semistrukturerade intervjuer presenteras tio planeringsåtgärder i ett strategiskt förslag. De viktigaste resultaten visar på att butikshandeln och e-handeln har börjat knytas samman på flera sätt. I stället för att se på e-handeln som ett problem som stör status quo, bör den betraktas som en utmaning som, om korrekt hanterad, kan förvandlas till en möjlighet. Att säkerställa fortsatt stadsförnyelse, reglera balansen mellan olika typer av verksamheter samt att uppmuntra till kreativ användning av stadens lokaler och platser är bland resultaten i det strategiska förslaget. Även i en tid av sociala medier, artificiell intelligens och det till synes oändliga flödet av information, kvarstår behovet av social kontakt – kanske viktigare nu än någonsin. / A foreseen fundamental change in retail following increased e-commerce share of retail sales has begun. The future role of traditional brick-and-mortar retail in the built environment is unclear. The aim of this thesis is to study how and to what extent the retail sector has and will change, in times of transforming retail practices, and by which means urban planning can be used for responding to the trend in order to ensure and sustain continued operations of brick-and-mortar retail. After carrying out a theoretical study, examining two retail cores in Reykjavík and conducting and analysing semi-structured interviews, ten planning actions are presented in a strategic proposal. The main findings suggest that brick-and-mortar retail and e-commerce have begun to merge in several ways. Rather than looking at e-commerce as a problem disturbing the status quo, it should be seen as a challenge that can be turned into an opportunity if handled appropriately. Ensuring ongoing urban regeneration, regulating moderate balance between operations and encouraging creative placemaking are among results listed in the strategic proposal. Even in the age of social media, artificial intelligence and the seemingly endless flow of information, the need of social contact remains – perhaps more important now than ever.

No description available.

No description available.

As end-consumers are surrounded by a tremendous number of multi-channel retailers and their products, clothing retailers are exposed to numerous clothing samples with a variety of styles in various price ranges, offered by onshore and offshore manufacturers. Although manufacturers or vendors offer well-salable products, a retail business may not be successful in maximizing profits without a strategic retail buying planning process. The purpose of this study is to develop a retail buying model for clothing retailers. In order to test the variables that comprise the retail buying model, the objectives of the study are to: (a) investigate important assortment decision factors for clothing retail buying; (b) segment clothing retail buyers by their decision factor uses; (c) characterize the segments by buyer (i.e., age, gender, education, experience, employment) and company demographics (i.e., types of products, type of store, size of the firm); (d) examine the relationship between these demographic variables and the factor uses; (e) examine the influence of the factor uses on the success of assortment planning; (f) examine the influence of the success of assortment planning on firm performance; and, (g) examine the influence of extraneous variables (i.e., retail environment) on firm performance. After two pilot tests, adjustments were made to wording in the questionnaire. Data collection, using a pen and paper questionnaire, was conducted using convenience and snowball sampling. Through this method, 425 clothing retail buyers, merchandisers, or store owners, who are involved assortment planning and buying in South Korea, participated in the survey. A variety of statistical analyses was used to test the hypotheses. For testing Hypothesis 1, the mean and standard deviation of the assortment factor items were used to rank important decision factors for assortment planning. To test Hypothesis 2, retail buyers were segmented by their assortment decision factor use through exploratory factor analysis and K-means cluster analysis. For Hypothesis 3, Chi-square was utilized to characterize the segments of buyers and merchandisers from Hypothesis 2, using buyer and company demographics. For Hypothesis 4, Pearson and Spearman Correlations were used to test if correlations exist between buyer and company demographic variables and decision factor use. For Hypotheses 5 to 7, a Structural Equation Model (SEM) was developed to test if causal relationships exist among assortment decision factor use, the success of assortment planning, firm performance, and retail environment. All Hypotheses were fully or partially supported. Based on the results of hypotheses testing, the finalized retail buying model was developed. The finalized retail buying model based on the use of assortment decision factors will benefit retailers by helping retail buyers to analyze available information and identify the need for additional decision factors. Due to the use of convenience and snowball sampling as well as the limited geographic location of the survey, the finding of the current study cannot be generalized to the general population of clothing retail buyers. Future studies using probability sampling methods, utilizing qualitative methods, and/or examining in different countries, are suggested to verify the current findings and confirm the validity of the framework. / Ph. D.

Denna studie undersöker graden av felprissättningar för köpoptioner i Black-Scholes prissättningsmodell. Syftet är att undersöka om graden av felprissättningar i Black-Scholes modellen har ökat eller minskat ur ett historiskt perspektiv. Studiens antagande är att med en stor ökning i handelsvolym av optioner, samt ett större deltagande av retail investerare kan det ha en effekt på prissättningen av optioner. Därav, att det indirekt kan ha en effekt på Black-Scholes prissättningsmodell. Studien undersöker ifall en sådan förändring har lett till en mindre effektiv prissättning av modellen idag. Studien använder sig av optionsdata från 2005 som jämförs med data från 2024, där den dagliga stängningskursen för samtligaoptionskontrakt används vid databearbetningen. Det undersöks även om det finns skillnader mellan optionskontrakt med olika löptider och moneyness. Ytterligare används tidigare använda teorier för att definiera moneyness och deras relativa prisfel [RPE]. Studiens resultat visar att Black-Scholes modellen tenderar att producera en lägre grad av felprissättningar idag, 2024, jämfört med 2005. Följande visar modellen en lägre grad av felprissättningar både för kontrakt, out- och in-the-money. Med antagande om att en högre handelsvolym av optioner och därmed likviditet, återspeglar förändrad och mer marknadsinformation. Därav är det fler optionskontrakt som köps och säljs dagligen, som i sin tur gör prissättningen av Black-Scholes modellen mer effektiv. / This paper seeks to investigate the degree of mispricing in the Black-Scholes call optionpricing model. The aim is to research if the degree of mispricing in the Black-Scholes model has increased or decreased, from a historical perspective. Our hypothesis is that with a large increase in option trading volume and a larger participation of retail investors, might have an impact on the option pricing. Thus, indirectly affecting the Black-Scholes pricing model - which we seek to investigate, if such changes have led to less efficiency in the model today. Furthermore, we use options data from the year 2005 and compare it to the year 2024. The daily closing prices of options contracts are used, likewise we test if there are any significant differences between contracts with different time to expiration and moneyness. Additionally, commonly used formulas are used to define the moneyness of the option contracts, and their respective relative price error [RPE]. Our results indicate that the Black-Scholes model generally tends to produce less pricing errors today, year 2024, comparatively to year 2005. Hence, the model also shows a lesser degree of pricing error, both for contracts out- and in-the-money. We believe that with an increase in options volume and liquidity - reflect changed and more market information. Thus, more option contracts being bought and sold daily, makes the pricing to a degree, more efficient in the Black-Scholes model.

"The purpose of the study is to determine the trading centers that receive significant amounts of shopping goods trade flow from the communities surveyed. The position that the Denton trading center holds as a source of shopping goods for households in these communities is compared with the postions held by some competing trading centers. This study is made in cooperation with the Denton Chamber of Commerce for the benefit of the merchants of Denton. It is based on a survey made in December 1953, by the Business Administration 470 (Marketing Research) class of North Texas State College."-- leaves 1, 58.

It is well established that national retail chains impact small, single location retail businesses in terms of revenue generation, retail structure, retail type diversity, and location. This study examines the retail structure and diversity of five retail districts in the City of Denton, Texas. The analysis focuses on one central business district (CBD), one traditional retail strip center (University Drive, also known as US HWY 380), one special retail district (Fry Street District), one traditional enclosed shopping mall and associated development (Golden Triangle Mall), and one power retail center (Denton Crossing). The empirical foundation for the investigation is a historical business database covering years 1997 to 2010, obtained from Info Group's Reference USA. This Reference USA database includes location, industry, and status (single versus chain location) information for each business. Retail diversity and evenness were measured for each of the five retail districts using the Simpson's Diversity Index and the Simpsons Measure of Evenness, leading to specification of the differences that exist in retail structure and diversity among the districts. Golden Triangle Mall and Denton Crossing were primarily chain location in composition while Fry Street District, the CBD, and University Drive were primarily single location in composition. Across all years, the single versus chain status of the local business communities did not substantially change within any of the districts. The Fry Street District exhibited the most change in diversity as well as the lowest overall diversity among the retail districts, followed by University Drive and Golden Triangle Mall. The CBD did not experience any major change in retail type diversity. However, all retail districts experienced major changes in retail evenness. Overall for the city, single location retail businesses accounted for the majority of all the retail businesses, however, chain locations employed more people. In total, these findings indicate that the development of retail districts composed primarily of chain location retailer's affects retail district diversity and evenness but not retail structure.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Retail sales promotions are one of the most fundamental and high profile concepts of retail marketing. Everyday consumers are bombarded with various forms of information regarding sales promotions. Manufacturers and retailers go to great expense, up to 75% of the United States' marketing expenditures are spent on promotions (Lewison, 1994), but very little is done to measure the effectiveness of these promotional activities (Walters, 1991). Price promotions form an integral part of the marketing strategies of both manufacturers and retailers, yet they are often neglected in terms of assessing their impact on the marketing strategies of individual products. Lewison (1994) supports this statement by saying, "the precise positioning of sales promotion in terms of marketing strategy is often vague". "The increase in sales promotion spending in consumer goods field is greater than that of advertising promotion. However, it is important to know that a substantial part of this money is being misspent, some of it through poor planning" (Shapiro 1977). This statement is dated and probably aimed at the American retail market in particular, but it evokes some relevant questions about the South African domestic market. Are our manufacturers and retailers misspending valuable promotional budget on poorly planned and illogical sales promotions? An article in Sales and Marketing Management (1979) made a good, and relevant, point that "sales promotion is an orphan child of marketing. Both sales promotion budgets and sales promotion objectives are virtually ignored by senior management". More than twenty years later one would expect that the effectiveness of promotions would be monitored more closely and the promotional budgets of both manufacturers and retailers would be subject to close scrutiny by marketing directors. This appears, however, not to be the case, and little study has been done, particularly in South Africa, on the profitability and marketing effectiveness of price promotions within the retail grocery market. The use of trade promotions has risen considerably during the late 20th century. Within companies intense competition and increasing sophistication in sales promotion techniques together with a greater pressure to increase sales has resulted in an increased frequency of promotions. .Market factors have also fostered an increase in promotions. These factors include a rise in the number of brands (especially generic brands) and a decrease in the efficiency of traditional advertising due to increasingly fragmented consumer markets and advertising 'clutter'. A review of the marketing literature on grocery retail price promotions appears to be indicating a move toward a new approach to retailing which sees more focus being given to cutting costs out of the system, usually through improvements to the supply chain. Retail giant Wal-Mart introduced a policy of Every Day Low Pricing (EDLP) and moved heavily toward certain supply chain methodologies like Quick Response and Efficient Consumer Response which focus on reducing inventories and increasing supply chain efficiencies. These policies shun the retail sales promotion in favour of more constant sales trends and supply of goods. It appears that this policy is working, and not just in America, but in Canada and Germany as well (Kalish, 2000). This paper will focus on the inefficiencies of the traditional South African retail price promotion, particularly prevalent in the grocery chains, versus the current American and European retail promotion techniques that focus less on temporary price reductions and more on eliminating costs out of the value chain. A current South African price promotion model is given and a price promotion model for the future is proposed. Without a more complete study it would be immature to think that this paper could be a definitive study of the reasons, cause, and effects of retail price promotions, rather it is intended as a stimulus for further research in this area. This mini-thesis looks at pricing policies in the South African grocery retail market relative to international trends. Particular detail is paid to the grocery value chain and the effects of retail price reduction promotions on the supply chains within the value chain. Inefficiencies in the current South African pricing system are highlighted from both a marketing and a supply chain management perspective. A future value chain is proposed and the migration to this new value chain discussed. International trends like EDLP are discussed with relevance to the South African grocery retail market. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kleinhandel reklame promosies is een van die mees fundamentele and hoë profiel begrippe van kleinhandel bemarking. Daaglikse verbruikers word gebombardeer met verskeie vorms van inligting betreffende reklame promosies. Vervaardigers en kleinhandelaars gaan groot kostes aan, tot 75% van die Verenigde State se bemarkingsuitgawes is gemik op promosies (Lewison, 1994), maar daar word baie min gedoen om die doeltreffendheid van hierdie promosionele aktiwiteite te meet (Walters, 1991). Prys promosies vorm 'n integrale deel van die bemarkingstrategie van beide vervaardigers en kleinhandelaars, nogtans word hulle dikwels afgeskeep in terme van die beraming van hulle impak op die bemarkingstrategieë van individuele produkte. Lewison (1994) steun hierdie bewering deur op te merk dat, "the precise positioning of sales promotion in terms of marketing strategy is often vague". "The increase in sales promotion spending in consumer goods field is greater than that of advertising promotion. However, it is important to know that a substantial part of this money is being misspent, some of it through poor planning" (Shapiro, 1977). Hierdie opmerking is verouderd en waarskynlik spesifiek gerig op die Amerikaanse kleinhandel mark, maar lok sekere relevante vrae uit in verband met die Suid Afrikaanse plaaslike mark. Is ons vervaardigers en kleinhandelaars besig om waardevolle promosie begrotings op ondeurdagte en onlogiese reklame promosies te verkwis? 'n Artikel in "Sales en Marketing Management" (1979) maak die goeie en relevante punt dat "sales promotion is an orphan child of marketing. Both sales promotion budgets and sales promotion objectives are virtually ignored by senior management". Meer as twintig jaar later sou mens verwag dat die effektiwiteit van promosies in detail gemonitor word en die promosie begrotings van beide vervaardigers en kleinhandelaars noukeurig bestudeer word deur bemarkingsdirekteure. Dit blyk nie die geval te wees nie en, veral in Suid Afrika, is daar min navorsing gedoen oor die winsgewendheid en bemarkings effektiwiteit van reklame promosies binne die kleinhandel kruideniersmark. Die gebruik van handelspromosies het merkbaar gestyg in the laat twintigste eeu. Binne ondernemings het intensiewe kompetisie en toenemend gesofistikeerde handelspromosietegnieke tesame met groter druk om reklame syfers te laat styg gelei tot 'n toename in die frekwensie van promosies. Hierdie faktore sluit in 'n styging in die aantal handelsmerke (veral generiese handelsmerke) en 'n afname in die doeltreffendheid van tradisionele advertering weens toenemend gefragmenteerde verbruikersmarkte en advertensie "romme!". 'n Hersiening van die bemarkingsliteratuur op kruideniershandel reklamepromosies blyk daarop te dui dat 'n verskuiwing plaasvind na 'n nuwe benadering waarin meer fokus daarop geplaas word om kostes in die sisteem te sny, gewoonlik deur middel van verbeteringe aan die verskaffingsketting. Kleinhandel reus Wal-Mart het 'n beleid van "Every Day Low Pricing (EDLP)" ingestel en sterk beweeg na sekere verskaffingsketting metodologie soos "Quick Response" en "Efficient Consumer Response" wat fokus op die verminderde inventarisse en verhoogde doeltreffendheid in die verskaffingsketting. Hierdie beleide vermy die kleinhandel reklame promosie ten gunste van meer konstante reklame tendense en verskaffing van goedere. Dit blyk dat hierdie beleid besig is om te werk, nie net in die Verenigde State nie, maar ook in Kanada en Duitsland (Kalish, 2000). Hierdie werkstuk sal fokus op die ondoeltreffendheid van die tradisionele Suid Afrikaanse reklame prys promosie, veral heersend in die kruidenierskettingwinkels, teenoor die huidige Amerikaanse en Europese reklame promosie tegnieke wat minder toegespits is op tydelike prys verlagings en meer op die eliminasie van koste in die waardeketting. 'n Huidige Suid Afrikaanse prys promosie model word daargestel en 'n prys promosie model vir die toekoms voorgestel. Sonder 'n meer deeglike studie sal dit naief wees om te dink dat hierdie werkstuk 'n beslissende studie kan wees vir die redes vir, oorsaak en gevolge van kleinhandel prys promosies. Die bedoeling is eerder dat dit dien as 'n stimulus vir verdere narvorsing op die gebied. Hierdie mini-thesis ondersoek die prys beleid in die Suid Afrikaanse kruidenierskleinhandelmark relatief tot internasionale tendense. Veral word daar aandag gegee aan die kruidenierswaardeketting en die invloed van kleinhandel prysvermindering promosies op die verskaffingskettings binne die waardeketting. Tekortkominge in die huidige Suid Afrikaanse sisteem van prysbepaling word uitgelig uit beide 'n bemarkings en verskaffingskettings bestuur oogpunt. 'n Toekomstige waardeketting word voorgestel en die migrasie na hierdie nuwe waardeketting bespreek. Internasionale tendense soos EDLP work bespreek met betrekking tot die Suid Afrikaanse kruideniers reklamemark.

The overall focus of this doctoral thesis is the examination of the role of store design-architecture in consumer perceptions of retail brand loyalty. More specifically, it examines how consumers’ perceptions at the store design-architecture level promote brand loyalty and attachment at the overall retail-level. This research, therefore, aims to address the underdeveloped extant knowledge of the role of the store design-architecture in retail branding. This thesis addresses two research questions: 1) is it possible to improve on the specification or measurement of the store environment beyond the novelty, complexity collative constructs proposed in traditional studies of the store environment?; and 2) what effect, if any, do these improved store environment constructs (from answering research question number one) have in explaining the role of store design-architecture in consumer perceptions of retail brand loyalty? In its examination of the role of store-level design-architecture in overall retail-level branding, the theoretical significance of this thesis is based on two activities. First, this thesis proposes a conceptual framework that draws on multiple, diverse literatures from design-architecture, psychology and marketing. The critical review of pertinent literatures from these three sources then enables the second activity: the generation of novel empirical insights based on surveys of consumer perceptions of store-level design-architecture. A research instrument is developed that compares higher and lower levels of design in two stores of Penneys, a discount fashion retailer. The responses of 145 consumers are examined in an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). A separate dataset of 403 consumer responses are analysed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equations Modelling (SEM). Multiple-group invariance testing is also completed on this dataset. The primary theoretical contributions of this thesis to the extant literature are five-fold. First, the principal contribution of this thesis confirms that store aesthetic preference is positively associated with retail brand loyalty. Thus, the second research question is satisfactorily addressed; I explain that there is a mild association between store aesthetic preference and the emotionally valenced retail brand attachment construct in higher-level design contexts. Instead, a store aesthetic preference association is observed with the more behaviourally valenced retail brand loyalty construct in lower-level designs. Consequently, this principal contribution to the extant literature reveals the perceptive dynamic of how consumers processing of store-level design-architecture correspond with their perceptions of retail-level brand loyalty. A host of global-attribute, objective-subjective, and cognitive-emotional perceptive processing at the store and retail levels are observed in the proposed theoretical framework. Second, to confirm the role of store design-architecture in retail brand loyalty, I develop: a new scale for retail brand product; modify scales for store prototype, store novelty, store aesthetic preference, store complexity and retail brand price; and introduce scales for brand attachment and brand loyalty from non-retail contexts into a retail context for the first time. This research, therefore, addresses research question number one by making a notable conceptual and measurement contribution to the specification of the store environment. Third, as a progression from the previous contribution, I use these improved store environments constructs to better specify the store environment, and examine the associations between store prototype, store novelty and store aesthetic preference. I demonstrate that theory such as the preference-for-prototypes literature helps to improve the extant understanding of the associations between store prototype, store novelty and store aesthetic preference. The confirmation of the existence of these associations essentially means that the proposed model is robust, credible and able to account for consumers objective-subjective, global-attribute discriminations of the store-level aesthetic. Fourth, in an effort to explain the relative visual and non-visual contributions to retail brand attachment and retail brand loyalty, I examine associations concerning retail brand product and retail brand price. Retail brand product is confirmed to have stronger associations with retail brand attachment than store aesthetic preference or store prototypicality. Thus, this research extends the extant knowledge of the relative contributions of visual and non-visual constructs to understanding retail brand loyalty. Fifth, this research contributes to the extant understanding of how non-invariance analysis can be employed in Structural Equations Modelling (SEM) to confirm differences between groups. This research examines differences in parameter values to confirm differences in perception of the higher and lower levels of store design-architecture. This type of use of non-invariance analysis is not frequently employed in SEM and I propose that this research instrument can be generalised to other retail contexts also. Finally, this thesis concludes by presenting the limitations of this research. It makes suggestions on potential future research that could be completed, and raises some pertinent implications for practitioners arising from this research.

By the later decades of the twentieth century, retail internationalization was no longer the activity of a few multi-national retailers; revising the traditional view of retailing as a national business and the need to understand the process of internationalization. Academic research enriched the understanding of this activity, moving away from the early use of surveys to delve into the specific processes of the retailers in order to properly analyze foreign expansion activity. Initial research focused on the perspective of the firm, contributing to knowledge of the why, where, and how of the internationalization process. As this research expanded its scope, it became necessary for researchers to explore when internationalization occurs and to document what was the impact of internationalization on the host country. This call for research was made by Dawson (2003), who proposed a framework for the study of foreign impact on the domestic retailers of a host country. This study utilizes the Dawson model to measure, analyze, and explain the when and what of the retail internationalization process. In recognition of the complexity of the retail internationalization process, it was determined that the study would focus on one type of impact: changes in sectoral competitiveness. It was also determined that this study should be undertaken in a market and retail sector where substantial foreign entry had occurred and could potentially be measured, analyzed and explained. Therefore, the study is undertaken in the Canadian apparel sector between 1989 and 2007. The study was conducted as a mixed method research in two stages: an empirical study of market data and an interview study of industry experts. Since retail functions at the local level, the shopping centre was used as a microcosm of the market and provided empirical evidence to measure impacts in a temporal sense and by intensity. The interviews with industry experts were used to collaborate and explain the mall data, providing important first-hand context to explain the retail internationalization process. This study contributes to the validation of the Dawson model as a tool to measure and explain the impacts of foreign entry on a host country’s sectoral competitiveness, and through its methodology will provide the necessary modifications to the model for continued study of the retail internationalization process.