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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Ocorrência de Leishmania spp. em cães, gatos e equinos no Estado de São Paulo / Occurrence of Leishmania spp. in dogs, cats and horses of São Paulo State

Benvenga, Graziella Ulbricht 29 November 2013 (has links)
Cães, gatos e equinos domésticos podem ser importantes reservatórios de agentes infecciosos potencialmente zoonóticos, podendo-se destacar entre eles as leishmanioses. Por esse motivo, torna-se necessário aprimorar o conhecimento sobre essas enfermidades, estudando mais detalhadamente sua ecoepidemiologia, importante fonte de informações para a tomada de decisões com relação ao controle das mesmas. O presente estudo objetivou verificar a ocorrência de Leishmania spp. em cães, gatos e equinos procedentes de regiões endêmicas e não endêmicas do estado de São Paulo, por meio dos testes diagnósticos Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) e Reação em cadeia pela Polimerase (PCR) e objetivou também comprovar a eficácia da PCR realizada com DNA extraído de amostras de suabe da conjuntiva ocular de gatos e equinos. Foram encontrados cães infectados por Leishmania spp. em Itapecerica da Serra, São Lourenço da Serra e São Paulo, com freqüências de 3,12% (1/32) (PCR de suabe), 10% (1/10) (PCR de suabe) e 1,72% (02/116) (PCR de suabe) / 6,89% (08/116) (PCR de sangue), respectivamente. As amostras analisadas dos gatos provenientes dos municípios de Pirassununga e São Lourenço da Serra, foram positivas para Leishmania spp., com frequências de 28,57% (02/07) (PCR de suabe) / 28,57% (02/07) (RIFI) e 33,33% (1/3) (RIFI) respectivamente. Equinos infectados por Leishmania spp. foram verificados nas cidades de Bragança Paulista e Ilha Solteira, com frequências de 100% (14/14) (PCR de sangue) e 90% (36/40) (PCR de suabe)/ 100% (40/40) (PCR de sangue)/ RIFI 2,5% (01/40) respectivamente. Os resultados demonstram a presença de Leishmania spp infectando cães, gatos e equinos no Estado de São Paulo e que o suabe de conjuntiva ocular foi capaz de detectar gatos e equinos infectados. A coleta de amostras da conjuntiva ocular mostrou-se de fácil execução em felinos, mas nem tanto em equinos, quando comparado à coleta de sangue. / Domestic dogs, cats and horses can be important reservoirs of potential zoonotic agents, as leishmaniasis diseases. Therefore it is necessary improving knowledge on these diseases by studying the ecoepidemiology of leishmaniasis, which is an important source to make decisions on the disease control. The present study aimed to verify the occurrence of Leishmania spp. in dogs, cats and horses from endemic and non-endemic regions from São Paulo State using diagnostics tests as Indirect Immunofluorescence Test (RIFI) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and to study the efficacy of the PCR protocol on DNA extracted from ocular conjunctival swab samples from cats, dogs and horses. Leishmania spp. was found in dogs from Itapecerica da Serra, São Lourenço da Serra and São Paulo with frequencies of 3,12% (1/32) (swab PCR), 10%(1/10) (swab PCR) and 1,72% (02/116) (swab PC)/ 6,89% (08/116) (blood PCR) respectively. The cats samples analyzed from Pirassununga and São Lourenço da Serra were positive for Leishmania spp. showing frequencies of 28,57%(02/07) (swab PCR)/ 28,57%(02/07) (RIFI) and 33,33%(1/3) (RIFI) respectively. Leishmania spp. infected horses were detected in Bragança Paulista and Ilha Solteira cities with frequencies of 100% (14/14) (blood PCR) and 90% (36/40) (swab PCR)/ 100% (40/40) (blood PCR)/ RIFI 2,5% (01/40) respectively. Results demonstrated the presence of Leishmania spp infection in dogs, cats and horses from São Paulo and that is possible detect Leishmania spp. DNA in ocular conjunctival swab from infected cats and horses. Colect samples from ocular conjuntiva is more easily made in felines than horses, when compared to blood sample collection.
22

Novel Approaches for the Efficient Sampling and Detection of <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em> and <em>Brochothrix thermosphacta</em> on Food Contact Surfaces

Clemons, Jessica Anne 01 December 2010 (has links)
The primary step in the microbiological assessment of highly dynamic and complex food processing conditions is environmental sampling. The objectives of this study were to: (1) compare the efficacy of four sampling devices including Microbial-Vac system (MV), cellulose sponge (SP), polyester swab (SW) and composite tissue (CT), for the recovery of Listeria monocytogenes and Brochothrix thermosphacta on five surfaces and (2) to determine if there was a significant difference between the recovery of low (10 CFU/900cm2) and high (100 CFU/900cm2) L. monocytogenes inoculum levels using the sampling devices in a simulated food processing environment. Surfaces used for this study were stainless steel (SS), polyethylene cutting board (CB), polyurethane conveyor belt (PB), open hinge flat top conveyor belt (FT) and mesh conveyor belt (MB). Food contact surfaces were inoculated with L. monocytogenes to obtain a final cell population of 10 (low) or 100 (high) CFU/900 cm2. An average cell density of 10,000 CFU/25 cm2 was used for inoculating B. thermosphacta on each of the surfaces. Inoculated surfaces were dried and held for two hours at 4˚C then sampled and processed for detection. Because L. monocytogenes is a "zero tolerance" pathogen in ready-to-eat foods, the qualitative analysis included an enrichment step to detect presence/absence in the sample. In comparison, B. thermosphacta was directly plated in order to quantify the recovery capability of each device. Results indicated for recovery of 100 CFU/900 cm2 L. monocytogenes, there was no difference among devices on SS, CB or PB surfaces (p>0.05). However, a significant difference was detected at 10 CFU/900 cm2 on SS between MV and CT, 62.97 and 17.34%, respectively (p=0.0086). Results for FT indicated MV was superior over SP and SW (p=0.0004) for detection of high and low L. monocytogenes. There was no difference for the quantitative recovery of B. thermosphacta on PB and SS; however, there was a difference (p=0.0371) among devices on CB indicating MV was superior over SP and CT. The swab recovered 3.25 log CFU/25cm2 from flat top belts and was significantly lower (p=0.0259) than MV and SP devices, 4.29 and 4.12 log CFU/25cm2, respectively.
23

Evaluation of Oral Neutrophil Levels as a Quantitative Measure of Periodontal Inflammatory Load in Patients with Special Needs

Moosani, Anita 22 November 2012 (has links)
Purpose: To validate and assess the feasibility of using an assay of oral neutrophils to measure periodontal inflammation in uncooperative patients with special needs. Methods: Periodontal examination and neutrophil counts derived from oral swabs were performed on patients with special needs having comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia (GA). The conventional periodontal measurements were compared to neutrophil levels while patients were under GA, and later at their recall examination. Results: Forty-nine patients were assessed under GA and 30 (61%) returned for recall examination. Spearman’s correlation allowed for comparisons between periodontal parameters and oral neutrophil counts. Despite limited cooperation, it was possible to acquire neutrophils (using swabs) for all patients that presented for recall examination in the ambulatory dental clinic. Conclusions: Oral neutrophil levels correlated significantly with conventional parameters of gingival inflammation and may serve as a standardized method for clinical assessment of periodontal diseases in the special needs population.
24

Evaluation of Oral Neutrophil Levels as a Quantitative Measure of Periodontal Inflammatory Load in Patients with Special Needs

Moosani, Anita 22 November 2012 (has links)
Purpose: To validate and assess the feasibility of using an assay of oral neutrophils to measure periodontal inflammation in uncooperative patients with special needs. Methods: Periodontal examination and neutrophil counts derived from oral swabs were performed on patients with special needs having comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia (GA). The conventional periodontal measurements were compared to neutrophil levels while patients were under GA, and later at their recall examination. Results: Forty-nine patients were assessed under GA and 30 (61%) returned for recall examination. Spearman’s correlation allowed for comparisons between periodontal parameters and oral neutrophil counts. Despite limited cooperation, it was possible to acquire neutrophils (using swabs) for all patients that presented for recall examination in the ambulatory dental clinic. Conclusions: Oral neutrophil levels correlated significantly with conventional parameters of gingival inflammation and may serve as a standardized method for clinical assessment of periodontal diseases in the special needs population.
25

Klinikinė bakteriologinių tyrimų reikšmė nustatant potencialius nudegimo žaizdos infekcijos sukėlėjus / The clinical value of bacteriological tests determining potential burn wound infection-causing pathogens

Pilipaitytė, Loreta 11 June 2013 (has links)
Bakteriologinis nudegimo žaizdų tyrimas svarbus nustatant esamus potencialius patogenus, padeda diagnozuoti infekciją, leidžia įvertinti sepsio tikimybę, nustatyti tinkamą laiką žaizdos audinių rekonstrukcijai. Tačiau iki dabar tęsiasi diskusijos, kuris mėginio paėmimo metodas yra optimalus žaizdos mikroflorai arba infekcijai nustatyti. Lietuvoje toks tyrimas iki šiol nebuvo atliktas, o kitų šalių mokslininkų skelbiami rezultatai gana prieštaringi. Atlikto darbo metu tyrėme, kuris bakteriologinio tyrimo metodas (kiekybinis bei pusiau kiekybinis tepinėliai ar biopsija) yra kliniškai vertingiausias žaizdos mikrofloros stebėjimui ligos periodu, infekcijos patvirtinimui atsižvelgiant į klinikinius žaizdos pokyčius. Vienodas bakterijų rūšis tose pačiose žaizdose dažniausiai nustatė biopsija ir pusiau kiekybinis tepinėlis. Šių metodų bendras rezultatų sutapimas buvo labai geras. Abiem metodais nustatomo bakterijų kiekio koreliacija – vidutinė. Tačiau geriausiai rezultatai sutapo žaizdoje esant nedideliam bakterijų kiekiui. Esant klinikiniams žaizdos infekcijos požymiams reikšmingai dažniau bakterijos ir didesnis jų rūšių kiekis nustatytas biopsijos tiriamojoje medžiagoje. Biopsijos metodu reikšmingai dažniau nustatytas labai gausus (>105 KFV) bakterijų kiekis. Nudegimo žaizdų užteršimui bakterijomis stebėti, kai nėra infekcijos požymių, pusiau kiekybinis tepinėlio metodas yra tinkamiausias. Kliniškai nustatytą žaizdos infekciją geriausiai atspindi biopsijos tyrimo rezultatai. / Evaluation of microorganisms in burn wound is important not only in determining potential pathogens present, but also allows diagnosing an infection, evaluating possibility of sepsis, and determining the appropriate time for wound tissue reconstruction. However, there are still many discussions about the optimal wound sample taking method to determine wound microflora or infection, and the opinions about sample taking methods for identification of microorganisms are controversial. We have compared three methods (quantitative swab, semi-quantitative swab, biopsy) and determined significant differences. Similar species of bacteria in the same wounds were most frequently identified by biopsy and the semi-quantitative swab method. The general concordance of the results of these methods was very good. There was a medium correlation of the bacterial amount identified by these methods. However, there was the best concordance of the results in presence of a small amount of bacteria in a wound.In presence of clinical wound infection signs, bacteria and larger number of their species were significantly more frequently identified in the biopsy material. The biopsy method significantly more frequently identified a very large amount (>105 CFU) of bacteria. The semi-quantitative swab method is most appropriate to monitor burn wound contamination with bacteria when there are no infection signs. A clinically determined wound infection was best reflected by the results of biopsy.
26

Uso de suabe conjuntival na detecção de Leishmaniose Visceral Canina por PCR / Use of conjunctival swab for detection Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis by PCR

Vanessa Figueredo Pereira 24 May 2013 (has links)
A leishmaniose visceral canina é uma zoonose, no Brasil causado pelo protozoário Leishmania chagasi (syn. L. infantum). É endêmica em 88 países, os quais compreendem regiões tropicais e subtropicais do Velho e do Novo Mundo, com incidência estimada em 2 milhões de casos por ano. No ambiente urbano, o cão doméstico é considerado o principal reservatório do parasito. A transmissão da doença ocorre através da picada do vetor, díptero flebotomíneo, da espécie Lutzomyia longipalpis. O diagnóstico pode ser feito através de métodos diretos, como esfregaço preparado com os diferentes órgãos linfoides, Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR), cultivo in vitro do parasito, ou por métodos sorológicos, como ELISA (Ensaio Imunoenzimático) e RIFI (Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta). O controle epidemiológico da doença humana envolve o tratamento sistemático dos casos humanos, borrifação de inseticida em região domiciliar e peridomiciliar e eliminação de cães soropositivos, ponto mais controverso do programa de controle. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a técnica não invasiva do suabe conjuntival na identificação por PCR de leishmaniose canina. As amostras, de sangue e suabe conjuntival, foram coletadas durante inquérito epidemiológico realizado na cidade de Ilha Solteira - SP. A prevalência de animais positivos em pelo menos um dos três testes (RIFI, PCR de sangue, e PCR de suabe conjuntival) foi de 28,17% (60/213). No teste sorológico RIFI, um total de 13,6% (29/213) dos cães reagiram positivamente. Na PCR do suabe conjuntival, 13,1% (28/213) dos cães foram positivos, e na PCR de sangue total também obtivemos 13,1% (28/213) positivos. Comparando os animais testados pela RIFI e pela PCR de suabe conjuntival, 7,9% (17/213) animais foram positivos em ambos os testes, enquanto 81,2% (173/213) animais foram negativos em ambos os testes (PCR-SC e RIFI). Dos animais testados para PCR-SC, 5,1% (11/213) foram positivos apenas neste teste. Na sorologia, 5,6% (12/213) reagiram positivamente apenas pela RIFI. A sensibilidade e especificidade da PCR-SC foram respectivamente 58,6% e 94,0%, valor preditivo positivo de 61,0%, valor preditivo negativo de 94,0%, e o índice kappa 0,53, o qual demonstra moderada concordância entre os testes. Ao se comparar a RIFI com a PCR-SG, dos animais testados, 3,3% (7/213) foram positivos nos dois testes simultaneamente, 13,6% (29/213) foram positivos apenas na RIFI, logo, 9,9% (21/213) foram positivos apenas na PCR-SG. Foram negativos nos dois testes 76,5% (163/231). A PCR-SG demonstrou sensibilidade de 24,1%, especificidade de 88,5%, valor preditivo positivo de 25,0% e valor preditivo negativo de 88,0% e índice kappa de 0,13, quando comparado à RIFI, indicando uma fraca concordância. Além disso, foram positivos em todos os três testes 2,35% (5/213), e apenas 0,47% (1/213) foi positivo nos testes de PCR-SG e PCR-SC. Os resultados demonstraram que o suabe conjuntival é uma boa alternativa, fácil e pouco invasiva, que pode ser utilizada para auxiliar inquéritos e estudos epidemiológicos da Leishmaniose Visceral Canina. / Canine visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonosis in Brazil caused by the protozoan Leishmania chagasi (syn. L. infantum). It is endemic in 88 countries, which include tropical and subtropical regions of the Old and New World, with an estimated incidence of 2 million cases per year. In the urban environment, the domestic dog is the main reservoir of the parasite. Disease transmission occurs through the bite of the vector, sandfly, Lutzomyia longipalpis species. The diagnosis by direct methods can be made, such as smear prepared with different lymphoid organs, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in vitro culture of the parasite, or by serological methods such as ELISA (enzyme immunoassay) and IFAT (Indirect Immunofluorescence Test). The epidemiological control of human disease involves the systematic treatment of human cases, insecticide spraying in domiciliary area and elimination of seropositive dogs, most controversial point of the control program. The objective of this study was evaluate the noninvasive technique of conjunctival swab for canine leishmaniasis PCR identification. Were collected Samples of blood and conjunctival swab during an epidemiological survey conducted in the city of Ilha Solteira SP. The prevalence of positive animals in at least one of the three test (IFAT, blood PCR, and swab PCR) was 28.17% (60/213). In IFAT serological test, 13.6% (29/213) of the dogs responded positively. In conjunctival swabs PCR, 13.1% (28/213) dogs were positive, and PCR of whole blood obtained 13.1% (28/213) positive. Comparing the animals tested by IFAT and conjunctival swab PCR, 7.9% (17/213) were positive in both tests, while 81.2% (173/213) animals were negative in both tests. Of the tested animals for swab PCR, 5.1% (11/213) were positive only in this test. In serology, 5.6% (12/213) reacted positively only by IFAT. The sensitivity and specificity of swab PCR were respectively 58.6% and 94.0%, positive predictive value 61.0%, negative predictive value of 94.0%, and kappa 0.53, which demonstrates moderate agreement between tests. Comparing the IFAT with blood PCR, the animals tested, 3.3% (7/213) were positive in both tests simultaneously, 13.6% (29/213) were positive only by IFAT, so, 9, 86% (21/213) were positive only by blood PCR. Were negative in both tests 76.5% (163/213). The blood PCR demonstrated a sensitivity of 24.1%, specificity 88.5%, positive predictive value 25% and negative predictive value of 88% and coefficient of agreement (kappa) of 0.13, compared to IFAT, indicating poor agreement. Furthermore, were positive in all three tests 2.35% (5/213), and only 0.47% (1/213) were positive in the PCR-SC and PCR-SG test. The results showed that conjunctival swab is a good alternative, easier and less invasive that can be used to aid investigations and epidemiological studies of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis.
27

Ocorrência de Leishmania spp. em cães, gatos e equinos no Estado de São Paulo / Occurrence of Leishmania spp. in dogs, cats and horses of São Paulo State

Graziella Ulbricht Benvenga 29 November 2013 (has links)
Cães, gatos e equinos domésticos podem ser importantes reservatórios de agentes infecciosos potencialmente zoonóticos, podendo-se destacar entre eles as leishmanioses. Por esse motivo, torna-se necessário aprimorar o conhecimento sobre essas enfermidades, estudando mais detalhadamente sua ecoepidemiologia, importante fonte de informações para a tomada de decisões com relação ao controle das mesmas. O presente estudo objetivou verificar a ocorrência de Leishmania spp. em cães, gatos e equinos procedentes de regiões endêmicas e não endêmicas do estado de São Paulo, por meio dos testes diagnósticos Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) e Reação em cadeia pela Polimerase (PCR) e objetivou também comprovar a eficácia da PCR realizada com DNA extraído de amostras de suabe da conjuntiva ocular de gatos e equinos. Foram encontrados cães infectados por Leishmania spp. em Itapecerica da Serra, São Lourenço da Serra e São Paulo, com freqüências de 3,12% (1/32) (PCR de suabe), 10% (1/10) (PCR de suabe) e 1,72% (02/116) (PCR de suabe) / 6,89% (08/116) (PCR de sangue), respectivamente. As amostras analisadas dos gatos provenientes dos municípios de Pirassununga e São Lourenço da Serra, foram positivas para Leishmania spp., com frequências de 28,57% (02/07) (PCR de suabe) / 28,57% (02/07) (RIFI) e 33,33% (1/3) (RIFI) respectivamente. Equinos infectados por Leishmania spp. foram verificados nas cidades de Bragança Paulista e Ilha Solteira, com frequências de 100% (14/14) (PCR de sangue) e 90% (36/40) (PCR de suabe)/ 100% (40/40) (PCR de sangue)/ RIFI 2,5% (01/40) respectivamente. Os resultados demonstram a presença de Leishmania spp infectando cães, gatos e equinos no Estado de São Paulo e que o suabe de conjuntiva ocular foi capaz de detectar gatos e equinos infectados. A coleta de amostras da conjuntiva ocular mostrou-se de fácil execução em felinos, mas nem tanto em equinos, quando comparado à coleta de sangue. / Domestic dogs, cats and horses can be important reservoirs of potential zoonotic agents, as leishmaniasis diseases. Therefore it is necessary improving knowledge on these diseases by studying the ecoepidemiology of leishmaniasis, which is an important source to make decisions on the disease control. The present study aimed to verify the occurrence of Leishmania spp. in dogs, cats and horses from endemic and non-endemic regions from São Paulo State using diagnostics tests as Indirect Immunofluorescence Test (RIFI) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and to study the efficacy of the PCR protocol on DNA extracted from ocular conjunctival swab samples from cats, dogs and horses. Leishmania spp. was found in dogs from Itapecerica da Serra, São Lourenço da Serra and São Paulo with frequencies of 3,12% (1/32) (swab PCR), 10%(1/10) (swab PCR) and 1,72% (02/116) (swab PC)/ 6,89% (08/116) (blood PCR) respectively. The cats samples analyzed from Pirassununga and São Lourenço da Serra were positive for Leishmania spp. showing frequencies of 28,57%(02/07) (swab PCR)/ 28,57%(02/07) (RIFI) and 33,33%(1/3) (RIFI) respectively. Leishmania spp. infected horses were detected in Bragança Paulista and Ilha Solteira cities with frequencies of 100% (14/14) (blood PCR) and 90% (36/40) (swab PCR)/ 100% (40/40) (blood PCR)/ RIFI 2,5% (01/40) respectively. Results demonstrated the presence of Leishmania spp infection in dogs, cats and horses from São Paulo and that is possible detect Leishmania spp. DNA in ocular conjunctival swab from infected cats and horses. Colect samples from ocular conjuntiva is more easily made in felines than horses, when compared to blood sample collection.
28

Identificação e caracterização de tripanossomatídeos que infectam cães em área endêmica para leishmaniose visceral canina / Identification and characterization of the trypanosomatids infecting dogs in endemic areas for canine visceral leishmaniasis

Pereira, Vanessa Figueredo 16 December 2016 (has links)
A leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é uma grave zoonose, causada pela Leishmania infantum (syn. chagasi). O ciclo deste parasito é heteroxeno e a transmissão acontece principalmente pela picada da fêmea do vetor, dípteros da espécie Lutzomyia longipapis. O cão doméstico é o principal alvo das campanhas de controle da doença por ser a principal fonte de infecção para o vetor no ambiente urbano. O Ministério da Saúde adota testes sorológicos para a detecção de animais positivos; no entanto a sensibilidade e especificidade desses testes são questionáveis. Além das falhas inerentes a qualquer teste diagnóstico, no caso da LVC existem alguns entraves, especialmente pela distribuição geográfica, comum a outras doenças causadas por tripanossomas, e pela similaridade genética com os outros parasitas da mesma família. Nessas áreas de sobreposição pode haver tanto reação cruzada quanto co-infecção, dificultando a interpretação dos testes. No presente estudo, foram coletadas amostras de suabe conjuntival e sangue de cães em inquérito soroepidemiológico realizado no município de Ilha Solteira - SP. A presença de Leishmania spp. e Leishmania infantum foram testadas por PCR convencional e PCR em tempo real com primers direcionados ao kDNA de Leishmania spp. A avaliação sorológica foi realizada através da RIFI, e a identificação e caracterização dos tripanossomatídeos foi realizada através da PCR com primers ITS1. A SC-qPCR foi o teste que detectou o maior número de animais. De 204 cães utilizados no estudo, 19,12% (30/204) foram positivos na SC-qPCR. Na SG-qPCR foram 12,74% (26/204) de animais positivos. O teste que detectou o menor número de animais foi a SC-cPCR, com 10,78% (22/204). Enquanto na SG-cPCR obtivemos 13,23% (27/204) animais positivos. De 28 amostras selecionadas para o sequenciamento do gene ITS1, 19 (67,85%) foram 100 ou 99% similares à L. infantum, sugerindo que a maioria dos cães positivos para LVC estavam realmente infectados com esta espécie. Entretanto, 2 cães (7,14%), que tiveram suas amostras sequenciadas para tal gene, revelaram 99% de similaridade com Crithidia fasciculata. Dos testes avaliados, esses cães foram positivos apenas na SG-cPCR para Leishmania spp. Os resultados indicam que a SC-qPCR foi o teste mais eficaz em detectar amostras realmente positivas para L. infantum, e que se deve atentar ao fato de existirem outros tripanossomatídeos infectando os cães em área endêmica de LVC, podendo dificultar o diagnóstico adequado dos animais infectados por L. infantum. / Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a serious zoonosis caused by Leishmania infantum (syn. chagasi). The life cycle of this parasite is heteroxenous and the transmission occurs through the bite of the female sandfly, diptera species Lutzomyia longipalpis. The domestic dog is the main focus disease control campaigns, since it is the most important source of infection for the vector in urban environment. For positive dogs detection the health ministry uses serological tests, however the sensitivity and specificity of these tests are questionable. In addition to flaws inherent in any diagnostic test, in case of CVL there are some obstacles, especially by geographic distribution, common to other diseases caused by trypanosomes, and also by genetic similarity with other parasites of the same family. In areas of disease overlap, cross-reaction or co-infection may occur, making it difficult to interpret the results. In this study, conjunctival swab samples and whole blood of dogs were collected in seroepidemiological survey conducted in Ilha Solteira - SP. The presence of Leishmania spp. and Leishmania infantum were tested by conventional PCR and real-time PCR with Leishmania spp. kDNA-targeted primers. The serological evaluation was carried out by RIFI, and the identification and characterization of trypanosomatids was performed by PCR with ITS1 primers. SC-qPCR was the test that detected the largest number of animals. Of 204 dogs used in this study, 19.12% (30/204) were positive in SC-qPCR. In SG-qPCR 12.74% (26/204) animals were positive. The test that detected the lowest number of animals was SC-cPCR, with 10.78% (22/204). While in the SG-cPCR we obtained 13.23% (27/204) positive animals. From 28 samples selected for ITS1 gene sequencing, 19 (67.85%) were 100 or 99% similar to L. infantum, suggesting that most CVL positive dogs were infected with this species. However, two dogs (7.14%), which had their samples sequenced for the same gene, showed 99% similarity with Crithidia fasciculata. From the evaluated tests, these dogs were only positive in SG-cPCR for Leishmania spp. The results indicate that SC-qPCR was the most effective test to detect L. infantum positive samples , and it should be noted that there are other trypanosomatids infecting dogs in an endemic CVL area, which can difficult to diagnose animals properly infected by L. infantum.
29

Detecção de Leishmania spp. por PCR em tempo real em amostras de suabe conjuntival de cães, gatos e equinos / Detection of Leishmania spp. by real-time PCR in conjunctival swab samples from dogs, cats and equines

Benassi, Julia Cristina 02 July 2015 (has links)
O objetivo do presente estudo foi detectar Leishmania spp. pela PCR em tempo real (qPCR) em amostras de DNA extraído de sangue e suabe conjuntival de cães, gatos e equinos. E também, verificar a positividade dessas amostras pela PCR convencional (cPCR), utilizando oligonucleotídeos específicos para L. infantum (inf.cPCR). Para isso, amostras de sangue e suabe conjuntival de 204 cães, 108 gatos e 54 equinos saudáveis foram testadas pela qPCR para Leishmania spp. e os resultados comparados pelo índice kappa a resultados de cPCR para Leishmania spp. (ssp.cPCR) previamente obtidos. A qPCR de sangue não detectou nenhum animal positivo. Já os resultados da qPCR de suabe conjuntival (qPCR-SC), revelaram 0,98% (2/204) de cães positivos. Ao comparar os resultados obtidos pela qPCR-SC com os resultados obtidos pela cPCR de suabe conjuntival (ssp.cPCR-SC), observou-se uma concordância baixa entre os métodos, k=0,32. Em relação aos gatos, 1,85% (2/108) desses animais foram detectados positivos para Leishmania spp. pela qPCR-SC, esse resultado corroborou com o resultado obtidos pela ssp.cPCR-SC o que resultou em uma excelente concordância entre os métodos comparados, k=1. Em relação aos equinos, 12,96% (7/54) dos animais foram detectados positivos para o parasito pela qPCR-SC. Esses resultados não possuem concordância com os resultados obtidos pela ssp.cPCR-SC, uma vez que por esse método, 66,66% (36/54) foram detectados infectados pela Leishmania spp. Ao realizar a inf.cPCR, 11,11% (6/54) dos equinos foram positivos. Submetidas ao sequenciamento, dois fragmentos apresentaram 99% de similaridade com sequencias de L. infantum disponíveis no GenBank. Enquanto a qPCR-SG não foi capaz de detectar Leishmania spp. em cães, gatos e equinos, a qPCR-SC foi capaz de detectar o parasito nas três espécies avaliadas. A associação entre a qPCR e o uso de um método prático, fácil e não invasivo, como o suabe conjuntival, representa um grande avanço no diagnóstico da doença em cães, gatos e equinos uma vez que, a qPCR-SC, foi capaz de detectar um maior número de animais infectados pela Leishmania spp. em relação a qPCR-SG. Além disso, a detecção de Leishmania spp. nas diferentes espécies avaliadas reforça a possível atuação desses animais como reservatórios de agentes da leishmaniose cutânea e a confirmação de L. infantum em equinos, associado à inexistência de sinais clínicos nestes animais revela a possibilidade de equinos serem reservatórios desse parasito. / The aim of this study was to detect Leishmania spp. by real-time PCR (qPCR) on DNA extracted from blood samples and conjunctival swab dogs, cats and equines. Also, check the positivity of these samples by conventional PCR (cPCR) using specific oligonucleotídeos for L. infantum (inf.cPCR). For this, blood samples and conjunctival swab of 204 dogs, 108 cats and 54 horses healthy were tested by qPCR for Leishmania spp. and the results compared by kappa index to cPCR results for Leishmania spp (ssp.cPCR). previously obtained. The blood qPCR detected no positive animal. Already the qPCR results of conjunctival swab (CS-qPCR), revealed 0.98% (2/204) of positive dogs. Comparing the results obtained by CS-qPCR with the results obtained by conjunctival swab cPCR (ssp.CS-cPCR), there was a low correlation between the methods, k = 0.32. In relation to cats, 1.85% (2/108) of these animals were detected positive for Leishmania spp. by CS-qPCR, this results corroborated with the results obtained by ssp.CS-cPCR which resulted in excellent agreement between the methods compared, k = 1. Already in horses, 12.96% (7/54) of the animals were found positive for parasites by CS-qPCR. These results not have agreement with the results obtained by ssp.CS-cPCR, since by this method, 66.66% (36/54) were found to be infected by Leishmania spp. When performing inf.cPCR, 11.11% (6/54) of the horses were positive. Submitted to sequencing, two fragments showed 99% similarity to L. infantum sequences available in the GenBank. While blood qPCR was not able to detect Leishmania spp. in dogs, cats and horses, CS-qPCR was able to detect the parasite in the three species evaluated. The association between the use of qPCR and a practical, easy and non-invasive method, such as conjunctival swab, is a great advance in the diagnosis of disease in dogs, cats and horses since CS-qPCR was able to detect a greater number of animals infected with Leishmania spp. in respect of blood qPCR. Furthermore, the detection of Leishmania spp. the different species evaluated reinforces the possible role of these animals as reservoirs of cutaneous Leishmaniasis agents and confirmation of L. infantum in equines associated with the absence of clinical signs in these animals reveals the possibility of equines being reservoirs of this parasite.
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Detecção de Leishmania spp. por PCR em tempo real em amostras de suabe conjuntival de cães, gatos e equinos / Detection of Leishmania spp. by real-time PCR in conjunctival swab samples from dogs, cats and equines

Julia Cristina Benassi 02 July 2015 (has links)
O objetivo do presente estudo foi detectar Leishmania spp. pela PCR em tempo real (qPCR) em amostras de DNA extraído de sangue e suabe conjuntival de cães, gatos e equinos. E também, verificar a positividade dessas amostras pela PCR convencional (cPCR), utilizando oligonucleotídeos específicos para L. infantum (inf.cPCR). Para isso, amostras de sangue e suabe conjuntival de 204 cães, 108 gatos e 54 equinos saudáveis foram testadas pela qPCR para Leishmania spp. e os resultados comparados pelo índice kappa a resultados de cPCR para Leishmania spp. (ssp.cPCR) previamente obtidos. A qPCR de sangue não detectou nenhum animal positivo. Já os resultados da qPCR de suabe conjuntival (qPCR-SC), revelaram 0,98% (2/204) de cães positivos. Ao comparar os resultados obtidos pela qPCR-SC com os resultados obtidos pela cPCR de suabe conjuntival (ssp.cPCR-SC), observou-se uma concordância baixa entre os métodos, k=0,32. Em relação aos gatos, 1,85% (2/108) desses animais foram detectados positivos para Leishmania spp. pela qPCR-SC, esse resultado corroborou com o resultado obtidos pela ssp.cPCR-SC o que resultou em uma excelente concordância entre os métodos comparados, k=1. Em relação aos equinos, 12,96% (7/54) dos animais foram detectados positivos para o parasito pela qPCR-SC. Esses resultados não possuem concordância com os resultados obtidos pela ssp.cPCR-SC, uma vez que por esse método, 66,66% (36/54) foram detectados infectados pela Leishmania spp. Ao realizar a inf.cPCR, 11,11% (6/54) dos equinos foram positivos. Submetidas ao sequenciamento, dois fragmentos apresentaram 99% de similaridade com sequencias de L. infantum disponíveis no GenBank. Enquanto a qPCR-SG não foi capaz de detectar Leishmania spp. em cães, gatos e equinos, a qPCR-SC foi capaz de detectar o parasito nas três espécies avaliadas. A associação entre a qPCR e o uso de um método prático, fácil e não invasivo, como o suabe conjuntival, representa um grande avanço no diagnóstico da doença em cães, gatos e equinos uma vez que, a qPCR-SC, foi capaz de detectar um maior número de animais infectados pela Leishmania spp. em relação a qPCR-SG. Além disso, a detecção de Leishmania spp. nas diferentes espécies avaliadas reforça a possível atuação desses animais como reservatórios de agentes da leishmaniose cutânea e a confirmação de L. infantum em equinos, associado à inexistência de sinais clínicos nestes animais revela a possibilidade de equinos serem reservatórios desse parasito. / The aim of this study was to detect Leishmania spp. by real-time PCR (qPCR) on DNA extracted from blood samples and conjunctival swab dogs, cats and equines. Also, check the positivity of these samples by conventional PCR (cPCR) using specific oligonucleotídeos for L. infantum (inf.cPCR). For this, blood samples and conjunctival swab of 204 dogs, 108 cats and 54 horses healthy were tested by qPCR for Leishmania spp. and the results compared by kappa index to cPCR results for Leishmania spp (ssp.cPCR). previously obtained. The blood qPCR detected no positive animal. Already the qPCR results of conjunctival swab (CS-qPCR), revealed 0.98% (2/204) of positive dogs. Comparing the results obtained by CS-qPCR with the results obtained by conjunctival swab cPCR (ssp.CS-cPCR), there was a low correlation between the methods, k = 0.32. In relation to cats, 1.85% (2/108) of these animals were detected positive for Leishmania spp. by CS-qPCR, this results corroborated with the results obtained by ssp.CS-cPCR which resulted in excellent agreement between the methods compared, k = 1. Already in horses, 12.96% (7/54) of the animals were found positive for parasites by CS-qPCR. These results not have agreement with the results obtained by ssp.CS-cPCR, since by this method, 66.66% (36/54) were found to be infected by Leishmania spp. When performing inf.cPCR, 11.11% (6/54) of the horses were positive. Submitted to sequencing, two fragments showed 99% similarity to L. infantum sequences available in the GenBank. While blood qPCR was not able to detect Leishmania spp. in dogs, cats and horses, CS-qPCR was able to detect the parasite in the three species evaluated. The association between the use of qPCR and a practical, easy and non-invasive method, such as conjunctival swab, is a great advance in the diagnosis of disease in dogs, cats and horses since CS-qPCR was able to detect a greater number of animals infected with Leishmania spp. in respect of blood qPCR. Furthermore, the detection of Leishmania spp. the different species evaluated reinforces the possible role of these animals as reservoirs of cutaneous Leishmaniasis agents and confirmation of L. infantum in equines associated with the absence of clinical signs in these animals reveals the possibility of equines being reservoirs of this parasite.

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