Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death and the second most diagnosed cancer in the United States. Unfortunately, many patients either do not have any common mutations for which there are already targetable agents, or they eventually become resistant to these compounds. As such, there is a high demand for new, effective methods of treating this disease as well as predicting patient prognosis and potential benefit from chemotherapy. In this work, numerous strategies for treating lung cancer are explored. The first method described here is through the use of a pan-early 2 factor (E2F) inhibitor, HLM006474, which is shown to synergize with paclitaxel in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Next, we explored the creation and utilization of an E2F signature that is prognostic and predictive of early-stage NSCLC patient benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT). The third project examined possible targets to enhance sensitivity to cisplatin in NSCLC lacking Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK) fusions (triple-negative), for which cisplatin is one of the few treatment options. These studies led to the identification of a kinase that is overexpressed in NSCLC and whose knockdown sensitizes cells to platinum agents.

<p>Cancer is a disease state that arises as a result of multiple alterations in signaling pathways that are critical for making key cell fate decisions in normal cells. Understanding how these pathways operate under normal circumstances, therefore, is crucial for comprehensive understanding of tumorigenic process. With Myc and E2F pathways being central components for controlling cell proliferation, an important property that defines a cancer cell, as well as expanding roles for microRNAs(miRNA) in control of gene expression, we asked if we may better understand the underlying regulatory (transcription factor, microRNA) structure that contribute to Myc and E2F pathway activities. Through integrative analysis of mRNA and miRNA expression profile, we observe a distinct regulatory pattern in which, in the case of Myc pathway, Myc-induced miRNAs were contributing to the repression of negative regulators of cell cycle, including PTEN, while in case of E2F pathway, E2F-induced miRs were forming an incoherent Feed-Forward Loop(iFFL) with a number of E2F-induced genes including cyclin E. We further demonstrate through functional studies, as well as through single cell imaging of gene expression dynamics that miRNAs, depending on the context of either Myc or E2F pathway, play distinct roles in ensuring that cell fate decisions relevant to these pathways are properly executed.</p> / Dissertation

LRBA (LPS Responsive Beige-like Protein Kinase A anchor) gene expression is induced by the mitogen LPS and is a member of the WBW gene family member which is comprised of genes that are involved in cellular proliferation and differentiation. This work provides evidence for the over-expression of LRBA in certain cancers, and that LRBA promoter activity and endogenous LRBA mRNA levels are negatively regulated by the tumor suppressor p53 and positively regulated by E2F transactivators. Furthermore, we demonstrate that inhibition of LRBA expression or function leads to decreased proliferation of cancer cells and that LRBA plays a role in the EGFR signal transduction pathway. In addition to the findings of LRBA's role in carcinogenesis, this work also shows evidence of the knockdown of the SH2-containing Inositol 5' Phosphatase (SHIP) in both mouse and human cells. Furthermore, we provide evidence that SHIP-1 is involved in the AKT signal transduction pathway in human Natural Killer cells.

L'épithélium intestinal est en constant renouvellement et les mécanismes qui contrôlent la prolifération y sont parfaitement orchestrés. Le facteur de transcription E2F4 est un régulateur clé de la transition G1/S, de la prolifération et de l'homéostasie des cellules épithéliales intestinales. Contrairement à E2F1, la localisation cellulaire d'E2F4 varie en fonction de l'état prolifératif des cellules : il est exprimé majoritairement au cytoplasme des cellules quiescentes ou différenciées et au noyau des cellules prolifératives. Dans cette thèse, les mécanismes de contrôle de la localisation d'E2F4, de sa phosphorylation et de son expression, de même que les mécanismes qui contrôlent l'entrée en phase S des cellules épithéliales intestinales normales humaines (HIEC) ont été analysés. Nos résultats démontrent que l'activation de la signalisation MEK/ERK par le sérum est requise pour la translocation nucléaire d'E2F4 et la transition G 1/S des HIEC. Par contre, la stimulation du sentier MEK/ERK par l'EGF n'est pas suffisante à induire ces événements: l'inhibition concomitante des GSK3?/? ou des p38?/? est aussi requise. En effet, la combinaison de l'EGF ou du FGF9 avec un inhibiteur pharmacologique des GSK3 entraîne la translocation nucléaire d'E2F4 et l'entrée en phase S. De manière analogue, l'inhibition des p38 en combinaison avec l'EGF cause aussi la translocation nucléaire d'E2F4 et l'entrée en phase S des HIEC. Par ailleurs, l'activation des IKK?/? semble aussi requise pour la translocation nucléaire d'E2F4 et la transition G1/S des HIEC induites par le sérum. Ensuite, nos résultats indiquent qu'E2F4 est rapidement phosphorylé suivant la stimulation par le sérum de manière dépendante du sentier MEK/ERK. Ainsi, des essais kinases in vitro démontrent qu'ERK1 phosphoryle efficacement E2F4, potentiellement sur les S244 et S384. Nos résultats suggèrent aussi que GSK3? interagit avec E2F4, principalement dans les cellules quiescentes, et pourrait alors le phosphoryler. Par ailleurs, E2F4 est phosphorylé, surexprimé et localisé au noyau des adénomes colorectaux humains. De plus, les mutants d'E2F4 retrouvés dans les cancers colorectaux avec instabilité des microsatellites, E2F4(Ser) 12 et E2F4(Ser)14 , sont plus fortement exprimés en raison d'une stabilité accrue et ont une meilleure activité transcriptionnelle. Nous démontrons aussi l'existence de 2 formes principales du partenaire d'interaction d'E2F4, DP-2, exprimées dans les HIEC: DP-2 40 , dont l'expression augmente avec l'entrée en phase S et DP-266 , dont l'expression diminue. De plus, DP-2 40 est surexprimée dans les cancers colorectaux humains et pourrait alors y favoriser la localisation nucléaire d'E2F4. En conclusion, nous avons identifié des mécanismes de régulation du facteur de transcription E2F4 et de l'entrée en phase S des HIEC. Cependant, ces mécanismes sont altérés lors de la carcinogenèse. D'ailleurs, la surexpression et la localisation aberrante d'E2F4 de même que la surexpression de DP-2 40 dans les cancers colorectaux pourraient contribuer à l'hyperprolifération et à la formation de cancers dans le côlon et le rectum. [symboles non conformes]

While the genetics of retinoblastoma and the implications of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene, RB1, are well described, there is still scarce evidence to suggest why RB1 acts in such a cell-type specific manner. Using the murine cortex as a model, we examined the effects of RB1 deletion of cycling neural progenitors and post-mitotic neurons, in order to ascertain cell-type specific functions in the central nervous system. Using the previously identified cell-cycle independent role for Rb in tangential migration, we validated Rb/E2f regulation of neogenin and implicated it in this process. In quiescent cortical neurons, we identified a pivotal role for Rb in neuronal survival. Unlike in cycling progenitors, in post-mitotic neurons Rb specifically represses the expression of cell-cycle associated genes in an E2f-dependent manner. Finally, in cortical neurons in the absence of Rb, we observe an activation of chromatin at E2f associated promoters. To determine the role of direct interaction between Rb and chromatin modifying enzymes, we utilized an acute LXCXE-binding deficient mutant paradigm. We report that the LXCXE binding motif is dispensable in establishment and maintenance of cortical neuron quiescence and survival. The activation state of E2f-responsive promoters appears to be dependent on E2f-activity and not simply Rb-mediated repression. Taken as a whole, this thesis serves to support the hypothesis that Rb plays a diverse role in different cell-types by regulation of unique gene targets and regulatory mechanisms. Characterizing specific cancer-initiating populations and understanding the specific function of Rb will help in the treatment of many cancers resulting from RB1 mutation or mutation within the Rb/E2f pathway.

Development, tissue renewal and longevity of multi-cellular organisms require the ability to switch between a proliferative state and quiescence, a reversible arrest from the cell cycle. The balance of quiescence and proliferation underlies the fundamental feature of generating and maintaining the appropriate number of cells, which is essential for tissue architecture, regeneration, and function. Disruption of quiescence and proliferation balance leads to hypo- or hyper-proliferative diseases. To date, the regulatory mechanism of proliferation has been well established, while cellular quiescence has remained a phenotypic description without a clearly defined molecular control mechanism. Simply, quiescence has long been considered a passive counterpart to proliferation. However, recent findings have revealed that quiescence is an actively maintained state exhibiting a unique gene expression pattern. While quiescence has been traditionally considered as a state (namely G0) outside of the cell cycle, it is in fact a collection of heterogeneous states. In studies conducted in the 70's and 80's using fibroblasts and lymphocytes, it has been observed that the longer the cells were kept under quiescence inducing conditions such as contact inhibition, the deeper the cells moved into quiescence. Deep quiescent cells are still able to reenter the cell cycle upon growth stimulation but they exhibit a longer pre-DNA synthesis phase [1-4]. Shallow quiescent state has also been recently reported in muscle and neural stem cells termed GAlert and "prime" quiescent state, respectively. Heterogeneous quiescent depth entails that cells vary in their sensitivity to growth signals, representing an important yet underappreciated layer of complexity in cell growth control. The cellular mechanisms that control the depth of quiescence remains elusive. In my thesis work, I first investigate the strengths of serum stimulation required for cells to exit deep and shallow quiescence as a determinant of quiescence depth. Through model simulations and experimental measurements, I further demonstrate that various components of the Rb-E2F pathway control quiescence depth with varying efficacy. The Rb-E2F pathway interacts with diverse cellular pathways that respond to environmental signals to jointly modulate quiescence depth. Given that certain circadian clock genes (e.g., Cry) affect key components in the Rb-E2F pathway, I tested the effect of Cry activity on quiescence depth. I found that increased Cry activity resulted in deeper quiescence, contrary to our anticipation based on the literature. Next, we constructed a library of mathematical models that represent possible interactions between Cry and the Rb-E2F pathway. We computationally searched this model library for links that could explain the experimental observations. The modeling search suggested that Cry upregulation may lead to increased expression of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor (e.g., p21), which in turn drives cells into deeper quiescence. This model prediction was confirmed by my follow-up experiments. Collectively, my thesis work establishes an integrated modeling and experimental framework that will help us to further investigate diverse cellular mechanisms controlling the heterogeneous quiescence depth.

While the genetics of retinoblastoma and the implications of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene, RB1, are well described, there is still scarce evidence to suggest why RB1 acts in such a cell-type specific manner. Using the murine cortex as a model, we examined the effects of RB1 deletion of cycling neural progenitors and post-mitotic neurons, in order to ascertain cell-type specific functions in the central nervous system. Using the previously identified cell-cycle independent role for Rb in tangential migration, we validated Rb/E2f regulation of neogenin and implicated it in this process. In quiescent cortical neurons, we identified a pivotal role for Rb in neuronal survival. Unlike in cycling progenitors, in post-mitotic neurons Rb specifically represses the expression of cell-cycle associated genes in an E2f-dependent manner. Finally, in cortical neurons in the absence of Rb, we observe an activation of chromatin at E2f associated promoters. To determine the role of direct interaction between Rb and chromatin modifying enzymes, we utilized an acute LXCXE-binding deficient mutant paradigm. We report that the LXCXE binding motif is dispensable in establishment and maintenance of cortical neuron quiescence and survival. The activation state of E2f-responsive promoters appears to be dependent on E2f-activity and not simply Rb-mediated repression. Taken as a whole, this thesis serves to support the hypothesis that Rb plays a diverse role in different cell-types by regulation of unique gene targets and regulatory mechanisms. Characterizing specific cancer-initiating populations and understanding the specific function of Rb will help in the treatment of many cancers resulting from RB1 mutation or mutation within the Rb/E2f pathway.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.