Syftet med studien var att med en experimentell design undersöka ifall individens tro på sin förmåga, d.v.s. self-efficacy påverkar utfallet av idrotts prestationer. Detta undersöktes genom att manipulera self-efficacy i en bänkpressövning och därefter mäta eventuella prestationsförändringar under tre sessioner. 21 deltagare (10 kvinnor, 11 män, M = 23, SD = 2.95) med lite eller ingen tidigare erfarenhet av styrketräning deltog. Deltagare delades slumpmässigt in i tre grupper: (LG) lättare vikt än deltagarna trodde, (TG) tyngre vikt än deltagarna trodde och (KG) kontrollgrupp, vikten överensstämde med deltagarnas uppfattning. Situationsspecifika self-efficacy mätningar (SSE) gjordes före och efter manipulationen. Den fysiska self-efficacyn mättes med hjälp av fysisk self-efficacy skala (PSE). Resultatet visade att den tunga gruppen, vilken lyfte mer vikt än de trodde, ökade signifikant mer i vikt vid bänkpresslyftet än kontrollgruppen. Manipulationen som antogs påverka situationsspecifikt self-efficacy visade sig förutsäga prestationens utfall och en signifikant skillnad visades mellan mätningarna. Den tunga gruppen visade störst förändring på SSE formuläret från första till tredje sessionen. PSE-resultaten visade ingen signifikant förändring mellan mätningarna. Resultatet föreslår att self-efficacy går att manipulera och kan påverka idrottsprestationer. / The purpose of the study was to investigate in an experimental design whether an individual's belief in his ability, i.e. self-efficacy affect the outcomes of athletic performance. This was examined by manipulating self-efficacy in a bench press exercise and measures possible performance changes during three sessions. 21 participants (10 woman, 11 men, M = 23, SD = 2.95) who had little or no previous experience of weight training participated. Participants were randomly divided into three groups: (LG) participants lifted easier than thought, (HG) participants lifted heavier than thought and (CG) control group, participants lifted the weight they thought. Situational specific self-efficacy measures (SSE) were taken before and after manipulation. The physical self-efficacy was measured using the physical self-efficacy scale (PSE). The results showed that the heavy group had increased significantly more weight than the control group. The manipulations assumed effect on self- efficacy (SSE) proved to be a prediction of performance outcomes and a significant difference was demonstrated between the measurements. The heavy group showed the greatest decreased in SSE from session one to third. PSE results showed no significant changes between measurements. The results suggest that self-efficacy can be manipulated and can affect sport performance.

This study investigated personalized adaptive learning, teacher education, and self-efficacy to determine if personalized adaptive teacher education can increase self-efficacy. It is suggested that teachers with higher self-efficacy tend to stay in the teaching profession longer. Chapters 2 and 3 are literature reviews on personalizing adaptive learning to determine what common components are used in personalized adaptive learning systems to get a clear understanding of what previous literature suggests building this study on it. Chapter 4 investigates the data collected from 385 teachers to understand better what teachers report on factors that increase their self-efficacy. As a result, it was found that teachers' self-efficacy increases with more training, support, and resources. In chapter 5, a framework was developed based on previous findings, with components of personalized adaptive learning to provide support/help at the right time for teachers to increase their self-efficacy. An empirical study was conducted to validate this framework, where the framework was used as a guide to personalize and adapt summer teacher preservice training and survey teachers on their self-efficacy before and after the training to see its impact on teachers' self-efficacy. However, since summer preservice training was virtual, the framework could not be implemented fully, as we were not able to observe teachers' behaviors and monitor their learning to provide them help and support, as needed and being in the post-COVID-19 year as educators dealing with about two-year learning loss systemwide, seems decreased teachers' self-efficacy. The findings of this study can guide preservice teacher education institutions and decision-makers of teacher education to assess inservice teachers' needs and self-efficacy to help and support them with a more personalized adaptive education to improve their self-efficacy.

Through the development and implementation of modified learning contexts, the current study encouraged undergraduate teacher education students to modify their approaches to learning by reducing their reliance on surface approaches and progressively adopting deeper approaches. This outcome was considered desirable because students who employed deep approaches would exit the course having achieved higher quality learning than those who relied primarily on surface approaches. It was expected that higher quality learning in a preservice teacher education program would also translate into greater self-confidence in the management of teaching tasks, leading to improvements in students� teaching self-efficacy beliefs. Altered learning contexts were developed through the application of action research methodology involving core members of the teaching team. Learning activities were designed with a focus on co-operative small-group problem-based learning, which included multiple subtasks requiring variable outcome presentation modes. Linked individual reflection was encouraged by personal learning journals and learning portfolios. Students also provided critical analyses of their own learning during the completion of tasks, from both individual and group perspectives. Assessment methods included lecturer, peer and self-assessment, depending on the nature of the learning task. Often these were integrated, so that subtasks within larger ones were assessed using combinations of methods. Learning approach theorists (Biggs, 1993a, 1999; Entwistle, 1986, 1998; Prosser & Trigwell, 1999; Ramsden, 1992, 1997) contend that learning outcomes are directly related to the learning approaches used in their development. They further contend that the approach adopted is largely a result of students� intent, which in turn, is influenced by their perception of the learning context. The present study therefore aimed to develop an integrated and pervasive course-based learning context, constructively aligned (after: Biggs, 1993a, 1996), achievable within the normal constraints of a university program, that would influence students� adoption of deep learning approaches. The cognitive processes students used in response to the altered contexts were interpreted in accordance with self-regulatory internal logic (after: Bandura, 1986, 1991b; Zimmerman, 1989, 1998b). Longitudinal quasi-experimental methods with repeated measures on non-equivalent dependent variables were applied to three cohorts of students. Cohort 1 represented the contrast group who followed a traditional program. Cohort 2 was the main treatment group to whom the modified program was presented. Cohort 3 represented a comparison group that was also presented with the modified program over a shorter period. Student data on learning approach, teaching efficacy and academic attributions were gathered from repeated administrations of the Study Process Questionnaire (Biggs, 1987b), Teacher Efficacy Scale (Gibson & Dembo, 1984) and Multidimensional-Multiattributional Causality Scale (Lefcourt, 1991). In addition, reflective journals, field observations and transcripts of interviews undertaken at the beginning and conclusion of the course, were used to clarify students� approaches to learning and their responses to program modifications. Analyses of learning approaches adopted by Cohorts 1 and 2 revealed that they both began their course predominantly using surface approaches. While students in Cohort 1 completed the course with approximately equal reliance on deep and surface approaches, students in Cohort 2 reported a predominant use of deep approaches on course completion. The relative impact of the modified learning context on students with differing approaches to learning in this cohort were further explained through qualitative data and cluster analyses. The partial replication of the study with Cohort 3, across the first three semesters of their program, produced similar effects to those obtained with Cohort 2. The analyses conducted with teaching efficacy data indicated a similar pattern of development for all cohorts. Little change in either personal or general dimensions was noted in the first half of the program, followed by strong growth in both, in the latter half. While a relationship between learning approach usage and teaching efficacy was not apparent in Cohort 1, developmental path and mediation analyses indicated that the use of deep learning approaches considerably influenced the development of personal teaching efficacy in Cohort 2. The current research suggests that value lies in the construction of learning environments, in teacher education, that enhance students� adoption of deep learning approaches. The nature of the task is complex, multifaceted and context specific, most likely requiring the development of unique solutions in each environment. Nevertheless, this research demonstrates that such solutions can be developed and applied within the prevailing constraints of pre-existing course structures.

Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-53). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Aim: Auditor objectivity in the auditing process is an important part of the IASB and FASB framework as well as in the SOX act. It is unclear whether auditor’s self-efficacy through selection of negotiation strategy affect the auditor’s objectivity. The purpose of the study is to improve the understanding of what impacts auditor objectivity and as a result show new strategies on how to increase it. Method: Deductive approach with a literature review as secondary data and a web-based questionnaire carried out among 3,264 Swedish auditors as primary data. Analysis was done with partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and reported in the SmartPLS and SPSS software. Result & Conclusions: Prior negative negotiation experiences have a detrimental effect on both distributive and integrative negotiation self-efficacy. Distributive negotiation self-efficacy and auditing self-efficacy increase objectivity mainly through the mediation of contending strategy. No relationship between integrative negotiation self-efficacy and negotiation strategy or auditor objectivity was found, possibly due to weak theoretical constructs. No causal claims are posed on these relations. Bandura’s four main sources of influence on self-efficacy can be considered as guides on how to shield the auditor from the detrimental effect of failures and build up self-efficacy to perform better in negotiation. Suggestions for future research: Develop stronger constructs for PNE, ISE and expanding-the-agenda-of-issues strategy. Using multiple imputation instead of mean replacement for missing data is highly recommended. Gather at least 400 responses in order to gain stronger statistical power. Introduce a prior auditing experiences construct for ASE to raise awareness of potential differences in how prior experiences affect DSE, ISE and ASE. Contribution of the thesis: This paper uniquely contributes to the literature on factors influencing auditor objectivity. Its main use to auditors, accounting legislators, researchers etc. at the moment is to add to the discussion about objectivity.

Abstract Background: Procrastination or the tendency to delay various actions despite knowing that this delay will likely bring negative consequences, is a widespread phenomenon. It has been found to be especially common among college students and has been linked to various negative outcomes. Aim: The current study aimed to explore the relationship between procrastination and self-efficacy for self-regulation (belief in ones ability to successfully self-regulate) and grit (to pursue important goals over long periods of time with passion and determination, despite setbacks or distractions) in a sample of 208 Swedish university students. Method: Self-report measures relating to the relevant constructs were administered to the students and analysed using correlational and partial correlational tests. Results: Results indicated that procrastination were strongly negatively correlated with both grit and self-efficacy for self-regulation. Self-efficacy for self-regulation were also found to be a partial mediator of the relationship between grit and procrastination. Conclusion: More research is needed on the relationship between self-efficacy for self-regulation and procrastination. Additionally, a more conceptually valid scale to measure grit should be developed. / Abstrakt Bakgrund: Prokrastinering eller, tendenser till att skjuta upp olika saker trots vetskapen om att förseningen troligen kommer medföra negative konsekvenser, är ett utbrett fenomen. Prokrastinering har befunnits vara särskilt vanligt bland universitetsstudenter och har sammankopplats med en flera negativa konsekvenser. Syfte: Syftet med den aktuella studien var att undersöka relationen mellan prokrastinering, ”self-efficacy for self-regulation” (tilltron till sin egen förmåga att framgångsrikt utöva självreglering) och grit (förmågan att, med beslutsamhet och passion, jobba mot ett viktigt mål över långa tidsperioder, trots motgångar och distraktioner. Metod: Självskattningsskalor relaterade till de relevanta konstrukten delades ut till studenterna som deltoga i studien och test för korrelation och partiell korrelation användes för att analysera resultaten. Resultat: Resultaten indikerade att prokrastinering var starkt negativt korrelerad med både grit och ”self-efficacy for self-regulation”. ”Self-efficacy for self-regulation” visade sig också vara en partiell mediator mellan grit och prokrastinering. Slutsats: Mer forskning behövs kring relationen mellan ”self-efficacy for self-regulation” och prokrastinering.  Ett mer konceptuellt valitt mätinstrument för grit behöver dessutom utvecklas.

Uppsatsen handlar om hur jag utifrån två självupplevda berättelser ur förskolans verksamhet bättre kan förstå barns känsla av ett själv och vilken roll den spelar vid deras utvecklande av bildskapande i förskolan. Jag får genom den essäistiska processen syn på vad det är det jag upplever som dilemma i mina två inledande berättelser. Det handlar om min förförståelse av det i förskolan så ofta benämnda begreppet självkänsla samt om hur jag genom applicerandet av Aristoteles mimesis-begrepp på mina berättelser söker nå en ökad förståelse av barns känsla av ett själv för att bättre kunna stödja utvecklandet av deras bildskapande. Essäns reflekterande del har två avsnitt. Först gör jag först en komprimerad historisk tillbakablick på området affektteori för att söka en ökad förståelse av förskolans självkänslabegrepp. Genom att sedan lämna självkänsla därhän och istället applicera begreppen självbild, självvärdering och self-efficacy på mina inledande bilder ur verkligheten förändras min syn på vad barns känsla av ett själv i förskolans verksamhet kan vara. Även min förståelse av hur jag som pedagog kan stödja barnen i denna känsla, för att deras bildskapande utveckling skall stärkas förändras. I den andra delen av mina reflektioner söker jag med hjälp av en fördjupning av Aristoteles tolkning av begreppet mimesis en utvidgad förståelse för barns behov av bildskapande. Jag kommer till insikt om, tvärt emot min initiala bias, att kopiering och mallar kan vara utmärkta verktyg vid utvecklingen av barns bildskapande processer.. Avslutningsvis tar jag helt kort upp barns kultur och dess inkorporerande i förskolans verksamhet som ett vidare forskningsområde. / This essay is about how I can better understand children's sense of self and what role it plays in their development of image creation in preschool, based on two self-perceived stories from pre-school activities. Through the essay process, I get an idea of ​​what I experience as a dilemma in my two initial stories. It's about my understanding of the in preschool so often referred to concept of self-esteem, and how I, by reaching an increased understanding of children's sense of self, better can support the development of their image creation. The essay´s reflective part has two sections. First, I make a compressed historical backlog in the field of affect theory to seek an increased understanding of preschool's self-esteem concepts. By then leaving the concept of self-esteem and instead applying the concepts sense of self, self-evaluation and self-efficacy to my initial images from reality, my view changes on what children's sense of self in preschool activities can be. Even my understanding of how I as a teacher can support them in this sense for their image-creating development to be strengthened changes. In the second part of my reflections, I seek, by means of Aristotle's interpretation of the concept of mimesis, an in-depth understanding of children's image creation needs. I realize, contradictory to my initial bias, that copying and templates can be excellent tools in the development of children's image-making processes. In conclusion, I take up the children's culture and its incorporation into preschool activities as a further research area.

Orientador: Roberta Gurgel Azzi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T18:14:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Casanova_DanielaCoutoGuerreiro_D.pdf: 5992812 bytes, checksum: b272fa814da068429df098c0ae9ca5bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: As crenças de eficácia pessoal e coletiva de gestores escolares e docentes têm sido associadas ao êxito escolar. Tais crenças, fundamentadas pela Teoria Social Cognitiva, referem-se ao julgamento das pessoas sobre as próprias capacidades ou sobre as capacidades coletivas do grupo ao qual pertencem. No contexto escolar, dentre outros domínios, pesquisas têm investigado as crenças de autoeficácia de gestores escolares, de autoeficácia docente e de eficácia coletiva escolar. Constataram que essas crenças auxiliam gestores escolares e docentes a lidar com as adversidades sociais relacionadas ao contexto das escolas e a promover melhores condições instrucionais, as quais podem contribuir para o desempenho dos estudantes. Esta pesquisa parte da hipótese de que as crenças de eficácia pessoal e coletiva de gestores escolares e docentes contribuem para explicar o IDESP do ensino médio de escolas da rede pública estadual de São Paulo. Como objetivo geral, esta pesquisa dedicou-se a identificar e analisar as relações explicativas entre as crenças de autoeficácia de gestores escolares, as crenças de autoeficácia docente e as crenças de eficácia coletiva escolar com o IDESP das escolas pesquisadas, considerando-se as contribuições de variáveis pessoais, de variáveis relativas à atividade docente e de variáveis contextuais. A amostra foi composta por 21 gestores escolares e por 180 professores do ensino médio oriundos de 11 escolas da rede oficial de ensino do Estado de São Paulo, localizadas em São Bernardo do Campo e em São Caetano do Sul. Os dados coletados durante as reuniões pedagógicas foram obtidos por meio do Questionário de Caracterização do Participante, do Questionário de Caracterização da Escola, do Questionário do Gestor, da Escala de Crenças Docentes e da Escala de Eficácia Coletiva Escolar. O Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação do Estado de São Paulo - IDESP - e o Índice Paulista de Vulnerabilidade Social - IPVS - relativos às escolas participantes foram utilizados. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva, comparativa e por análise de regressão linear univariada e multivariada, por meio do programa computacional SAS, versão 9.2. Os resultados principais verificados foram: (1) a formação contribui para explicar a autoeficácia docente e a eficácia coletiva escolar; (2) a autoeficácia docente e a infraestrutura podem ser variáveis explicativas do IDESP quando consideradas isoladamente; (3) a autoeficácia de gestores escolares, a eficácia coletiva escolar e o IPVS constituem-se como variáveis explicativas do IDESP conjuntamente. As crenças de autoeficácia dos gestores escolares e de eficácia coletiva escolar mostraram contribuições positivas e maiores do que a contribuição negativa do IPVS. Tais resultados evidenciam que: as crenças de eficácia fortalecidas podem minimizar o efeito da vulnerabilidade social e da infraestrutura inadequada no índice obtido no IDESP; o conteúdo e a estrutura da formação requerem o desenvolvimento de crenças de capacidade aliadas às habilidades necessárias para a atividade docente. Esses e os demais resultados são discutidos de modo articulado ao contexto escolar, buscando possibilitar conhecimentos que possam contribuir para repensar os aspectos envolvidos nas práticas escolares. / Abstract: The personal and collective efficacy beliefs of school managers and teachers have been associated with school success. These beliefs, based on the social cognitive theory, refer to the judgments of people regarding their own capacities or the collective capacities of the groups they are a part of. In the school context, amongst other domains, research has been dedicated to investigate the self-efficacy of school managers, teachers and the school collective efficacy beliefs. These verified that those beliefs help school managers and teachers to deal with the social adversities in which schools are imbedded and promote better instructional conditions, which could contribute to students' achievement. This research has as a hypothesis that personal and collective efficacy beliefs of school managers and teachers contribute to explain high school IDESP from the São Paulo State public education system. As general objective, this research is dedicated to identify and analyze the explanatory relationship between school manager's selfefficacy beliefs, teachers' self-efficacy beliefs and school collective efficacy in relation to IDESP from the school researches, considering the contributions of personal variables, teaching activities variables and contextual variables. The sample was composed by 21 school managers and 180 teachers from 11 public schools of the São Paulo State educational system, located in the cities of São Bernardo do Campo and São Caetano do Sul. The data was collected during the pedagogical meeting by using the Participant Characterization Questionnaire, the School Characterization Questionnaire, the School Managers Questionnaire, the Teachers Beliefs Scale and the School Collective Beliefs Scale. Also, The State of São Paulo's Education Development Index- IDESP - and the State of Sao Paulo at Risk Index- IPVS - related to the participants schools were used. The data were analyzed by descriptive and comparative statistics and by analysis of univariate and multivariate linear regression, using the SAS program, version 9.2. The main verified results were: (1) teacher's formation contributes to explain teacher's self-efficacy and the school's collective efficacy; (2) teacher self-efficacy and the infrastructure could be an explanatory variable of the IDESP when considered per se; (3) the managers self-efficacy , the school collective efficacy and the IPVS together are explanatory variables of the IDESP. The school manager's self-efficacy and the school collective efficacy beliefs show positive contributions and they are bigger than the IPVS negative contribution. These results show that: strong efficacy beliefs can minimize the social vulnerability and inadequate infrastructure effect on the index score on the IDESP; the formation curricula and structure require the development of efficacy beliefs partnered with necessary abilities to teaching. Those and other results are discussed and articulated in the school context, in a way to enable knowledge which can contribute to rethink the aspects involved in school tasks. / Doutorado / Psicologia Educacional / Doutora em Educação

As organizations have become more dependent on networked information systems (IS) to conduct their business operations, their susceptibility to various threats to information security has also increased. Research has consistently identified the inappropriate security behavior of the users as the most significant of these threats. Various factors have been identified as contributing to these inappropriate security behaviors, however, not enough is known about the role of social factors in mediating these behaviors. This study developed a new computer security self-efficacy (CSSE) construct, identified items of CSSE in the context of individuals' use of encrypted e-mail, and determined the validity and reliability of the items of CSSE. Further, significant factors of CSSE were identified. First, a qualitative phase comprising focus groups and an expert panel was used to identify valid items of CSSE, develop a new instrument to measure the new CSSE construct, and validate the new CSSE instrument. After completing the qualitative phase, a quantitative phase was employed to collect empirical data on the CSSE items. The CSSE measurement instrument was administered to IS users at a major university in the southeastern United States and 292 responses were received. The collected data was statistically analyzed to identify significant factors of CSSE and the items of CSSE that demonstrate high reliability. Factor analysis was performed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and identified four significant and highly reliable factors of CSSE with a cumulative variance of nearly 68%. The four factors were named Performance Accomplishments and Technical Support, Goal Commitment and Resource Availability, Experience Level, and Individual Characteristics. Additionally, 35 items of CSSE were identified as possessing high reliability. This study contributes to advancing of the body of knowledge regarding the use of e-mail encryption by developing a new CSSE construct and extending Computer Self-Efficacy research into the area of computer security and e-mail encryption. Further, by identifying factors of CSSE, an understanding of what IS users believe will impact their ability to use encryption to send e-mail messages is obtained. This understanding can aid in enhancing the use of encryption mechanisms to send e-mail, promoting positive computer security behavior, and so contribute positively to IS practice.

Adventure therapy employs a technique in which therapists use controlled amounts of stress to bring about change in the behavior of clients. One of the domains in which adventure therapy reports improvement is that of self-efficacy. Perceived self-efficacy is the belief that individuals have in their ability to overcome and change their situation in life. This study examines the effect of a modified adventure therapy program on the perceived self-efficacy of college students who were enrolled in an Outdoor Pursuits course at a major metropolitan university. Students received 16 weeks of outdoor adventure therapy programming that culminated in a voluntary weekend camping trip. The students were administered the General Self-Efficacy (GSE) scale on the second day of class to determine a baseline level of self-efficacy to be compared to the posttest completed on the last day of class. The study examined 3 consecutive semesters of archival data collected by the researcher while instructing the course. Fifty-six participants across the 3 semesters were usable for data analysis. The results show there is a significant difference between students' level of perceived self-efficacy from pre- to posttest, and no difference in the effect on gender, classification of students, or the participation of the student in the weekend campout. Therefore, the 16 week program improved students' perceived self-efficacy regardless of whether or not they participated in the weekend campout.